Plantae (Plants)

SB3b. Compare how structures and functions vary between the six kingdoms

(archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia)

Characteristics

• Eukaryotic• Cell walls of cellulose• Autotrophic• Multicellular• Sexual and Asexual Reproduction• Mostly terrestrial

EvolutionWhat did the plant have to overcome to live on

land?Problem Solution

Drying out Cuticle: waxy covering on leaves to prevent water lossTransport tissue: transport nutrients and water

Photosynthesis Pigments: used to trap sunlight

Reproduce without water

Spore: haploid reproductive cell surrounded by a hard covering (sexual reproduction)Seeds: a plant embryo surrounded by a protective covering (sexual reproduction)OR asexual reproduction through budding, grafting or cuttings

Dispersal Protected SeedsEndosperm: tissue that provides nourishment for the developing plant forms a fruit

Nonvascular Plants

•Need to grow in moist environment because they get water by osmosis; NO ROOTS•Life cycle-alteration of generations•Short•Lack vascular tissue•Usually reproduce by spores•Examples: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Vascular Plants

• Seedless Vascular Plants: precursors to vascular plants w/ seeds– Dominant plant life until ~200 million yrs. ago– Produce spores

• Ex. Whisk fern, club moss, horse tails, pg. 550

Vascular Plants continued• Seed plants-dominant modern plants• Divided into two groups

– Gymnosperms• Have seeds in cones• Produce pollen that is carried by wind, water to

ovule to form seeds• Are often evergreens• Ex. Phyla Coniferaphyta (pines), Cycadophyta

(sago palm), Gnetophyta (Welwitschia), and Ginkgophyta (Ginko)

Vascular Plants

- Angiosperms• All plants have flowers or fruit• Seed enclosed in fruits• Pollination occurs by wind, water, or animals• Valuables sources of food, timber, textiles, and

medicine• Double fertilization occurs

– Egg and Sperm = Seed– Polar Bodies and Sperm = Endosperm to nourish the

seed

• Monocots and Dicots

Monocots vs. Dicots• Monocots

– Flowers parts in 3s– Parallel veins– 1 cotyledon in seeds– Vascular tissue in “monkey faces” scattered

throughout the stem– Ex. Grasses, corn and lillies

• Dicots– Flowers in 4s or 5s– Net-like veins– 2 cotyledons in seeds– Vascular tissue around the edges of the stems– Ex. Roses, beans, and sunflowers

Parts of Flower

•Female parts (Carpel)•Stigma- where pollen germinates•Style- •Ovary

•Male parts (Stamen)•Filament•Anther- where pollen is produced

•Endosperm- food rich tissue that nourishes a seedling; ex. In the coconut, the milk is the endosperm

Plant Structures and Functions

• Roots- underground organ that absorbs water and minerals; also anchor the plant–Taproot: one large root w/ small roots off of

it; Ex. Pine Trees–Fibrous root system: many small roots.

Typical for many monocots

–Adventitious roots: specialized roots that grow from stems & leaves

– Ex. Prop roots

Plant Structure and Function Cont.

• Stems–Tubers: underground stems that store

carbohydrates • Ex. Potato

–Stolons: horizontal aboveground stems that form new plants • Ex. Strawberry

Stems

• Function to support the plant & hold the leaves up

• In some plants the stems have chlorophyll for photosynthesis

• In monocots the vascular bundles are throughout stem (monkey faces)

• In dicots the vascular bundles are arranged around the outer portion of the stem

Plant Structures and Functions Cont.

• Leaves–Tendril: wraps around objects to anchor the

plant• Vines, peas, pumpkins

–Food traps: trap insects in carnivorous plants• Pitcher plants, honeydew

–Spines: function for protection & reduce desiccation

Leaves• Take in CO2, photosynthetic• Possess stomata on the underside of the

leaf.• Leaves also contain chlorophyll which is

essential in the process of photosynthesis

Plant Structure and Function Cont.

•Vascular Tissue•Xylem- carries water upward from the roots to the rest of the plant•Phloem- transports the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant

Monocot Stem