Period IV: 1800-1848 Part 1: The Jeffersonian (Republican) Era · Part 1: The Jeffersonian...
Transcript of Period IV: 1800-1848 Part 1: The Jeffersonian (Republican) Era · Part 1: The Jeffersonian...
Period IV: 1800-1848 Part 1: The Jeffersonian (Republican) Era
The Adams Presidency
! “Quasi War” with France ! XYZ Affair – French ministers demanded a loan for
France and a bribe before negotiations
! Alien and Sedition Acts
Election (“Revolution”) of 1800
! Jefferson wins election – Republican
! Adams – “midnight appointments” before leaving office
! Federalists would not win another election
The Jeffersonian Vision
• Society of sturdy, independent farmers
• Universal education – scientific rationalism of the Enlightenment
• Localism, republican simplicity
• Federal government with limited power – States’ rights
Education
! Vision for free public education
! Mostly fell on private institutions
! New education opportunities for women ! Value placed on the “Republican Mother” to train the
new generation
! Led to creation of female academies
Establishment of a National Culture
! Noah Webster – Americanized spelling
! Washington Irving – The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle
! Mason Weems – Life of Washington
The Second Great Awakening
! Religious skepticism ! Jefferson and Franklin were “Deists”
! Commitment to organized religion decreased
! The Second Great Awakening was a reaction to this phenomenon ! Early decades of the 1800s
! Effort by evangelicals to revitalize the church
Second Great Awakening
! Spearheaded by Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians
! Cane Ridge, Kentucky (below)
Stirrings of Industrialism
! Importation of technology from England
! Eli Whitney ! Enormous demand for
cotton from England ! Cotton-Gin made separation
of seeds from fibers more efficient
! Led to higher demand for slaves
! Expansion of textile industry in the North
The Jeffersonian Presidency
! The “People’s President”
! Favored simplicity – eliminate “aura of majesty” surrounding presidency
Limited Government Under Jefferson
! Abolished internal taxes – whiskey tax
! Cut national debt in half
! Scaled down armed forces
Conflict With the Courts
! Remained largely Federalist
! Sought to nullify “midnight appointments” of Adams
! Marbury vs. Madison (1803) ! Established Court’s
authority of “judicial review”
! Chief Justice – John Marshall
Expansion of Territory
! Napoleon’s imperial ambitions in America ! Secured Louisiana territory from Spain
! Spanish would not allow American ships to deposit cargoes in New Orleans
! Negotiated for purchase of New Orleans ! Napoleon’s imperial ambitions went awry – sold entire
Louisiana Territory for $15 million in 1803
Lewis and Clark
! William Clark and Meriwether Lewis commissioned to explore the new territory ! Gather geographical facts, investigate prospects for trade
with Natives
! Guided by Shoshone woman, Sacagawea
The Burr Conspiracy ! Jefferson reelected in 1804
! Federalists unhappy about land acquisition – threatened secession ! Hamilton did not support – Federalists turned to Burr ! Hamilton accused of treason, etc. – led to duel
! Conspiracy to capture Mexico – trial for treason
War of 1812
! Main causes: ! Conflict on the seas
! British support of Indian tribes against western settlers
! Territorial aspirations for Canada and Spain
! Supported by “war hawks” Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
Conflict on the Seas
! Caught between conflict between Britain and Napoleon ! Both imposed restrictions on shipping
! British began “impressing” American sailors from merchant ships ! Chesapeake – Leopord incident
Embargo
! Effort to maintain peace and American neutrality
! Prohibited American ships from leaving the U.S. for any foreign port
! Led to economic depression
The “Indian Problem” and the British
! Jefferson gave Natives two options: assimilate or move West beyond the Mississippi
! British feared American invasion into Canada – sought to renew friendship with Natives
! Indian leaders: Tenskwatawa (Prophet), Tecumseh – effort to unite tribes of Mississippi Valley
! Battle of Tippecanoe ! William Henry Harrison drove
natives from headquarters at Prophetstown
“Mr. Madison’s War” The War of 1812
War of 1812 ! Early defeats on land and sea
! failed invasion of Canada
! Success on the Great Lakes – Put-In-Bay, Battle of the Thames
! Andrew Jackson – Battle of Horseshoe Bend
War of 1812 ! British defeated Napoleon in 1814
! Planned invasion of U.S.
! Set fire to government buildings
! Proceeded to Baltimore – Fort McHenry, The Star Spangled Banner
! Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson
Opposition to War
! Led by Federalist opposition ! Majority party in New England
! Hartford Convention – December 15, 1814 ! Some called for secession
! Momentum stifled by Jackson’s victory at New Orleans
Peace Settlement
! Treaty of Ghent ! Returned conquered territory to prewar claimant ! Americans gave up demand for renunciation of
impressment and cession of Canada ! British abandoned call for Indian buffer state in
Northwest
! Rush Bagot Agreement ! Mutual disarmament on Great Lakes
! Commercial treaty opened trade between U.S. and British Empire