Plant Identification on the Forest Service Road Juan Tomas in the Sandia Mountains

7/30/2019 Plant Identification on the Forest Service Road Juan Tomas in the Sandia Mountains

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Muhlenbergia montana ...... .. . mountain muhly

OrMuhlenbergia torreyi ............ ring muhly

Gutierrezia sarothrae ............ broom snakeweed

Juniperus monosperma ........... one-seed juniperPinus edulis ........................... pion pine

Quercus gambelii ................... Gambel oak

Or very small

Quercus undulata .................. wavy-leaf oak

Rydberg's Twinpod -or- Sharpleaf

Twinpod (Physaria acutifolia), family Brassicaceae (Mustard).

Juniperus s

copulorum .... .... .. ... Rocky Mountain juniper

Pinus ponderosa .................... ponderosa pine

Bouteloua gracilis .........winter: ...reg: .....NW: . blue grama

Yucca baccata ......... ................ datil


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Purple Prairie Clover (Petalostemon purpureum) -or- (Dalea purpurea), familyFabaceae.The prairie clover plants make a high protein food for livestock but as a garden item they arebest grown from seeds. The plant produces an extensive root system that makes successful

transplantation difficult. The genus, Dalea, hosts quite a large number of species. We are notsure of the native origin of the plants, but it is a neighbor friendly plant. The root system mayresist transplanting but it's widespread configuration adds generous doses of nitrogen to thesoil it lives in, keeping it's environs fertile for other plants as well as itself. In fact the taprootof this plant can reach up to TEN FEET below the ground in it's quest for nutrients!! Its longtaproot has been used to make a tea to reduce fever in measles sufferers. If this is not good

enough for you, the flowers are also attractors for birds and butterflies. Lots going on with this

very pretty flower.http://wildflowerswest.org/blue-purple-wildflowers-page-4.htm July-

Aug
http://wildflowerswest.org/blue-purple-wildflowers-page-4.htmhttp://wildflowerswest.org/blue-purple-wildflowers-page-4.htmhttp://wildflowerswest.org/blue-purple-wildflowers-page-4.htm


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Allium Cernuum. Nodding Onionthe most common type. You can differenciate them

from other onions because these have nodding umbels of pink-lilac flowers with

protruding yellow stamens. Cooking removes the strong smell and flavor,

converting the sugar inulin to the more digestible fructose, and the bulbs become

very sweet. The leaves are edible, raw or cooked. They have a delicious, strong-

onion flavor, and are said to be very nice in salads. The flowers can be eaten raw

or cooked. They have a delicious strong onion flavor, somewhat stronger than

the leaves especially if the seeds are starting to set. They make a very

decorative and tasty addition to the salad bowl.

Medicinal Uses

Nodding Onion was used medicinally by the Cherokee, Isleta, Kwakiutl, Makah,

and Quinault Indians. The juice of the plant was given to children for hives and

croup, as well as for colds and sore throat. A poultice of chewed plant parts was

applied to the chest for pleurisy pains, croup, and otherwise applied externally for

infections, sores and swellings. A poultice of warm onions was applied externally

to throat for sore throat as well.

Other Uses

The juice of the plant has been used as a moth repellent. The whole plant is said to repel

insects and moles. The juice can be applied to exposed skin in order to repel mosquitos


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and other biting insects. http://blog.emergencyoutdoors.com/edible-wild-plants-

nodding-wild-onion-allium-cernuum/

Yellow Sweet Clover -or- Yellow

Melilot (Melilotus officinalis), family Fabaceae. Another specimen of the Pea family. Thiswas one of our first sightings of a NEW wildflower in the state of Colorado! An experiment issoon to be in the works, a collection of bundles of this plant to dry. Their aroma is said byWIKIPEDIA to increase with time when dried. More information is this: 'It has been used inherbal medicine. Naturopaths claim that it helps promote lymphatic drainage and reduces fluidretention, particularly in the tissues of the vein wall. Yellow sweet clover is a major source ofnectar for domestic honey bees.' End quote. Another source has this: 'Melilotus officinalis, anon-native species being considered for noxious weed classification in Colorado, is one of ourmost common plants. It was frequently used to stabilize bare slopes, and it was also widelyplanted throughout the U.S. by bee keepers; it has since spread to all parts of the foothills andmountains of our area. It is common in meadows, driveways, lawns, and along trails in manyareas of the United States. Philip Miller named this genus in 1754 and Pallas named thisspecies Melilotus officinalis in 1776 altering Linnaeus' Trifolium melitlotus-officinalis of 1753.'End quote (from Southwest Colorado Wildflowers.com.

Ribes cereum var. cereum waxcurrant, Squaw Currant

berries and leaves are edible

Synonyms:Ribes cereum var. inebrians,Ribescereum var.pedicellare,Ribes inebrians,Ribes reniforme,Ribesviscidulum
http://blog.emergencyoutdoors.com/edible-wild-plants-nodding-wild-onion-allium-cernuum/http://blog.emergencyoutdoors.com/edible-wild-plants-nodding-wild-onion-allium-cernuum/http://blog.emergencyoutdoors.com/edible-wild-plants-nodding-wild-onion-allium-cernuum/http://blog.emergencyoutdoors.com/edible-wild-plants-nodding-wild-onion-allium-cernuum/


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Pedicularissudetica subspeciesscopulorum.Synonym: Pedicularis scopulorum.Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)

Sub-alpine and alpine. Rocky areas, wet areas, tundra.

This stunning plant is a rare treat in high mountain meadows and on tundra. As the

map below indicates,Pedicularis sudeticais found in just a few counties of a fewmountainous states. But when it is present, you know it immediately. The only

other plant with which it might be confused is Pedicularis groenlandica, anotherbeautifully exotic member of this genus.

Pedicularis sudetica subspeciesscopulorum.Synonym: Pedicularis scopulorum.

Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)

Sub-alpine and alpine. Rocky areas, wet areas,

The species which can be confused is the elephant headed lousewort whose flower has

a long trunk-like extension.

Erigeron flagellaris... ... .......... whiplash fleabanedaisy
http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Pink%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/pedicularis%20groenlandica.htmhttp://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Pink%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/pedicularis%20groenlandica.htm


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Broomrape/SquawRoot Orobance spp or Conopholis spp Greatastringent poltice, mild laxative, aphrodisiac, , sedative, strengthens frail symptoms, great

for hotflashes, stops excessive uterine bleeding. Roasted Root food.

Dalea jamesii ... ...

..... Dalea jamesii has bright yellow flowers in clusters that turn reddish brown as they age. The leaves aretrifoliately compound and whitish hairy on both sides. The calyx lobes are plumose. Dalea jamesii is found in

dry, rocky plains James prairie-clover

Soldigado writii Goldenrod: NOT anALLERGIN. . . the pollen is too sticky to go far from plant and so are insect pollinated.Ragweed grows near goldenrod often enough that the bright plant is often blamed for

ragweeds pollen issues.


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Harsh Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja hispida), family Orobanchaceae

(Broomrape). These plants are classified in the family Orobanchaceae (following major

rearrangements of the order Lamiales starting around 2001. They were Scrophulariaceae

(Figwort). This yellow variant was right along side the vibrant orange paintbrushes we saw on

this hike; sometimes even on the same plant!! Go to the Oranges, Pg 2. to see them. There

are over two-hundred species of Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja) in Western North America and

this plant is edible in small quantities. Quote "They will absorb selenium, a potentially toxic,

alkaline mineral compound in the soil. Where high amounts of selenium in the soil is not

present, Indian Paintbrush can be enjoyed in moderation in salads." End quote.

USES: Various tribes used the flowering parts as a paintbrush. The Chippewa Indians wereknown to use Indian Paintbrush as a medicine to treat rheumatism and as a bath rinse to

make their hair glossy. Both applications are useful due to it's selenium content." There weremany other uses of Paintbrush by Indian tribes - such as a soother for menstral cramps,prevention of contraception, and used with other plants to color animal skins.

There is nectar deep inside that is safe to eat and the whole plant was ground up and putin mocassins for sweaty feet.


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Spreadfruit

Goldenbanner (Thermopsis divaricarpa), family Fabaceae (Pea).

Can be invasive (watch it) and is toxic to eat: vomit/nauea/abdominal pain.

Maybe:

Erigingon Umbellatum: September pic

Sulpher flower sulpher buckwheat. Eriginon indicates healthyspeciation AND is a VERY important source of food for butterflies, moths, and

caterpillars.


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From http://npsnm.unm.edu/pdfs/Sandia_cl_Sivinski.pdf: common S/M mountain plants

by plant community:Table 2. Common native plants of the pion-juniper woodland community in the

Sandia/Manzano mountains.

Broom Senecio -or- Grassleaf Senecio -or-Broom-like Ragwort (Senecio spartioides), family Asteraceae (Aster).

Leaves and stems: steam or poltice to draw toxins from skin (boils/pus/pimples). Infusion

is an afterbirth tonic. Steamed food.

Roots: Chewing gum (root bark), sore muscles, Powdered root infusion (cold is alsoused) blessing massage for sore muscles. Decoction to bring placenta and a cathartic.

Latex: Chewing gum

Flowers and leaves: poultice for sore muscles. Flower infusion drops for inflamed eyes.Seeds: roasted with other meals for emergency food

Narrowleaf arnica
http://npsnm.unm.edu/pdfs/Sandia_cl_Sivinski.pdfhttp://npsnm.unm.edu/pdfs/Sandia_cl_Sivinski.pdfhttp://npsnm.unm.edu/pdfs/Sandia_cl_Sivinski.pdf


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Lesquerella ludoviciana

Foothill bladderpod. Mustard family.

Prickly Lettuce -or- China lettuce -or- Wild Lettuce -or- Compass Plant (Lactuca

serriola), family Asteraceae (Aster/Sunflower). This species is an example of a little

plant that packs a lot of power. Including classification as an invasive weed in some pretty

extensive areas. The genus Lactuca has 13 species, this one being both annual and biennial

herbs. This species is the closest wild example of cultivated lettuce.

USES: There is only one recorded use of Wild Lettuce by Native Americans: Navajo,

Ramah - Compound decoction of plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Plants For a Future has

more: Young leaves - raw or cooked. A bitter flavour. The young tender leaves are mild and

make an excellent salad but the whole plant becomes bitter as it gets older, especially when

coming into flower. As a potherb it needs very little cooking. Large quantities can cause

digestive upsets. Young shoots - cooked. Used as an asparagus substitute. An edible oil is

obtained from the seed. The oil must be refined before it is edible. A pleasant flavour. The

whole plant is rich in a milky sap that flows freely from any wounds. This hardens and dries


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when in contact with the air. The sap contains 'lactucarium', which is used in medicine for its

anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties.

Lactucarium has the effects of a feeble opium, but without its tendency to cause digestive

upsets, nor is it addictive. It is taken internally in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety,

neuroses, hyperactivity in children, dry coughs, whooping cough, rheumatic pain etc.

Concentrations of lactucarium are low in young plants and most concentrated when the plant

comes into flower. It is collected commercially by cutting the heads of the plants and scraping

the juice into china vessels several times a day until the plant is exhausted. This species does

not contain as much lactucarium as L. virosa. An infusion of the fresh or dried flowering plant

can also be used. The plant should be used with caution, and never without the supervision of

a skilled practitioner. Even normal doses can cause drowsiness whilst excess causes

restlessness and overdoses can cause death through cardiac paralysis. The fixed oil from the

seeds is said to possess antipyretic and hypnotic properties. A homeopathic remedy is madefrom the plant. It is used in the treatment of chronic catarrh, coughs, swollen liver, flatulence

and ailments of the urinary tract.

TECHNICAL: From the Colorado State University Extension website: pappus (extension of theovary) bright white; leaf margins and/or midrib and veins spiny. Simple leaf type (not dividedinto similiar parts). Fruit Type: achene (small, dry, indehiscent - does not open upon maturity- fruit with a thin close-fitting wall surrounding a single seed). The height of the plants at

maturity is from 1 - 5 feet tall.

Grasses

Aristida purpurea .... ......... ... .. red threeawn

Bouteloua curtipendula ..... .... . sideoats grama


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Bouteloua gracilis .........winter: ...reg: .....NW:

. blue grama

Elymus smithii ...... ...... ... ....... western wheatgrass

Lycurus setosus........... .... ........ bristly wolftail

Muhlenbergia torreyi ... ... ......

Muhlenbergia pauciflora . New Mexico muhlyring muhly


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Pleuraphis jamesii .......... ................. galleta

....... galleta

Poa fendleriana .......... ........... Fendlers muttongrass

Trees & Shrubs

Berberis haematocarpa .. ... ... ... algerita

Cercocarpus montanus ... .. ... .. mountain

mahogany

Cylindropuntia imbricata ...... cane cholla

Fendlera rupicola .......... .... .... . cliff Fendler-bush

Gutierrezia sarothrae ............ broom snakeweed

Juniperus deppeana.... ...... .... .. alligator juniper

Juniperus monosperma ... .... ... . one-seed juniper


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Opuntia polyacantha ....... ...... hair-spine prickly-pear

Pinus edulis ........ ........... .... .... pion pine

Quercus gambelii ... .... ......most oaks in NM...... Gambel

oak

Quercus undulata it decidesIF it will grow upright or outward 10-15 wavy-leaf oak

Yucca baccata ......... ................ datil

Forbs


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Amauriopsis dissecta ...... .... ....

ragged-leaf bahia


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Astragalus missouriensis..... ...

.


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Missouri milkvetch

Brickellia brachyphylla .. ... ..... Stems branched,pubescent. Leaves mostly alternate (sometimes subopposite); petioles 0-3 mm; blades 3-nerved from bases, lanceolate or lance-ovate, 10-50 4-20 mm, bases acute to obtuse, margins serrate or entire, apices acute, faces sparsely to densely pubescent, often gland-dotted or stipitate-

glandular. Heads usually in open, racemiform or paniculiform arrays, rarely borne singly. Peduncles 4-20 mm, pubescent. Involucres cylindric tocampanulate, 8-11 mm. Phyllaries 15-20 in 4-5 series, greenish, often purple-tinged, 5-9-striate, unequal, margins narrowly scarious (often ciliate,apices acute to acuminate or subaristate); outer lance-ovate (often puberulent), inner narrowly lanceolate (glabrous).Florets 9-12; corollas paleyellow-green, often purple-tinged, 4.5-6 mm. Cypselae 2.5-5.3 mm, mostly velutinous, sometimes pubescent; pappi of 27-32 white, usuallyplumose, rarely barbellate, bristles. 2n = 18. Flowering Jul-Oct. Limestone cliffs, rhyolitic rock, rocky ridges, canyon walls, hillsides; 1400-2400 m; .

plumed brickellbush

Castilleja integra ...... very fine hairiness of this plant is evident not only

on the stem but also on the bracts and floral tube.............. foothills paintbrush


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Chamaesyce fendleri Fendlers

spurge/sandmat a Euphorb (NOT PURSLANE a purslane

http://www.plantanswers.com/12_mos_xeriscape_/june.htm)

Dalea jamesii ... ...

..... Dalea jamesii has bright yellow flowers in clusters that turn reddish brown as they age. The leaves aretrifoliately compound and whitish hairy on both sides. The calyx lobes are plumose. Dalea jamesii is found in

dry, rocky plains James prairie-clover

Erigeron flagellaris...

...
http://www.plantanswers.com/12_mos_xeriscape_/june.htmhttp://www.plantanswers.com/12_mos_xeriscape_/june.htmhttp://www.plantanswers.com/12_mos_xeriscape_/june.htm


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.......... whiplashfleabane daisy


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gentea ... .....

.... perky-Sue\\


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... ..... .... Eriogonum jamesii .

James wild-buckwheat


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Gaura coccinea ........ ...... scarlet bee-blossom

Lepidium alyssoides .. Eastwoods

pepperweed

Mirabilis multiflora ..... .. Colorado four-oclock


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Penstemon jamesii ... James penstemon

Physalis hederifolia . ... ..... ivy-leaf ground-cherry

Sphaeralcea coccinea ............... scarlet globe-mallow

Tetraneuris ar

Table 3. Common native plants of the ponderosa pine

forest community in the Sandia/Manzano mountains.

Grasses

Achnatherum robustum... .... . . LSA is present inAchnatherum robustum (aka Stipa robusta), in the southwest. . sleepygrass

Blepharoneuron tricholepis .. .. . pine dropseed


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Bromus frondosus ..... ... . ... weeping brome

Festuca arizonica .. ... ... ... . Arizona fescue/mountain bunchgrass/pinegrass Growth Habit: Bunch grass Season of Use: Summer/Salt Tolerance: FairSeeding: Good Longevity: Long Recovery Rate: Medium Wet Tolerance: Poor Drought Tolerance: ExcellentYield Potential: High Winter Hardiness: Excellent More information about Arizona fescue CSU ExtensionAgriculture & Natural Resources Fact Sheets include extensive information related to forage production andpasture management. Though it provides good forge value in dry, upland areas, Arizona fescue is intolerant ofheavy grazing, especially when grazed in spring. Light summer grazing of this grass is recommended.

Koeleria macrantha ... ... .. .... perennial 18-24, green-

white heads in June... Nativeto U.S. bunchgrass silvery green, spike-like seedheads which startgrowth very early in spring and turn tan by mid-summer. The leaves are gray-green. a cool-season

grass, dormant in late summer.West coast has a bigger seedhead. Junegrass/ Prairie Koeler's grass

Muhlenbergia montana ...... .. . mountain muhly

Poa fendleriana . spring.. . . . spikelet. erect grass. Starts growthearly spring and again in the fall if moisture is available. Perennial bunchgrass Rhizomes: Y Stolons: NLeafbasal and erect 24- 36 Seedhead FloweringApr Aug : Multi-flowered Spikelet @ branch ends

Awns: Absent Flower/ Seedhead: Branches short, erect or erect and spreading. Spikelets, 6 with 5 - 8florets (rarely 4). Unisex:both spikelets similar. Blade not Hairy 4-8X1-4mm, broad, short, usually stiff,keel shaped tips, double midrib on the bottom. Ligules: Membranous margins colorless and translucent.Ligule highly variable, up to 3 mm long. Forage Value: Excellent for cattle and horses, good for sheep, elk

and deer; value decline rapidly with maturity. Fendlers muttongrass

Trees & Shrubs
http://www.gunnison.colostate.edu/agri/forage/forage_docs/azfescue.pdfhttp://www.gunnison.colostate.edu/agri/forage/forage_docs/azfescue.pdfhttp://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/ag_natr/pubag_natr_all.html#onlinehttp://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/ag_natr/pubag_natr_all.html#onlinehttp://www.gunnison.colostate.edu/agri/forage/forage_docs/azfescue.pdfhttp://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/ag_natr/pubag_natr_all.html#onlinehttp://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/ag_natr/pubag_natr_all.html#online


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Berberis repensBerberis aquifolius Berberis nanaMahonia repens Odostemon

repens . .. .. . leaves often red or purple, orblotched. inflorescence spike nearly sessile to ground. berries are glaucous blue &6-7mm. Often found at mid elevations in the shade of Alligator Juniper in Gila.

Creeping Oregon-grape

Ceanothus fendleri.... ..... .. ... ...shrubsmall leaves w/ 3 obvious veins from leaf. branches have hidden thorns at the ends. flowers in panicles matureinto red berries. mountainous. C,greggii is similar (found on dry hillsides and roadsides and lower) but has no

hidden thorns.Fendlers buckbrush

Juniperus scopulorum . .... .. .. Rocky Mountain juniper

Pinus ponderosa .................... ponderosa pine

Quercus gambelii . .... ......most oaks in NM... Gambel oak

Ribes leptanthum ... ........ .. ....YUM. trumpet gooseberry

Robinia neomexicana ...... .... valuable for erosion control, sprouting from roots andstumps and rapidly forming thickets. Livestock and wildlife browse the foliage and cattle relish theflowers. Indians also ate the pods and flowers. reddish-purple branches; thick, rough-hairy beans. Can

thicket. 12-36, but often under 10 like a spiny shrub due to conditions.Blooms from Apr- Aug. Seeds

are EXTREMELY poisonous to humansCold Tolerant. Soils: Rocky . Sandy, Sandy Loam,Medium Loam, Clay Loam, Clay. Partial Shade and medium water. Use Ornamental: Showy, Attractive,

Blooms ornamental, Understory tree, Erosion control Use Wildlife: Flowers attract bees andhummingbirds. Browse, Nectar-insects, Fruit-mammals, Fruit-birds Warning: Seeds contain toxicsubstances, and a single seed can be fatal if eaten. Leaves can cause skin irritation. Sensitivity to a toxin

varies with a persons age, weight, physical condition, and individual susceptibility. Children are mostvulnerable because of their curiosity and small size. Toxicity can vary in a plant according to season, theplants different parts, and its stage of growth; and plants can absorb toxic substances, such as

herbicides, pesticides, and pollutants from the water, air, and soil. wildflower.org . YUM NewMexico locust

Forbs


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Allium cernuum... ........ ...... .... nodding onion

Antennaria marginata .... ..

. .


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.Randall J. Bayer in Flora of North America (vol. 19, 20and 21)Dioecious or gynoecious (staminate plants in equal frequency as pistillates or none inpopulations, respectively). Plants 5-20 cm (stems sometimes stipitate-glandular, especially in dioeciousdiploids). Stolons 2-7 cm (woolly). Basal leaves 1-3-nerved, spatulate, 15-20 4-6 mm, tips mucronate,abaxial faces gray-tomentose, adaxial green-glabrous (margins white woolly). Cauline leaves linear, 7-16mm, (apices acute) not flagged. Heads 5-8 in corymbiform arrays. Involucres: staminate 4.5-7 mm;pistillate 5-7(-9) mm. Phyllaries (relatively wide), distally white (apices acuminate). Corollas: staminate 3-5mm; pistillate 4.5-6.5 mm. Cypselae 0.8-2 mm, glabrous or slightly papillate; pappi: staminate 3.5-5.5 mm;pistillate 5.5-8.5 mm. 2n= 28, 56, 84, 112, 140. Flowering summer. Moist forests, slopes and tops of ridges

under Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, Engelmann spruce or Gambel oaks, openings in the forests white-

margin pussytoes

Artemisia carruthii.... ..... .. ..... LeilaM. Shultz in Flora of North America (vol. 19, 20 and 21): Perennials, 15-40(-70) cm, faintly aromatic

(rhizomatous). Stems mostly 3-8, ascending, brown to gray-green, simple (bases curved, somewhatwoody), sparsely to densely tomentose. Leaves cauline, bicolor ( gray-green); blades narrowly elliptic, 0.1-2.5(-3) 0.5-1 cm (gradually smaller distally), relatively deeply pinnatifid (lobes 3-5), faces denselytomentose (abaxial) to sparsely hairy (adaxial). Heads (usually nodding) in (leafy) paniculiform arrays 10-30 3-9 cm (branches erect). Involucres campanulate, 2-2.5(-3) 1.5-3 mm. Phyllaries lanceolate, gray-tomentose. Florets: pistillate 1-5; bisexual 7-25; corollas pale yellow, 1-2 mm, glandular-pubescent. Cypselae (light brown) cylindro-elliptic, ca. 0.5 mm, (curved at summits, scarcely nerved),glabrous (shining). 2n = 18. Flowering mid summer-early fall. Open sites, usually sandy soils, wooded

areas, grasslands, railroads; 600-2900 m Carruths sagebrush

Castilleja linariifolia .. ....... ....Wyoming paintbrush

Conopholis alpina ... ........ ....... Mexican Indian-root
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066079http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066079http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066079http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416099http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416099http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066079http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066079http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416099http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416099


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Erigeron formosissimus .. .... .. .. beautiful fleabane daisy

Eriogonum racemosum .... .. .... red-root wild-buckwheat

http://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Western-Wild-Flowers/images/Red-stem-

Filaree-Erodium-cicutarium.jpg

Geranium
http://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Western-Wild-Flowers/images/Red-stem-Filaree-Erodium-cicutarium.jpghttp://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Western-Wild-Flowers/images/Red-stem-Filaree-Erodium-cicutarium.jpghttp://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Western-Wild-Flowers/images/Red-stem-Filaree-Erodium-cicutarium.jpghttp://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Western-Wild-Flowers/images/Red-stem-Filaree-Erodium-cicutarium.jpg


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caespitosum ..... .... .. yum flower tufted

geranium

Hesperidanthus linearifolius . . Leaves shortly petiolate; blade usually linear tolinear-lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, (2.5-)3.5-12(-15) cm (1-)2-6(-10) mm (smaller distally), base cuneate to attenuate(or petiolelike), margins entire or, very rarely, sparsely denticulate, apex acuminate to acute. Flowering Jul-Nov. Openwoods, dry hillsides, oak woodland, mixed conifer forests, arroyos, canyons, rocky ridges, limestone ledges, sandstone

crevices, roadsides; 700-3100 m seinit.org slim-leaf plains-mustard

Hieracium fendleri .... .. ... .....

..30cm with a pilose stem and ovate pilose leaves with an obviously white central

vein at least on the younger leaves. The small yellow flowers have about 10 rays with 4 or 5shallow notches in each one. The achenes persist on the receptable resembling a "dandelion."The achenes are tan, longitudinally shallowly striate, and the pappus is of more than 20 white

bristles. Fendlers hawkweed

Hymenoxys richardsonii ........ pinque


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Ipomopsis aggregata ...... ...... .. . Perennial, Leaves pinnatelydissected with 9-11 lobes, Flowers red w/ yellow marks; on 1-side of stalk; May-Sept.3500-10,000' elevation@openings in

woodlands, shrublands, coniferous forests Skyrocket

Packera fendleri .... ...... ...... ..... Fendlers groundsel

Penstemon barbatus ..... ...... .. . Perrenial. Hummingbirds love.

scarlet penstemon Scarlet Bugler, Beard-lip Penstemon

Physaria pinetorum ..... photofrom Manzano Mnts.....White Mountain bladderpod


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Solidago missouriensis..... .. Missouri goldenrod

Thalictrum fendleri ... male flowers... female flowers...

Fendlers meadow-rue

Verbena macdougalii . ... .. ... ..dicot

perenial...MacDougals vervain

http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/SpeciesDetailGrass.php?genus=Poa&species=fendleriana

http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/PlantCommunities/montaneconifer.php

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=KOMAhttp://www.gunnison.colostate.edu/agri/forage/azfescue.shtml

http://www.swsbm.com/Images/Walcott.html PAINTED IMAGES OF medicinals!!

Table 4. Common native plants of the mixed conifer

forest community in the Sandia/Manzano mountains.

GrassesAgrostis scabra ..........................rough bentgrassBlepharoneuron tricholepis ........pine dropseed

Elymus canadensis ....................Canada wildrye

Elymus trachycaulus .................slender wheatgrassMelica porteri...........................Porters melica

Poa pratensis ............................Kentucky bluegrass

Trees & Shrubs

Acer glabrum ............................Rocky Mountain maple

Acer grandidentatum ................ canyon maple

Abies concolor ...........................white fir

Berberis repens ......................... creeping Oregon-grapePachystima myrsinites ..............mountain lover

Pinus flexilis ............................limber pine

Pinus ponderosa .......................ponderosa pinePopulus tremuloides ..................quaking aspen

Pseudotsuga menziesii ..............Douglas fir

Robinia neomexicana ...............New Mexico locustRosa woodsii ............................Woods rose
http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/SpeciesDetailGrass.php?genus=Poa&species=fendlerianahttp://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/SpeciesDetailGrass.php?genus=Poa&species=fendlerianahttp://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/PlantCommunities/montaneconifer.phphttp://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=KOMAhttp://www.gunnison.colostate.edu/agri/forage/azfescue.shtmlhttp://www.swsbm.com/Images/Walcott.htmlhttp://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/SpeciesDetailGrass.php?genus=Poa&species=fendlerianahttp://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/SpeciesDetailGrass.php?genus=Poa&species=fendlerianahttp://cals.arizona.edu/yavapaiplants/PlantCommunities/montaneconifer.phphttp://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=KOMAhttp://www.gunnison.colostate.edu/agri/forage/azfescue.shtmlhttp://www.swsbm.com/Images/Walcott.html


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Rubus idaeus ............................red raspberry

Sambucus racemosa ...................red elder

Symphoricarpos rotundifolius ....round-leaf snowberry

Forbs

Achillea millefolium ..................western yarrow

Actaea rubra .............................red baneberryCastilleja miniata ....................showy paintbrush

Cirsium parryi .........................pale thistle

Pseudocymopterus montanus .....mountain-parsleyDraba helleriana ......................Hellers Whitlow-grass

Erigeron speciosus ..................... aspen fleabane daisy

Geranium richardsonii .............Richardsons geranium

Ipomopsis aggregata ..................skyrocketIris missouriensis ......................Missouri iris

Lathyrus leucanthus.................. aspen sweetpea

Ligusticum porteri ....................osha

Pedicularis procera ....................giant lousewortPenstemon whippleanus ............dusky penstemon

Polemonium foliosissimum ........Jacobs-ladderPseudostellaria jamesiana .........sticky starwort

Scrophularia montana ..............mountain figwort

Thermopsis montana ................golden pea

Rock Outcropping plants:

Table 7. Common native plants of cliffs and rock

outcrops in the Sandia/Manzano mountains.

Grasses

Melica porteri...................... Porters melica

Muhlenbergia pauciflora . New Mexico muhly

Shrubs

Brickellia californica ............ California brickellbush

Echinocereus coccineus .......... scarlet hedgehog-cactus

Fendlera rupicola ................. cliff Fendler-bush

Holodiscus dumosus.............. inland oceansprayJamesia americana .............. cliffbush

Philadelphus microphyllus .... little-leaf mock-orange

Physocarpus monogynus ....... mountain ninebark

Ptelea trifoliata ................... hoptree

Forbs

Agastache pallidiflora........... New Mexico giant-hyssop

Aletes acaulis ....................... Indian parsley


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Allium geyeri ....................... Geyers onion

Argyrochosma fendleri ......... Fendlers cloakfern

Cheilanthes feei ................... Santa Fe lipfern

Eremogone fendleri.............. Fendlers sandwort

Erigeron vetensis ................. bluetop fleabane daisy

Galium fendleri ................... Fendlers bedstrawHedeoma drummondii ......... Drummonds

false-pennyroyal

Heterotheca villosa .............. hairy golden aster

Heuchera pulchella ............... Sandia alumroot

Polemonium brandegeei ....... Brandegees Jacobs-ladder

Primula ellisiae ..... =general.... sp. Difficult to grow. Only in NM& AZ........ Ellis primrose

Sedum cockerellii . ... ....Perennial n Under 8 (20 cm)Arizona Native Mountain. rocky, shady to partly shady, often mossy slopes in coniferous forests.Flower Pale pink, White Latesummer, Early fall small and have 5 narrowly triangular petals that together resemble a 5-pointed star. The leaves are plump,

succulent, green to tinged red, hairless, alternate, sessile, egg-shaped to narrowly spoon-shaped, and flattened in cross section. The

stems are plump, succulent, reddish, and hairless.The similar Huachuca Mountain Stonecrop (Sedum stelliforme) has narrower,

terete (circular in cross section) leaves. USDA Protected Native Plant(Salvage Restricted)......... Cockerells

stonecrop

Sedum integrifolium Sedum roseum, Rhodiola integrifolia, integrifolia Raf.

.. .... ...... Rosewort Ledge stonecrop, Roseroot, Rosewort
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Selaginella densa ... ..... ... ... .Under 6.Moist soil early rocky cliffs & ridges Partial Shade rocky soils. When soils dries out late in the season, the leaves

may shrivel. Stout roots produce new, upright bunches of stems each year with broad, bright green, rounded, succulentleaves topped by flat clusters of starry, red-purple flowers. The seed pods are also showy, turning the same red-

purple... dense spikemoss lesser spike-moss, prairie spike-moss, Rocky Mountains spike-moss

Tetraneuris acaulis aka Hymenoxys acaulis,Aster or Sunflower Family ( Asteraceae ) also known as theComposite Family: ( Compositae ),...Angelita DaisyAngelita Daisy, Sundancer Daisy, Stemless Woollybase, Stemless Rubberweed,

Perky Sue, Plains Hymenoxys, or Stemless Hymenoxys.

Xeriscape: A perennial SW native most often Sandy desert soils 40007000 on dry rocky

slopes and mesas. cold hardy, heat and drought tolerant. prefer well-drained soils and full sun. Green thread-leaf foliage alternate;simple; entire; has hairs at the base, 0.16 -2.4 X less than 1/2 w/ deep gold teminal flower w/ 5- 15 oblong rays under 1 at edge of

a golden disk 0.24 to 0.8 wide Blooms February thru November.. Grows in rounded 1X3- 5 clumps. Great border for shrubs..

stemless rubberweed

Tragia ramosa . . : april TX .perennial,monoecious, rough-hairy; hairs stinging, nettle-like; Leaves: generally simple, cauline, alternate; stipules

persistent, 1-4.5 mm, lanceolate to ovate; petiole 2-20 mm; blade 1-2 cm, lanceolate to ovate, base truncate to lobed,margin coarsely, sharply toothed INFLORESCENCE: raceme, terminal or opposite leaf, 0.5-1 cm, spreading; pedicels1-2 mm; staminate flowers 2-4; pistillate flower 1; staminate flowers above pistillate flowers Flowers: Staminate flower:

sepals 4-5, 1 mm, recurved; petals 0; stamens 3-6, = sepals, filaments flattened; nectary 0; Pistillate flower: sepals 5,1.5-2 mm; petals 0; ovary < 2 mm diam, puberulent to finely bristly, 3-chambered, styles fused in lower 1/3 Fruit: capsule,3-4 mm, 6-8 mm wide, depressed-spheric, sparsely and finely bristly; Seed 2.5-3.5 mm, spheric,1 per chamber, smooth

or rough; scar not appendaged Misc: Dry, rocky slopes, scrub, pinyon/juniper woodland; 900-1700 mLinear leavesabout 1/2" long with crinkly toothed edges. Leaves, stalks, and fruit covered in long hairs, that can cause skin irritation.


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Flowers are about 1/16" wide. Flower parts remain attached to fruit. Plant 6"-8" tall................... branchednoseburn

Trifolium attenuatum ...... .. .only NM& CO Rocky

Mountain clover

Muhlenbergia pauciflora ...... New Mexico muhly


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Spreadfruit Goldenbanner (Thermopsis divaricarpa), family Fabaceae (Pea). These bright prettybubbles are often mistaken for Lupine. But these Pea family members are their own 'man' so to speak. Thegenus in the huge Pea family has only 10 species. This is sometimes classed as an invasive species. Prettyattractive invader, huh? Thermopsis rhombifolia has toxic properties. It is not certain that this speciesdoes as well so care should be taken not to ingest the plants. Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting,dizziness, and abdominal pain. Bloom april-july POISON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Cellular Confinement Systems (CCS, also known as geocells) are widely used in construction

forerosion control, soilstabilization on flat ground and steep slopes, channel protection, and

structural reinforcement forloadsupport and earth retention. Typical cellular confinement

systems are made with ultrasonically-weldedhigh-density polyethylene(HDPE) or Novel

Polymeric Alloy strips that are expanded on-site to form a honeycomb-like structure which may be

filled with sand, soil,rock orconcrete.[1][2]\ Despite the effectiveness of the geocell technology,

particularly in slope and channel applications, its use in base reinforcement of paved roads and

railways was limited due to the lack of design methods, lack of advanced research in the last two

decades and limited understanding of the reinforcement mechanisms (Yuu, et al. 2008).)[16]Recent research in the last few years on geocell reinforcement for roadway applications -

reflected by some 40 published papers - has been conducted at the University of Kansas as well

as at other leading research institutes around the world, to understand the mechanisms and

influencing factors of geocell reinforcement, evaluate its effectiveness in improving roadway

performance, and develop design methods for roadway applications (Han, et al. 2011). [17]

Research was conducted on HPDE geocells as well as geocells manufactured from a novel

polymeric alloy (NPA), called Neoloy, developed by PRS[18]. NPA is a composite polymeric alloy

based on nano-fibers (polyester and nylon) in a polyolefin matrix. The NPA combines the desired

properties of polyethylene and polyester, thus enabling a more effective use of geocells in new

critical applications, such as reinforcement for earth retention, load support in pavements and

railroads and more (Leshchinsky, et al, 2009).[19]While HDPE is the commonly used material for

geocells, leading researchers have questioned its suitability for long term applications

(Leshchinsky, et al, 2009).[20]. This concern is backed up by facts on the ground as HDPE

geocells are rarely used in critical applications, such as in the base layer of major highways and

railways, subject to long-term heavy static and dynamic loading.

Laboratory plate loading tests on geocells showed that the performance of geocell-reinforced

bases depends on the elastic modulus of the geocell. The geocell with a higher elastic modulus

had a higher bearing capacity and stiffness of the reinforced base. Geocells made from NPA

were found significantly better in ultimate bearing capacity, stiffness, and reinforcement relative to

geocells made from HDPE (Pokharel, et al, 2009). [21]NPA geocells showed better creep

resistance and better retention of stiffness and creep resistance particularly at elevated

temperatures, verified by plate load testing, numerical modeling and full scale trafficking tests
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(geography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(geography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-20


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(Pokharel, et al 2011).[22]Research demonstrated that NPA geocells have a lower thermal

expansion coefficient and creep reduction factor, and higher tensile stiffness and strength than

HDPE geocells.(Thakur, et al, 2010)[23]; and NPA increased the bearing capacity and reduced

settlement of compacted sand base courses significantly more than geocells fabricated from

HDPE (Pokharel, 2011, et al)[24].

Laboratory studies, full-scale moving wheel tests, and field demonstrations (cosponsored by US

DOTDepartment_of_Transportationas well as state DOTs) have demonstrated clear benefits of

NPA (novel polymeric alloy) geocell reinforcement in terms of increased stiffness and bearing

capacity, wider stress distribution, reduced permanent deformation, and prolonged roadway life,

while the design methods developed and calibrated in this research can help engineers design

future roadway applications using geocells (Han, et al. 2011).[25]This close cooperation and

iterative research and development process between private industry and academia was cited by

the editor ofGeosynthetics magazine, as: an example of how product development for the

geosynthetics industry can be done effectively and can further advance the geosynthetics

industry into the 21st century with much success.[26]

[edit]Application vs. Long-term PerformanceHDPE-based geocells have been successfully installed in thousands of projects worldwide.

However, it is incumbent to differentiate between low load applications, such as slope and

channel applications, and new heavy-duty applications, such as in the base layer of asphalt

pavement structures of heavily trafficked motorways and highways. While all polymeric materials

used in geocells creep over time and under loading, the question is; what is the rate of

degradation, under what conditions, and how this will impact performance or when will it fail?

The lifespan of geocells in slope protection applications, for example, is less critical as vegetative

growth and root interlock stabilize the soil. This in effect compensates for any long-term loss of

confinement in the geocells. Similarly, load support applications for low volume roads that are not

subject to heavy loading usually have a short design life; therefore any minor loss of performance

is tolerable. However, in critical applications such as reinforcement of the structural layer of

asphalt highway pavements, long term dimensional stability is critical. The required design life for

such roads under heavy traffic loads is typically 20-25 years, requiring verifiable long-term

durability.

[edit]The Development of Standards for Testing Geocells

Standards for geocells have not kept pace with the developments in the field of testing for

material sciences, ignoring ASTM and ISO methods for testing, verification and quality assurance

of polymer plastics, such as TMA -Thermomechanical analysis, DMA - Dynamic Mechanical

Analysis, Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM) and CTE - Coeffecient ofThermal expansion. These

methods are particularly suited for predicting long-term behavior and accumulated plastic strain in

a geosynthetic under loading under different mechanical stresses, frequencies and temperatures.

These widely accepted testing methods are used by the pipe, automobile, electronic, military,

security and construction industries. Geomembrane testing, for example, utilizes accelerated test

methods, which use temperature to stimulate aging over time to evaluate their durability.

Unfortunately, these ASTM/ISO procedures commonly utilized by many other industries to

evaluate performance have not been adopted by the most of geocell industry. Current standards
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomechanical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomechanical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Mechanical_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Mechanical_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Mechanical_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_confinement#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomechanical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Mechanical_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Mechanical_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion


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evolved from the world of 2D planar geosynthetics. These do not fully reflect the composite

behavior of 3D geometry in soil, nor do they test long-term parameters such as: dynamic loading,

permanent plastic deformation, effect of temperatures, environmental durability, etc. Therefore,

new standards for geocells were proposed and under discussion by leading experts in

geosynthetics in ASTM technical committee D-35. The goal is to set new industry standards that

more accurately reflect 3D geocell geometry and material performance in the field rather than labtests of individual strips and virgin materials that are used by most manufacturers today.

[edit]How it Works

A Cellular Confinement System when infilled with compacted soil creates a new composite entity

that possesses enhanced mechanical and geotechnical properties. When the soil contained

within a geocell is subjected to pressure, it causes lateral stresses on perimeter cell walls. The 3D

zone of confinement reduces the lateral movement of soil particles while vertical loading on the

contained infill results in high lateral stress and resistance on the cell-soil interface. These

increase the shear strength of the confined soil, which:

Creates a stiff mattress or slab to distribute the load over a wider area

Reduces punching of soft soil

Increases shear resistance and bearing capacity

Decreases deformation

Confinement from adjacent cells provides additional resistance against the loaded cell through

passive resistance, while lateral expansion of the infill is restricted by high hoop strength.

Compaction is maintained by the confinement resulting in long term reinforcement.

[edit]Applications

[edit]Load Support

Cellular Confinement Systems (CCS) have been used to improve the performance of both paved

and unpaved roads by reinforcing the soil in the subgrade-base interface or within the base

course. The effective load distribution of CCS creates a strong, stiff cellular mattress. This 3D

mattress reduces vertical differential settlement into soft subgrades, improves shear strength, and

enhances load-bearing capacity, while reducing the amount of aggregate material required to

extend the service life of roads. As a composite system, cellular confinement strengthens the

aggregate infill, thereby simultaneously enabling the use of poorly graded inferior material (e.g.

local native soils, quarry waste or recycled materials) for infill as well as reducing the structural

support layer thickness. Typical load support applications include reinforcement of base and

subbase layers in flexible pavements, including: asphalt pavements; unpaved access, serviceand haul roads; railway substructure and ballast confinement; working platforms in intermodal

ports; airport runways and aprons, permeable pavements; pipeline road support; green parking

facilities and emergency access areas.

[edit]Slope and Channel Protection

The three-dimensional lateral confinement of CCS along with anchoring techniques ensures the

long-term stability of slopes using vegetated topsoil, aggregate or concrete surfacing (if exposed
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to severe mechanical and hydraulic pressures). The enhanced drainage, frictional forces and cell-

soil-plant interaction of CCS prevents downslope movement and limits the impact of raindrops,

channeling and hydraulic shear stresses. The perforations in the 3D cells allow the passage of

water, nutrients and soil organisms. This encourages plant growth and root interlock, which

further stabilizes the slope and soil mass, and facilitates landscape rehabilitation. Typical

applications include: construction cut and fill slopes and stabilization; road and rail embankments;pipeline stabilization and storage facility berms; quarry and mine site restoration; channel and

coastline structures.

[edit]Earth Retention

CCS systems provide steep vertical mechanically stabilized earth structures (either gravity or

reinforced walls) for steep faces, walls and irregular topography. Construction of CCS earth

retention is simiplified as each layer is structurally sound thereby providing access for equipment

and workers, while eliminating the need for concrete formwork and curing. Local soil can be used

for infill when suitable and granular, while the outer faces enable a green or tan fascia of the

horizontal terraces/rows utilizing topsoil. Walls also can be used for lining channels and in cases

of high flow, it is required that the outer cells contain concrete or cementious slurry infill.

[edit]Reservoirs and Landfills

CCS provides membrane liner protection, while creating stable soil, berms and slopes, for non-

slip protection and durable impoundment of liquids and waste. Infill treatment depends on the

contained materials: concrete for ponds and reservoirs; gravel for landfill drainage andleachates,

vegetated infill for landscape rehabilitation. Concrete work is efficient and controlled as CCS

functions as ready-made forms; CCS with concrete forms a flexible slab that accommodates

minor subgrade movement and prevents cracking. In medium and low flow-velocities, CCS with

geomembranes and gravel cover can be used to create impermeable channels, thereby

eliminating the need for concrete.

[edit]Sustainable Construction

CCS is a green solution that makes civil infrastructure projects more sustainable. In load support

applications, by reducing the amount and type of infill needed to reinforce soil, the usage of haul

and earthmoving equipment is reduced. This in turn decreases fuel use, pollution and the carbon

footprint, and at the same time minimizes on-site disruption from dust, erosion and runoff. When

used for slope applications, perforated geocells provides excellent soil protection, water drainage

and growth stratum for plants. The long-term design life of advanced CCS technology means that

maintenance and the associated environmental costs are significantly reduced, as are long-term

economic costs.

[edit]See also

Gabion, a historic precursor for both erosion control and defense

Washboarding. Cellular confinement acts as a solution to this common problem.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washboardinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washboardinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_confinement&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washboarding

Plant Identification on the Forest Service Road Juan Tomas in the Sandia Mountains

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