PHOTOGRAPHY

AND ITS APPLICATIO

NS

CAMERATypes and Characteristics(Jenis-jenis dan Ciri-ciri)

Pin Hole CameraKamera Lubang Jarum

Categories of CameraLight Catcher Sensor Medium(Medium Penangkap Cahaya)

Analogue Camera(Film)Kamera Analog (Filem)

• Using celluloid film as a Light Catcher Medium and also Storage Medium

• Type of Film depending on measurementa. Small format (35mm)b. Medium format (100-120mm)c. Large format

• Format 35mm most popular (a.k.a. Film 135)

Analogue Camera(Film)Kamera Analog (Filem)

CELLULOID FILM

THE PRINT (PHOTO PAPER)

Darkrooms: Creating Images with Chemistry

• Films that have been exposed go through a process called “developing”.

• Developing film-dropping off rolls of 35mm film, and getting back prints and negatives.

Analogue Camera(Film)Kamera Analog (Filem)

Instant Camera (Polaroid) Kamera Segera (Polaroid)

Instant Camera (Polaroid)

• Generates a developed film image (a.k.a. self-developing film) by Polaroid Corporation.

• American scientist Edwin Land, who unveiled the first commercial instant camera, the Land Camera, in 1948, Camera and portable darkroom in a single compartment, Invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock.

• Using Zink Photo Paper as a Light Catcher Medium and also Storage Medium. It is cheap and suitable those who like to collect picture.

Digital Camera (Memory Card)Kamera Digital (Filem)

Digital Camera (Memory Card)Kamera Digital (Filem)

Using Image-sensor atau Picture Sensor as a Light Catcher Medium and Memory Card also Storage Medium  

CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE (CCD) or COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SILICON (CMOS)

• Pixels = Picture elements• Resolution: number of pixels

captured by the image sensor.

Higher Resolution Image300 ppi

Lower Resolution Image72 ppiPixels

Types of CameraJenis-jenis Kamera Utama

• SLR/DSLR• Viewfinder/Rangefinder Camera

• Lomo Camera• Mirrorless Camera• Twin Lens Reflex Camera• Digital Compact Camera• View Camera

DSLR/SLR CAMERASingle-lens Reflex Camera - Profesional Type Camera (Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)

DSLR/SLR CAMERASingle-lens Reflex Camera (Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)

• SLR –Single Lens Reflect • Light directed through a

hinged mirror/viewfinder (pembidik)

• DSLR – Digital SLR• Interchangeable

lenses• Greater depth of field• Accurate composition• Better image quality

• lens + CCD or CMOS (Light Sensor)

Profesional• Designed for professionals

and advanced amateurs. • Often based on a SLR

design & feature resolutions between 8 and 12 million pixels (or more).

• One huge advantage ‐ most of the features (such as exposure controls) and accessories (such as lenses) designed for the film versions also work with the digital versions

DSLR/SLR Mechanism

Kamera pantulan lensa tunggal yang mempunyai sebuah cermin yang memantulkan cahaya yang diperoleh daripada lensa dan melalui pentaprisma (No.7) dan imej dapat dilihat melalui viewfinder (No.8). Semasa merakam, cermin (No.2) akan terangkat dan mendedahkan sensor (No.4) dan merakam imej yang diperoleh daripada lensa.

A cross-section (or 'side-view') of the optical components of a typical SLR camera shows how the light passes through the lens assembly (1), is reflected by the mirror (2) placed at a 45-degree angle, and is projected on the matte focusing screen (5). Via a condensing lens (6) and internal reflections in the roof pentaprism (7) the image appears in the eyepiece (viewfinder) (8). When an image is taken, the mirror (2) moves upwards from its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal plane shutter (3) opens, and the image is projected onto the film or sensor (4) in exactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.

Universal standard or 35 mm: The sensor’s size is 24×36 mm (when is Full Frame). This is the most used by photojournalists, photographers of nature, weddings and many advanced amateurs, due to its combination of acceptable weight and price with high quality and versatility. Moreover, among the DSLRr we have all the formats described in the section “The Sensor”, with virtually the same characteristics but with different sizes for the sensor, which enhances the final quality of the file, as the quality increases when the size is bigger.

Medium Format The sensor (or film) measures are 6×4.5 cm or up to 6×7 cm. This kind of camera is widely and mostly used in fashion and advertisement photography, and for portraits. These cameras are a little bit heavy, but their quality makes up for it, albeit their prices don’t help much to make them popular

VIEWFINDER TECHNOLOGY

Viewfinder Camera

Rangefinder/Boutique Camera

Kamera Penjulat/Butik

Rangefinder Camera

• These are called "rangefinder" cameras because they focus using a dual-image range finding device. You turn a ring, and when two superimposed images line up, you're in perfect focus.

• Leica M9 is the most prestige rangefinder camera that be used by the street photographer.

• Price: RM25K (Body) dan RM50K (lens 50mm f0.95)

The photograph is taken through the main lens however the view from the lens and the viewfinder is slightly different, this difference is called parallax error.

Lomo Camera (Kamera Lomo)

Lomo Camera (Kamera Lomo)

• Kamera Lomo pula merupakan kamera filem yang direka untuk memberi kesan khas seperti gambar di atas.

• Kesan2 khas ini memberi impak dramatik pada gambar yang dirakam. kamera ini menggunakan filem dan perlu dicuci di kedai gambar.

• A Lomo Camera or lens usually gives photos high contrast, twisted colors, and a noticeable vignette (a shading of the outer edges of the picture).

Advantages and Disadvantages Viewfinder/Rangefinder

Advantages of the viewfinder camera:• Simple viewfinder cameras are cheap.• There are fewer moving parts, so less chance of

equipment failure.• Higher light levels to the viewfinder.• High-quality rangefinder cameras provide excellent

focusing, especially in low light.• Quieter operation than SLR cameras.

Disadvantages of the viewfinder camera:• Parallax error (unless compensated for).• The viewfinder image may be quite small.

Mirrorless Camera Kamera Tanpa Cermin

Samsung NX300

Mirrorless Camera Kamera Tanpa Cermin

• Kamera jenis ini pula merupakan kamera yang tidak menggunakan cermin sebagaimana yang digunakan DSLR/SLR. jadi sensor terletak betul-betul di belakang lensa dan kaedah elektronik shutter digunakan bagi menggantikan kaedah mechanical shutter yang digunakan oleh DSLR.

• Kebanyakan kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang lebih kecil dan antara saiz sensor yang terkenal ialah micro 4/3. Kamera jenis ini juga membolehkan kita menukar lensa sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh DSLR.

• Mirrorless cameras, as the name suggests, don't need a mirror. Instead, the light passes through the lens and falls right onto the image sensor, as it does in point-and-shoot and phone cameras.

• To preview the image before you press the shutter button, you look at a screen on the back of the camera, or into a viewfinder with an electronic screen

Twin Lens Reflex Camera(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Kembar)

SLR

TLR

Twin Lens Reflex Camera

• A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length.

• One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens" (the lens that takes the picture), while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

• Kamera jenis ini pula mempunyai pantulan 2 lensa yang mana lensa pertama bertindak sebagai "viewfinder" dan lensa yang kedua bertindak sebagai perakam.

• kamera jenis ini masih menggunakan filem dan ia merupakan kamera yang amat popular bagi penggemar kamera lama dan kamera filem.

Pocket-size/Point and Shoot/Consumer

OLED - Organic Light-Emitting DiodeLCD display or LCD viewfinder

OPTICAL VIEWFINDER

Pro-consumer or Prosumer

Digital Compact CameraSLR-Style CameraKamera Kompak Digital

Digital Compact Camera

• Kamera kompak digital ini adalah kamera yang paling ringkas, mudah digunakan serta dimiliki oleh kebanyakan orang biasa. ia mempunyai lensa yang kekal. terdapat jenis lensa yang boleh di zoom atau ada juga yang mempunyai lensa fokus tunggal (fix focal length).

• Biasanya kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang kecil dan kualiti gambarnya adalah rendah berbanding dengan kamera jenis DSLR atau Mirror less yang mempunyai lensa yang lebih besar. namun ia merupakan pilihan ramai orang kerana cukup untuk digunakan untuk rakaman harian dan mode auto yang mesra pengguna.

Point and Shoot (Compact)• “consumer” digital cameras.• All‐in‐one with lens, flash,

etc.• Automatic. Ready to go. User

friendly.• Small, compact and

lightweight• Usually don't provide you

with a lot of creative control.

Professional Consumer (Prosumer)• Combination of professional

and consumer cameras.• High‐quality built‐in zoom lens,

high quality sensor & settings.• Interchangeable lenses.• Quality without the hassle of

lugging other kit.

VIEW CAMERAOptical Bench /Large Format Camera

OPTICAL BENCH OR LARGE FORMAT CAMERA This kind of cameras is used mostly for study portraits, advertising photography of big size objects (for instance, cars) and architecture photography. Its formats range from 9×12 cm to 20×25 cm, usually are very heavy, big and cumbersome, but they offer a superb quality. Apart from the obvious quality, we have seen that a big surface in the sensor we get better quality, we have to take into consideration a highly important factor: they can manipulate the perspective according to the Scheimflug Principle and the depth of field (keeping on focus the objects both behind and ahead of that focused on).

SLR CAMERASpecialization and Handling

Pengkhususan dan Pengendalian

– Pn Hasnah

SLR Demonstration

A single-lens reflex camera (SLR) typically uses a mirror and prism system (hence "reflex", from the mirror's reflection) that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured.

The camera has a viewfinder that sees through the lens by way of a 45°-angled  mirror  that  flips  up when the shutter fires and allows the  light  to  strike  the  image sensor (or film). 

How to Choose a Film for Your Camera

The Negative (35mm Film )

135 is photographic film in a film format used for still photography. It is a cartridge film with a film gauge of 35 mm, typically used for hand-held photography in 35 mm film cameras.

The size of the 135 film frame has been adopted by many high-end digital single lens reflex cameras, referred to as full frame digital SLRs.

• Color negative film, also called print film, is what most people are familiar with; the stuff you can still buy almost anywhere (and what non-specialists will generally assume you want if you ask for "film"). The image you see on a developed negative is orange-tinted, and the colors are inverted. The process used to develop these is called C-41, and so these are sometimes called "C-41 films".

Color negatives have their colors inverted, and are orange-tinted.

• Slide film, more properly called reversal film, gives a positive image; in other words, when you look through it, it looks like a photograph. Nearly all slide films today use the E-6 process, which is a completely different process to that used for negative films.[1]

Slide films, typically mounted in plastic or cardboard mounts, give a positive image that looks just like your photograph.

• Traditional black-and-white films are usually negative films, but (you guessed it) they're black-and-white. These, again, use a very different process (albeit a much simpler one) to all the other types of film.

There's a special subset of black-and-white films: those that can be developed in the same C-41 process used for color negatives. Ilford XP2 and Kodak BW400CN are two of them. These have all the properties of color negatives, except for the color part, so most of what is written below about the latter applies to these films as well.

Film Manufacturer

Types of ISO film for SLR Camera

• A low ISO (100-400) rating means the film will be less sensitive to light and therefore would be better to use in brighter conditions to prevent over exposure.

• A high ISO rating (400-1600) means the film is far more sensitive to light and therefore better suited to use in lower light conditions to prevent under exposure.

Summary :

The "faster" the film, the more sensitive it was. 

The "slower" it was, the less sensitive it was. 

ISO numbers start from 100-200 (Base ISO) and increment in value in geometric progression (power of two). So, the ISO sequence is: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 and etc.

The difference is clear – the image on the right hand side at ISO 3200 has a lot more noise in it, than the one on the left at ISO 200.

Comparison

ISO Film Description

Slow film speed 200 and Below

For bright lighting conditions and outdoor photography

Recommendation

not be used for dimly lit areas and fast-moving subjects.

Using tripod or has an extremely steady hand

best used to photograph outdoor landscapes, inanimate objects, and outdoor events on a bright day.

ISO Film Description

Medium film speed 400

all-purpose film that can be used for most situations

Recommendation

best used to photograph overcast outdoor images, indoor portraits with natural lighting, and when photographing a combination of indoor and outdoor images on the same roll

not be used with fast motion photography such as sporting events, indoors without much lighting, or in extremely bright lighting

ISO Film Description

Fast film speed 800

ideal for sports and low light photography without flash, and extends the flash distance compared to slower speeds.

How to Use Almost Any 35mm Film Camera

• Look for some basic controls on the camera.• The shutter speed dial• The aperture ring• The ISO dial (marked as ASA)• The mode dial• The rewind release• The rewind crank

• Change your battery if your camera has one.• Load your film

• Rear-loading cameras• Bottom-loading

• Set the film speed

PREPARATION

SHOOTING

• Focus your shot. • Auto-focus • Manual-focus single-lens reflex cameras• Manual-focus rangefinder cameras• Viewfinder cameras

• Set your exposure. • Fully automatic exposure cameras• Fully-manual cameras

• Frame your shot and shoot• Shoot till you hit the end of the roll.• Get your film developed• Check your film for exposure problems • Stick another roll of film in and go shoot some more

HANDLING AN SLR

The lens of your camera and in modern cameras is adjusted via a control wheel or

dial. If you ever owned a manual film SLR you

will remember that the lenses had an ring that you set manually with a “Click-click” as

you turned it to alter the apertures

EXPOSURELens, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO

Dedahan – Lensa, Aperture, Kelajuan Shutter

----- En Amir

EXPOSURE

Exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on the film/image sensor.

• Too much light creates an over‐bright

image with white spots

• Too little light creates an under‐bright

image with black spots

• Exposure also known as light exposure.

• Exposure to too high will cause the image to be too bright (overexposure) while low exposure cause the picture is dark (underexposure).

EXPOSURE

Underexposure(dark)

overexposure(bright)

Balance

HOW TO CONTROL EXPOSURE

Exposure can be controlled mainly through two lens

settings:

Aperture…

… and Shutter Speed

… and also ISO

EXPOSURE

Aperture • How much light gets in

Shutter Speed• How long light is let in

ISO• Sensitivity of image device

Aperture (IRIS IN YOUR EYE) Aperture is the opening lens to set the amount of light

coming into the camera. The bigger shutter open, the more light can enter the

camera.

APERTURE RANGE Aperture size is labelled with a symbol f / [number] (Example:

f / 2.4). This measure, sometimes confusing because the larger f number,

the smaller shutter’s hole. Instead, the smaller f number, the bigger shutter’s hole.

More light(Brighter image)

Less light(dark image)

Depth of field (DOF)

• Depth of field (DOF) tells how many images you want to be in focus. • DOF is controlled by controlling the aperture.

Shallow(less dof)

Narrow(more dof)

Light

Dof

Shutter Speed(LIKE YOUR EYE LID)

Shutter-speed refers to the length of time the shutter is open to allow light coming into the sensor.

The shutter speed is calculated by using the second (seconds), and is usually lower than a second.

Shutter Speed Range

1

1/2

1/15

1/30

1/60

1/125

1/250

1/500

1/1000

More light

Less light

Freezing and Blurring

http://dululainsekaranglain.com/fotografi/asas-fotografi-memahami-aperture-dan-shutter-speed/attachment/penerangan-shutter-speeds

Low Shutter speed

High Shutter speed

ISO• ISO refers to the

sensitivity of the sensor to light.

• Lower the ISO, the lower response to the light sensor, while the higher the ISO, the more powerful response to light.

• A lower ISO number , More light is required• Either with a longer shutter speed, a larger aperture

opening, or both—to get the same effect that a higher ISO number would get with less light.

ISO Range

100 200 400 800 1600 3200 6400

More lightLess light

Less NoiseMore Noise

ISO

• HIGH ISO value means the sensor will be MORE sensitive to light, meaning it will take LESS LIGHT to get the right exposure.

• Low  ISO  indicates  low  sensitivity  to  light  but generally  higher  resolution  with  less  “noise”  or “grain”.

• Indoor vs Outdoor  ? ISO ?• ISO (Light sensitivity)• 50 outdoors/sunlight (low grain/noise)• 1600 indoors/no flash (high grain/noise)

ISO

• Set the lowest setting possible to avoid noise.

• ISO measures the sensitivity of the image sensor. The lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain.

Lenses

“You don't take a photograph, you make it.”

Ansel Adams