PlantPlant

Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

Angiosperm structureAngiosperm structure Root system depends on shoot for organic moleculesRoot system depends on shoot for organic molecules Shoot system depends on root for water andShoot system depends on root for water and nutrientsnutrients Organ vs. tissueOrgan vs. tissue

Plant tissuesPlant tissues Nonwoody plants: EpidermisNonwoody plants: Epidermis Wood plants: Periderm replaces Wood plants: Periderm replaces

epidermisepidermis Water/nutrient absorption vs. Water/nutrient absorption vs.

cuticlecuticle Root and stem vascular tissue: Root and stem vascular tissue:

stelestele Ground tissue INTERNAL to Ground tissue INTERNAL to

vascular: pithvascular: pith Ground tissue EXTERNAL to Ground tissue EXTERNAL to

vascular: cortexvascular: cortex Protoplast: Cell contents Protoplast: Cell contents

EXCLUDING the cell wallEXCLUDING the cell wall

Plant tissuesPlant tissues

Plant tissuesPlant tissues

For your assigned organ, either list examples of form For your assigned organ, either list examples of form follows function OR describe the basic structure of it follows function OR describe the basic structure of it

(including tissues and difference between monocot (including tissues and difference between monocot and eudicot). Be prepared to explainand eudicot). Be prepared to explain

5 – Leaf structure (688)5 – Leaf structure (688) 6- Stem structure (687)6- Stem structure (687) 7 - Root structure (685)7 - Root structure (685)

1 – Leaf form follows 1 – Leaf form follows function function

2 – Stem form follows 2 – Stem form follows functionfunction

3 – Root form follows 3 – Root form follows functionfunction

Plant growthPlant growth

Indeterminate vs. determinate Indeterminate vs. determinate growthgrowth

Annuals vs. biennials vs. Annuals vs. biennials vs. perennialsperennials

Apical meristems Apical meristems primary primary growthgrowth

Lateral meristems Lateral meristems secondary secondary growthgrowth

When does growth happen?When does growth happen?

Plant structurePlant structure

Plant growthPlant growth

Secondary Secondary growthgrowth

Plant concept mapPlant concept map Start your concept map with the following categoriesStart your concept map with the following categories

Think carefully how you want to integrate the Think carefully how you want to integrate the diagrams. They can be hand drawn or cut out from diagrams. They can be hand drawn or cut out from the internet. Many terms can be used to label diagram the internet. Many terms can be used to label diagram (still need to be connected to 2 other terms with (still need to be connected to 2 other terms with connecting phrase)connecting phrase)

Over the weekend, write out terms, and begin finding Over the weekend, write out terms, and begin finding connections between terms connections between terms

Plant

Reproduction Structure Regulation transport

Water potential reviewWater potential review

Transport regulation: Root pressureTransport regulation: Root pressure

Aquaporins: Increase the RATE of osmosisAquaporins: Increase the RATE of osmosis Cell membrane vs. vacuolar membrane Cell membrane vs. vacuolar membrane

(tonoplast)(tonoplast) Symplast vs. apoplastSymplast vs. apoplast

Root pressureRoot pressure Diffusion is only efficient over VERY small distances (less Diffusion is only efficient over VERY small distances (less

than 100 than 100 μμm)m) Bulk flow (driven by pressure)Bulk flow (driven by pressure) Pathway of water and mineralsPathway of water and minerals Guttation:Guttation:

Increasing SA: Increasing SA: Root hairs and Root hairs and mycorrhizaemycorrhizae

Root pressure can only push water up 2-3 m. What mechanism delivers water to the top of a Redwood tree?

TranspirationTranspiration Push (+ Push (+ ΨΨ) or pull (- ) or pull (- ΨΨ)?)? ΨΨ outside leaf < outside leaf < ΨΨ inside leaf inside leaf Direction of water vapor? Direction of water vapor? TRANSPIRATION!TRANSPIRATION!

How could this How could this allow water to allow water to move upward?move upward?Film lining air Film lining air spaces curves as spaces curves as vapor leavesvapor leaves↑ ↑ radius radius ↓ ↓ ΨΨ

Transpiration-Transpiration-CohesionCohesion

Water pulled Water pulled toward airspace toward airspace film, which film, which pulls on pulls on COLUMN of COLUMN of water molecules water molecules (cohesion and (cohesion and adhesion)adhesion)

Transpiration lab instructionsTranspiration lab instructions

Place plant into tubing Place plant into tubing UNDER water. Check UNDER water. Check to ensure there are no to ensure there are no air bubbles. Use air bubbles. Use petroleum jelly to sealpetroleum jelly to seal

Prediction, Prediction, interpretation of interpretation of conditionsconditions

Why change units to Why change units to mL/m2?mL/m2?

Mark which data must Mark which data must be filled in be filled in

Stomatal opening/closingStomatal opening/closing Photosynthesis/transpiration compromisePhotosynthesis/transpiration compromise Sunny, warm, windy days increase evaporation, why?Sunny, warm, windy days increase evaporation, why? Adaptations to water loss: Cuticle, biochemical Adaptations to water loss: Cuticle, biochemical

pathways (xerophytes)pathways (xerophytes)

Light: Stimulates membrane proton pumpsLight: Stimulates membrane proton pumpsK+ K+ accumulationaccumulation Osmosis makes guard cells turgid Osmosis makes guard cells turgid Stomata openStomata open

Depletion of CO2Depletion of CO2 stomata open stomata open Circadian rhythm, Circadian rhythm,

Phloem movementPhloem movement

Plant reproductionPlant reproduction

Plant reproductionPlant reproduction

Double fertilizationDouble fertilization

1 sperm 1 sperm egg egg (zygote- 2n)(zygote- 2n)

1 sperm 1 sperm 2 polar 2 polar nuclei (3n) nuclei (3n) endospermendosperm

Embryo developmentEmbryo development

Seed structureSeed structure

Ovule Ovule seed seed Ovary Ovary fruit fruit

(controlled by (controlled by hormones)hormones)

Simple (peach, pea Simple (peach, pea pod, nut) vs. aggregate pod, nut) vs. aggregate (raspberry) vs. (raspberry) vs. multiple (pineapple)multiple (pineapple)

Seed germinationSeed germination

Phototropism experimentsPhototropism experiments

Phototropism Phototropism experiment experiment

(Went)(Went)

Extracted the Extracted the chemical chemical

messenger messenger (auxin)(auxin)

Plant hormonesPlant hormones Know table on pg. 794. Auxin, cytokinins, Know table on pg. 794. Auxin, cytokinins,

gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylenegibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene