Kingdoms Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Today scientists have been able to divide all life into 6 kingdoms.

4. Fungi

5. Plants

6. Animals

1. Eubacteria

2. Archaea bacteria

3. Protista

6 Kingdoms!

Eubacteria are commonly called bacteria

Both these kingdoms are prokaryotes

they are the dominant forms of life that live everywhere!

Both have a single chromosome

Both reproduce via Binary Fission

Eubacteria & Archaea

More about Binary

Fission To come! yah!

Why Prokaryotes are Important?Infectious bacteria are called pathogens

From the point of the infected organism pathogens are harmful. But diseases that harm one species can benefit another.

They play an important role in ecosystems: decomposers and other producers. For example: Bacteria will fix and convert atmospheric nitrogen into more useful compounds for plants.

Humans also rely on bacteria for their large intestine to function properly

Used commercially in the production of cheese, yogurt, chocolate and soy sauce.

Bacteria also produces antibiotics: a substances that can kill or weaken micro organisms.

Domain Archaebacteria

“Archae” means early or primitive

Live in environments where most other organisms cannot survive i.e. swamps, high salt concentrations, high temperatures or high acidity, and/or without oxygen.

Domain Eubacteria

There are 6 subgroups phylums

1. Proteobacteria (purple bacteria)

2. Green bacteria

3. Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria)

4. Gram-Positive bacteria

5. Spirochetes

6. Chlamydias

Characteristics of Archaebacteria

All the organelles are scattered throughout.

Single loop of DNA

They have a very strong cell membrane, and some are even surrounded by a sticky capsule that provides extra protection.

Are classified based on Appearance because all have 1 of 3 shapes:

1. Spherical ~ Cocci (p) or Coccus (s)

2. Rod-Shape ~ Bacilli (p) or Bacillus (s)

3. Spiral ~ Spirillia (p) or Spirillum (s)

Eubacteria (Bacteria)

Are classified based on Appearance because all have 1 of 3 shapes:

1. Spherical ~ Cocci (p) or Coccus (s)

2. Rod-Shape ~ Bacilli (p) or Bacillus (s)

3. Spiral ~ Spirillia (p) or Spirillum (s)

There names will be based on their shape and the amount of them using a prefix. i.e. diplocci

Eubacteria (Bacteria)

Classifying & Identifying BacteriaGram stain is techniques used to identify and classify bacteria.

It divides bacteria into two groups:

1. Gram-positive ~ have a thick coat on their cell wall and stain purple

2. Gram-negative ~ have a think protein layer on cell wall and stain pink.

Respiration & NutritionEubacteria can also be grouped according to 1. respiration and 2. modes of nutrition

1. Respiration:

Obligate Aerobes ~ bacteria that require oxygen for respiration

Obligate Anaerobes ~ Bacteria that conduct respiration processes in the absence of oxygen

Facultative Anaerobes ~ bacteria that prefer environments with oxygen but can live without

2. Nutrition:

a. photosynthesis

b. consume other organisms

c. inorganic compounds (hydrogen sulfide etc.)

methanogensis: an anaerobic process that produces methane gas as by product. Methane is a useful fuel and potent greenhouse gas

Respiration & Nutrition

Reproduction & GrowthEubacteria and Archaebacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission.

Some bacteria have adapted to survival during unfavourable environmental conditions by forming resting cells known as endospores.

A thickened wall forms around the genetic material and cytoplasm making cell resistant and not easily destroyed. When suitable conditions return the wall breaks down and active bacterium emerges.

Benefits of Bacteria

Toxic Chemical Clean Up

The Bacteria is placed in effected area and uses the toxic pollutant to dismantle it into to nontoxic carbon dioxides, water and chlorides.

It is a cheap method

Bacteria dies once all the toxins are dismantled

Harmful Effects of Bacteria

bacteria scourges ~ tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid fever and bubonic plague (black death)

most recent in Walkerton, Ontario E.Coli found in water

Bacteria in host cell will interfere with normal function and destroy cells or produce toxins.

Bacteria spreads through moisture droplets in air, dust direct contact, fecal contamination, animal bites, and wounds

Bacteria Resistance to Antibiotics

Antibiotics ~ chemical produced synthetically or by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of or destroy certain other microorganisms.

when bacteria are first exposed to an antibiotics the weaker strains are killed. Those that have slight variations in genetic material may survive the antibiotic

These bacteria will then pass on their resistance to the next generation “Antibiotic Resistance”