PERSONALITY: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND ASSESSMENT
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Transcript of PERSONALITY: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND ASSESSMENT
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PERSONALITY: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND
ASSESSMENT
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Personality: refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits
Used to explain 1)consistency in behavior and 2)distinctiveness of behavior
DEFINING PERSONALITY
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Personality trait: a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
Cattell concluded that personality can be described completely by measuring just 16 traits
PERSONALITY TRAITS: DISPOSITIONS AND DIMENSIONS
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McRae and Costa 1) Openness to
experience 2)
Conscientiousness 3) Extraversion 4) Agreeableness 5) Neuroticism
5-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY TRAITS
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OTHER THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
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Def: include all the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
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Attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on childhood experiences, on unconscious motives, and methods used to cope w/sexual and aggressive urges
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
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3 parts: 1) Id: primitive, instinctive component;
operates according to pleasure principle 2) Ego: decision-making component;
operates according to the reality principle 3) Superego: moral component;
incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong
FREUD’S STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
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FREUD’S ICEBERG
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Conscious: whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time
Preconscious: material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved
Unconscious: thoughts, memories, and desires that are well beneath the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior
FREUD’S LEVELS OF AWARENESS
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Freud: people’s lives are dominated by conflicts that center on sexual and aggressive impulses
Sexual and aggressive desires are thwarted more often
CONFLICT AND TYRANNY OF SEX AND AGGRESSION
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Lingering conflicts can produce anxiety
Worry about: 1) id going out of control and creating negative consequences or 2)superego out of control creating guilt about a real or imagined transgression
ANXIETY
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Def: largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety or guilt
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
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Rationalization: creating false but plausible causes to justify unacceptable behavior
Repression: keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
Projection: attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
Displacement: diverting emotional feelings (anger) from original source to a substitute
Reaction Formation: behaving opposite of what you feel Regression: reverting to immature behavior Identification: bolstering self-esteem by forming an
imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
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Def: developmental periods w/a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality
Fixation: failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected
DEVELOPMENT: PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
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Oral stage: 1st year; erotic focus is the mouth
Anal stage: 2nd year; erotic pleasure from bowel movements
Phallic stage: c. age 4; erotic focus on the genital; self-stimulation
STAGES
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Latency stage: expanding social contacts beyond the immediate family
Genital stage: refocus on genitals, channeled toward peers
STAGES
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Unconscious has 2 layers
1) Personal unconscious: repressed or forgotten material
2) Collective unconscious: a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past
JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
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People share an unconscious
Archetypes: emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning
JUNG CONTINUED
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1st to describe Introverts:
preoccupied w/the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences
Extraverts: interested in external world of people and things
JUNG CONTINUED
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Striving for superiority: a universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life’s challenges
Compensation: involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities
ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
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Excessive feelings of inferiority leads to an inferiority complex
People overcompensate and pursue status and power over others
ADLER CONTINUED
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Unconscious forces can influence behavior Internal conflict often plays a key role in
generating psychological distress Early childhood experiences can have
powerful influences on adult personality People do use defense mechanisms to
reduce unpleasant emotions
EVALUATING PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES
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Criticisms: Poor testability—ideas too vague to test Inadequate evidence Sexism—a bias against women exists
EVALUATING CONTINUED