PERSONALITYGeneral Psychology (1/23)

C. Sagarbarria

Personality

Personality - the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

“Characteristic patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that determine a person’s adjustment to environment”

THREE FORCES IN THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY

The Psychodynamic Perspective

Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality

The Behaviorist Perspective

Focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior

The Humanist Perspective

Focuses on the role of each person’s real-life experiences and choices in personality development

The Man and the Couch: Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic

Perspective

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Approach

Jung’s* Analytic Psychology

Adler’s* Individual Psychology

Horney’s* Socio-Cultural Approach

* - called Neo-Freudians

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic Approach

http://psychoanalysis.cz/images/freud%20warhol1.jpg

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Approach

Freud believed that the mind was divided into three parts:

Preconscious

Conscious

Unconscious

3 structures of Personality:

ID - consists of instincts and urges , operates on pleasure principle (If it feels good, do it)

EGO- rational and logical, works on the reality principle (If it feels good, do it - but only if you can get away with it )

SUPEREGO - houses the conscience, the moral compass of our personality (why even bother, you’re gonna get caught anyway)

http://www.pierce.ctc.edu/staff/tlink/general/personality/4%20id%20ego%20superego.jpg

Structures of Personality

The Angel, The Devil,

and MeHow the 3 structures

of our personality work together

Defense MechanismsMethods employed by the ego to reduce

the conflict and anxiety brought on

by the Id and the Superego

http://www.savagechickens.com/images/chickenhangover3.jpg

Most powerful and most common defense mechanism

Push unacceptable impulses and thoughts to the unconscious mind and out of awareness

Repression

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When the ego provides a good reason for behavior – a reason which may not be the actual truth behind the behavior

Rationalization

http://www.self-help-for-humans.com/images/WeightLossCartoon1.gif

When we fail to accept our own shortcomings, we project them onto others and see these traits in others.

Projection

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When we transform unacceptable impulses by giving expression to its opposite

Reaction Formation

http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/reactionformation-tm.jpg%3Fw%3D300%26h%3D233

Refusal to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation

when we refuse to accept that something is happening

Denial

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6jaAJ7vV4Ak/TjCD0SXbaJI/AAAAAAAAAjk/7URzm41gCX4/s1600/denial.gif

When we shift unacceptable feelings from one object to another, more acceptable object

Displacement

http://blogasarea.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/displacement.png

Sublimation

A type of displacement

When the ego replaces unacceptable impulse with a socially approved course of action

Occurs when we revert back to the way we used to behave when we were younger

Regression

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Compensation

The process of concealing or offsetting a psychological difficulty by developing in another direction.

Retreating into fantasy life in response to stress

Daydreaming

http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/kta/lowres/ktan35l.jpg

The Development of Personality (Psychosexual)

Oral stage

Anal stage

Phallic stage

Latency stage

Genital stage

Analytic Psychology

Carl Gustave

Jung

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_T4X_e_gKYyU/SyjaLBJyhZI/AAAAAAAADzo/Fj4syIzG400/s400/Jung_portrait.png

Emphasized the greater role of the unconscious

Personal Unconscious&

Part of the mind that is rarely accessible to awareness

Collective Unconscious

The impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all human beings

Archetypes

Emotionally laden ideas and images in the Collective Unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning

Emerge in Art, Religion, Literature, and dreams

Anima (Woman - feminine side of a man)

Animus (Man - masculine side of a woman)

Mandala (Self - individuality)

Persona (our alter-ego)

Shadow (Darker Self - the darker, immoral self)

Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Z2CHw1BAB7s/TarFbpUxKBI/AAAAAAAACqA/tPt1PpLqmEA/s1600/alfred+adler.jpg

Individual Psychology

The primary concept of Individual Psychology is inferiority and the crux of human condition is the struggle against inferiority and the attainment of superiority

Inferiority Complex

Exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy

Superiority Complex

Exaggerated feelings of self-importance, assumed mainly to mask very strong feelings of inferiority

Socio-Cultural Approach

Karen Horney

http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch11_personality/11horney.jpg

Disagreed with Freud’s Penis Envy

Countered it with her own concept of womb envy

As children, we develop a sense of basic anxiety

People whose parents give them love, affection, and security overcome this anxiety

Those with less secure upbringing develop neurotic tendencies

moving towards people

seek love, support, safety – being dependent on others

moving away from people

becoming more independent

moving against people

becoming competitive and domineering - aggressive

The Associative Learning Approach

The Social Learning Approach

BEHAVIORAL APPROACH

B. F. Skinner

Associative Learning - Operant Conditioning

http://www.leerbeleving.nl/wbts/1/skinner-portrait-40s.jpg

B.F. Skinner

Major influence and impact on mainstream Psychology

Personality

A collection of observable and overt or outward behaviors

Behaviors are learned through reward and punishment experiences

Social Learning Approach

Albert Bandura

http://01.edu-cdn.com/files/static/g/pcl_0001_0001_0_img0016.jpg

People learn new behavior through overt reinforcement or punishment, via observational learning of the social factors in their environment.

Learning can take place even if we have not experienced (punished or rewarded) it ourselves - vicarious learning

Carl Rogers

Abraham Maslow

The Phenomenological or Humanistic Approach

Carl Rogers

✤ Real and Ideal Self✤ Conditional and Unconditional Positive

Regardhttp://www.modernblog.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Carl-Rogers.jpg

Real Self

Who we really are

The “us” as a result of our experiences

Ideal Self

The person we would like to be

The greater the discrepancy or difference between the real and ideal self, the more maladjusted the person is.

Ideal Self Real Self

RealIdeal SelfClose Match = Harmony

Mismatch = Anxiety

Unconditional Positive Regard

Blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does.

Conditional Positive Regard

Acceptance and support of a person but with conditions.

Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow

http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch09_motivation/09maslow.jpg

Proposed a Hierarchy of Needs

Ascending from basic biological needs to more complex psychological motivations

http://www.miraclemind.com/investors/newsletter/2008/5/5/maslow_2.jpg