An Analysis Implicature in Activity of Transaction

at KOPMA AL-FATA STAIN Curup

PROPOSAL

This Proposal is submitted to fulfill the requirement

for ‘Sarjana’ degree in English Language Education

Mengetahui,

Dosen Pembimbing Akademik

Hendra Harmi, M.Pd

NIP.19751108 200312 1001

Pemohon,

Raga Buana

NIM. 0655105

ENGLISH TADRIS STUDY PROGRAM

EDUCATION (TARBIYAH) DEPARTMENT

STATE COLLEGE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES

(STAIN) CURUP

2009

A. Backround of The Research

 Language is the equipment of the communication used by human being.

There is not any people do not use the language because language is important in

social interaction. Language is used when man communicates to others to

convey a purpose when they meet others or themselves. Djoko kentjono

mentions language is an arbitrary by the members of social groups to work

together, communicate, and identify1.The language as an arbitrary is generated

by human`s tool of speech is a natural phenomenon, but the language as an

equipment of social interaction in human society is a social phenomenon2.

Human can not separate from the language because the language is a tool

used to establish a social interaction. Communication activity involves not only a

participant, but also involves other participants. In order to participants to

understand each other's utterance, therefore it must has a good cooperation.

Cooperation is a common background knowledge of participants. If the

participant in the speech event does not understand the purpose of speech, it will

be able to create a distorted interpretation and the message conveyed by the

speaker can not be received well.

Speech between student and officer at KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN Curup

in the speech event that occurs in transaction. There is not only has a literal

meaning, but also unliteral meaning. George Yule (1985:91) mentions the natural

and unnatural meaning. To understand unnatural meaning in the speech between

student and officer KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN Curup that is needed explaning

by Pragmatic. According to Yule (1996:3) pragmatic is the study of speaker

meaning, contextual meaning, how more gets communicated than is said, the

expression of relative distance.

For first example

1 Abdul Chaer, Linguistik umum, Penerbit Rineka Cipta.Jakarta.2007.P322 Abdul Chaer, Kajian Bahasa, Struktur Internal, Pemakaian dan Pemelajaran, Penerbit

Rineka Cipta.Jakarta.2007.P9

1

  Examples of speech above has a unliteral meaning beside the literal

meaning. So that 'what is speak' and 'what is meant' are different. So how the

listener interpreted it. This condition is commonly called implicature. Abdul

Chaer (2004:59) said that Implicature is the relationship between utterances that

said by two men were talking. This relation does not understand literally, but

only implicitly. And Yule (1996:34) mention that when the listener hears the

expression, she first has to assume that the speaker is being cooperative and

intends to communicate something. That something must be more than just what

the words mean. It is additional conveyed, meaning.

So, Implicature be easily understood by speaker and hearer if they have

shared experiences and knowledge.

 Based on explaining above, It is very interesting to be studied, because it is

an action as to inform, request, offer and so on.  As shown in the example at the

beginning of this description. This is because speech delivered by officer and

student at these examples have unliteral meaning and the literal meaning, is

usually called implicature. This has encouraged researcher to examine an anylisis

implicature in transaction between student and officer at KOPMA Al-Fatah

STAIN Curup.

B. Identification of the Problem

The research “An analysis Implicature in transaction between student and

officer at KOPMA Alfatah STAIN Curup”. Can identificated as follow :

1. Implicature is covered by pragmatic analysis.

2. Implicature is part of speech act in the particular speech event.

3. Implicature have functions in various contexts.

4. In using implicature everyday often done that based on violations of the principle

of cooperation.

2

This research including in pragmatic research. It is said that because this study

focuses primarily explained nonliteral meaning that depend on context of the

interaction between student and officer in transaction. Unliteral meaning is always

different from the meaning of building a speech that made between student and

officer.

              In term of pragmatic studies, this research is expected to produce a

description of form of implicature, implication pragmatic of speech of implicature,

the function of implicature and the violation of cooperative principle in using

implicature form between student and officer in transaction at KOPMA Al-fatah

STAIN Curup.

              In terms of the teaching English, the results of this study is expected to be

used as teaching materials in English language teaching, especially in learning that

associated with the pragmatic subject in the colleges, especially STAIN Curup

College.

C. Scope of the Research

This study will only focus on the Implicature of the utterances from the

interaction between officer with student in transaction at KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN

Curup. The aspects that will be discussed are the utterance implicature form, the

implicature, the function of implicature, and the violation of the principle of

cooperation in using implicature.

D. The Research Question

As the problems in this research is "How implicature form of the transaction

between the student and officer at KOPMA Al-Fatah STAIN Curup? The problem

will divided in the following :

1) What are kinds of implicature in interaction between student and officer at

KOPMA Al-fatah ?

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2) How the implicature of the utterance in interaction between student and

officer at KOPMA Al-fatah. ?

E. The Objectives of the Research

1. To Identify kinds implicature in interaction between student and officer.

2. To find out the implicature in interaction between student and officer.

F. The Operational Definition

- Implicature

Yule (1996) mention that when the listener hears the expression, she first has to

assume that the speaker is being cooperative and intends to communicate

something. That something must be more than just what the words mean. It is

additional conveyed, meaning.

G. Significan of The Research

The result of this study is expected the useful for :

1. Students

The result of this research can hopefully help the students to understand

more about implicature, by doing so they will have good awareness in producing

utterances especially in interaction.

2. English Teachers

The result of this research can hopefully improve the lecturers of STAIN

Curup in implementing various strategies to teach pragmatic.

3. The Researcher

The result of this research can hopefully the researcher have more

knowledge about implicature and the researcher can increase and improve ability

in the pragmatic study. Additionally, it will enrich the literature in pragmatic

research specifically research on implicature.

II. Riview of The Related Literature

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a. Riview of The Related Finding

In previous studies there was only one study related to my research, the

study of cooperative principle by using a pragmatic analysis. By Deli Susanti (2009)

entitled: "A Pragmatics Analysis on the violation of Cooperative Principle (a

documentary study on the movie Pride and Prejudice)". The conclusion obtained

from these studies that indicates the cooperative principle is not accepted proofed by

the violation of the maxims in the movie Pride and Prejudice 3. So about my research

is not researched by researcher before.

b. Riview of the Related Theories

To understand this study, the researcher presented the theories that support

the development of this research, as for these theories are :

1. Pragmatic Theory

Leech (1993) mentions that pragamatic can be defined as the study of the

meaning of speech in certain situations. While, Yule (1996) deals to pragmatic is

the study of speaker meaning, contextual meaning, how more gets communicated

than is said, the expression of relative distance. Pragmatics teaches people about

communicative meaning4.

In this study based on existing theory, this pragmatic study with the

purpose of speech analysis unit implicature, the pragmatic meaning of the

definition given in conjunction with speaker of the language. So that researcher

analyze and describe the purpose of the speech spoken by speaker on. And the

advantage of studying language via pragmatic that can talk about people`s

intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kind of

action for example : “request”. That they are performing when they speak.

3 Deli Susanti, A Staff in office of English Study Program , interview, curup, 12 th of January 2010

4 Leffy Noviyenti, Diktat, Mata Kuliah Langguage Research.2003.STAIN Curup

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2. The Implicature

a. Definition of Implicature = Apa ESENSI OPERASIOTAL DFNSION????

             Yule mention that when the listener hears the expression, she first has to

assume that the speaker is being cooperative and intends to communicate

something. That something must be more than just what the words mean. It is

additional conveyed, meaning called an implicature. Implicature is the implied

meaning of the utterance of a sentence in a context, although the meaning is not a

part or the fulfillment of what is spoken. Also Implicature can be interpreted as

meaning the implications of the pragmatic force of an utterance, either in speaking

or in writing. Implicature is analyzing the activities of the hidden meaning of a

speech that delivered by Speaker.

             Yule (1996) said that there are two types of Implicature, namely

conventional implicature and konversasional implicature.

              Implicature can bridge between what is spoken by speaker with what the

meaning of an utterance, it references to assumpt the principles of utterance that is

used. Furthermore, Grice (1975) (in Yule 1996:37) suggests that Implicature

basically related to the cooperative principles of pragmatic. cooperative principles

are the cooperation between speaker with hearer in a conversation. it meants that

between speaker and hearer expect the implications for the meaning of the speech

can be understood by the hearer. The implicature said by Grice is the utterance

has differences with the action in fact. Implicature can to provide a functional

explanation some linguistic fact that relate relating to the context of a speech,

there are principles such as cooperation Principle.

b. Variety Implicature

George Yule (1996:35) mentions implicature divided into two types

namely Implicature conventional and nonconventional Implicature. Conventional

Implicature in contrast to all the conversational implicature , convensional

implicature is not based on the cooperative principle or maxim. They have not to

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occur in conversation and they do not depend on special context for their

interpretation. So conventional implicature derived directly from the meaning of

the word (which is heard), instead the principle of conversation. It means that the

conventional implicature is the literal meaning as expressed with the formal

elements of structural sentence. while implicature conversationa is an illocution

act that it`s mplication of pragmatic from the principles of conversation.

3. Cooperative Principle

              Through the implicature theory, we have known two kinds of theories. In

the natural meaning and unnatural meaning.

               The principle used in the conversation of four maxims. By Yule (1996)

fourth maxim are as follow5 :

1. Maxim quantity

a. Make your contribution as informative as is required

b. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required

2. Maxim quality

a. Do not say what you what you believe to be false

b. Do not say that for which you lack edequate evidence

3. Relation be relevan

4. Manner be perspicuous

a. Avoid obscurity of wxpression

b. Avoid ambiguity

c. Be brief

d. Be orderly

              Leech (1993) comment on that maxim as a constraint in using the

language.The maxims apply in different contexts, there is no principle that is

absolutely true. On the other hand, it is not true at all. maxim can against to each

other and can be violated without eliminating the type of action driven. 5 Ibid; P37

7

commented that it is precisely because it is necessary the pragmatic to explain

how the different communities use these maxims.

J. Context

        Speech is always realized in a particular context. Context holds an

important role in interpreting the meaning of the speech because the meaning of

the speech is variety in different contexts. in other words, an utterance can mean

completely different from that intended by speaker that due to differences in the

context of utterance in progress. The ability to interpret the meaning of the speech

is in many ways dependent on the heare`s ability to connect the speech with the

surrounding context.

The details in this context to note are as follows.

           First, the linguistic context or co-text (Yule, 1996). Co-text of a word is a

group of other words that are used in the same a phrase or sentence . Co-text has a

strong influence on the interpretation of the meaning of the spoken word. For

example, the word 'bisa' as a homonym, in the sentence 'Ular itu memiliki bisa'

and 'anak itu bisa mengerjakan soal itu' has a Different meanings. How do know

the meaning contained in it? Usually to find out based on linguistic context.

           Second, the physical context which involves the characteristics possessed

by people, object, animal or physical characteristic related to foreign ownership.

If there is a snake charmer is holding the snake and taking something from the

mouth of the snake, he is saying ''Bisanya sudah tidak berbahaya lagi ", the

meaning of the word 'bisa' can be interpreted from the context.

          Third, which is also related to the context of the speech situation and

speech event. The speech situation include anyone speaker and hearer, the context

of speech, and speech purposes.

          This theory can be used to know the function of speech that is spoken by

the student of STAIN Curup in the transaction.

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III. Research Methodology

A. Kind of the Research

This research is Pragmatic analysis represented in qualitative

way. This study examined the form of implicature in transaction between

student and officer. Qualitative is research that intend to understand the

phenomenon of what is experienced by subject such as behavior, perception,

motivation, action, etc.. In a holistic manner and description in form of words

and language, in a specific context by exploiting the natural and scientific

methods6. So with this theory, surely rearcher would be able to find meaning

in the language used in a transaction, because the meaning of language which

researcher want to know is the phenomenon that has not been in touch by

previous researcher where the student and officer do the transaction with the

language and they have a special context on each transaction, so it needs to be

described as holistic.

Qualitative approach have the characteristics of (a) natural

background, (b) descriptive, (c) prioritize the process than results, and (d)

inductive data analysis7.

 Natural background, the research data that is derived from

communication events and situations that take place naturally in the

transaction between student and officer. There is no attempt by researcher to

control subjects, both inside and outside the room. Therefore, data collection

strategy unknown by student and officer.

       a descriptive, refer to the data collected through description discourse

in the transaction. Data are equipped with the context of interaction. Context

description strived to reach the small things. such as time, place, and position

of participant. The result of data analysis are reported in the form of a

6 Lexy J.Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Edisi Revisi.2008.PT Remaja RosdaKarya.Bandung:P6

7 Ibid:P10-11

9

phenomenological description, which means that the analysis presented in

accordance with the finding in the field without any associated with certain

variables.

       More emphasis process than result, that is in the implementation of

this research, particularly the collection is more oriented toward the process.

Such as time data collection implementation is flexible. Therefore, the

schedule does not become a target. So it with the acquisition of data, both in

types and amounts are not based on planning or specific target.

        Inductive data analysis, that study is not directed to strengthen or

reject a particular hypothesis. Therefore, the expose analysis related research

in the implicature form of transaction at KOPMA Al-fatah more natural

based on the data collected in the field, while the presence of more theoretical

framework served as a reference in identifying the implicature form, both

inside and outside room.

- Informant/Object of the Research = SIAPA INFORMANYA??????????

Informant/Object of the research is all of student and officer that held

transaction. All students are considered to have the same status as research

subjects. The relationship between data, data sources, and research

Informant/Object looked at the following chart:

=

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DATA- Kinds of implicature- The implicature form

Utterance

Informant/Object of

Research.

Student Officer

Context of Utterance

Chart. Relation chart data, Data Source and Informant/Object of Research.

Data will analyzed during and after collecting data. That is, during

data collection, data transcribed (from tape recording to writing data) and

adjusted to the researcher note. If there is deviation, the following

observations can be made recording or recording data more carefully to avoid

mistakes.

B. Research Instrument

In qualitative research, (Moleong, 2008) mentions that the research

instrument is the researcher's own, or with the help of another person who is the

main data collection tool. This is because researcher in qualitative research is seen

as seeking out experienced in data collection.

      In addition to the researcher as the main instrument, this research uses

other Instruments, namely a Mobile Phone Recorder and Field Notes.Mobile

Phone recorder used to record the utterance of student and officer in the

transaction, while the field notes used to record the context of utterances.

C. Technique of Data Collection

Data collection techniques in this study are :

1. Participant Observation and Field Note

While collecting data in the field, the researcher participate actively

and follow the community activities actively8. The researcher enteres the

subject's experience by experiencing what they experienced9. Thus, researcher

participate directly in the transactions conducted by student and officer at

8 Ibid;P9 9 Ibid; P164

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KOPMA STAIN Curup. By using this technique, researcher more freely

associate with the subject of the research with a natural setting.

Field recording techniques used to record the speech context that is

useful to interpret the data obtained

2. Recording

Recording technique in the study to carry out actual data that is a form

of implicature in interaction between student and officer at KOPMA Al-fatah.

The recording uses a Mobile Phone Recorder . This recording devices sensitive

enough to record data and edequately qualified.

D. Technique of Data Analysis : bagaimana penerapannya???????????????

Analysis of data in this study using a pragmatic analysis that supported the

structure analysis and semantic analysis. Structural analysis is used to find the form

implicature. In this analysis, the data highlighted in terms of syntax, whereas

semantic analysis is used to determine the meaning of implicature delivered student

and officer. Pragmatic analysis is used to answer the problem of pragmatic the

implicature in the transaction.

This data analysis technique based on the techniques suggested by Miles and

Huberman (1992: 15-20). Analysis techniques are: (a) reduction of data, (b) the

presentation of data, and (c) inference. The third step is a cycle of inter-related and

carried out simultaneously during and after collecting data. In qualitative analysis

several simultaneous activities engage the attention of the reseacher10. The third step

is adequately presented below.

10 John W.Creswell.Research Design,Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.SAGE Publications;London.P153

12

Source of Data- The record, Conversation in the

transaction between student and officer

- The field notes context of utterances

Not Enough

Enough

Chart. Process and Engineering Data Collection and Analysis (Adapted from

Miles and Huberman, 1992:20)   

Explaining the chart above as follow :

 First,  Reduction of the activity data analysis includes (a) identification, (b)

classification, and (c) coding data. Identification data is data the feasibility of

selecting activities, for example in terms of clarity and the presence or absence of

implicature in the transaction at KOPMA Al-fatah. Data classification is the activity

of sorting and classifying data on the speech context, such as setting the interaction

date and interaction topics. To code data is an activity to give the identity of the data

in the context of utterance. Presentation of data is the data grouping activities which

have been reduced.Grouping of data is done with using tables, which includes the

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Reduction of Data- Identification (Data selection)- Classification (Data group)- Giving code (Giving identity)

Research Finding- The utterance of Implicature form- The implicature form- The function of implicature- The violation of CP in using implicature

Conclusion/VerificationBased on the pragmatic analysis

Presents the DataClassify implicature with the table

implicature table form, pragmatic implicature tables and table of data recording

transcripts. inference is expected to be smooth and focused for presenting this data.

          Second,  Withdrawal conclusion that is more analysis of activities devoted to

the interpretation of the data that has been presented. Interpretation is based on the

principles of pragmatic analysis. The principle of pragmatic analysis is more

relevant in the context of communication.

For example to anylis of data :

Data 1. ( The Utterances form of Implicature )

- The officer : Ado yang biso dibantu Mbak?

- Student : (Smile),Ado aqua Mbak ?

- Officer : (taking Aqua and giving it to the student)

Contex Purpose The sentence form

Expression:

1. first, student`s express confused.

2. the speaker Ask to the hearer.

3. Officer get the Aqua and give it to

the student.

Participan : student and officer.

Place : KOPMA (Indoor)

Speaker give the

information to hearer

that he can help the

hearer.

In Interrogative.

The pattern Pragmatic Analysis by Leech :

A. ? X (implicature )

B. n give the question ? X to t

C. function of B is maked t to inform n that X TRUE

D. n does not understand X is TRUE (quantyti)

E. n believe that t understand X is TRUE (relevan)

F. n want to know that X is TRUE (relevan)

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By Yule give the example that the anilysis writed in the sentences

This Conversational Implicature. Because The student response does not

provide a “yes” or “no” answer. The officer must assume that student is being

cooperative, so he considers student`s question and clearly the answer “yes”.This

utterance provides inferencing with an answer “Of course not !” as part of the

implicature. So from the analysis we can get the finding that the implicature here is

essentially that officer want get the goods that will be bought by student. And

the Function of implicature to offering something.

an analysis Process and Purpose by Leech.

Note: area in x,y,z are indicating the contribution B to purpose of A. this symbol

(==========>) to draw the correlation of motivation between the purpose and the

action.

X

a

Y Z

Explaining : Picture I.I Speaker`s Question dan listener`s Answer

Explaining the picture.

The first condition : A is offering the helping.

(a) A ask to B. what is A can help .

B beware that A want help for getting the goods that will be bought.

(b) B tells A what is helping can be done.(getting Aqua)

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B

Coopertv Principl

1 3

3

The final condition : A understand what does B want

So, the process above give us the information that the implicature based on

Cooperative Principle.

Data 2. (The utterance form of implicature) Code : IM

Student : Beli kacang garuda mbak ?

Officer : Maaf, Belum belanjo dek ?

Contex Purpose Sentence form

Event: the student have got

the money in his hand, he

was going to buy something.

Participan : student and

officer.

Time : December, 21th 2009. 08.00

am.)

Place : KOPMA

Speaker give the

information to hearer

that he request.

In Expressive

Analysis by Yule

This is Conventional Implicature form, because there is “yet” word.

S : Beli kacang garuda mbak ?

O :Maaf belum belanja → (=Not p)

→ Not p is true (+> expected to be true later)

So, the speaker produces an implicature that she expects the statement “Kacang

Garuda is here” later.

E. Enhancing Validity

Consequences for the researcher who conducts qualitative research is

often encountered negative case data and the data varies. Research activities

needed in a specific criteria that can meet the value of validity of the data the

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researcher gathered information from the field, to anticipate the possibilities of

errors, deficient towards the data being analyzed. These concerns can be avoided

by doing Trianggulasi as one of the data examination techniques (Moleong:1994)

Checking the validity of the data by Moleong (1995:175) there are

nine techniques, namely: (1) extension of participation, (2) persistence of

observation, (3) triang-gulasi, (4) examination of colleagues through the

discussion, (5) analysis of case negative, (6) adequacy references, (7) checking

account, (8) detailed description, and (9) auditing. In this study, examination

of the validity of the data is only focused on the persistence of observation,

trianggulasi, and referential adequacy.

 Perseverance observations intended to hold constant and continuous to

factors that stand out in a form implicature in transactions between student and

officer at KOPMA Alfatah STAIN Curup.

   Trianggulasi is a technique that checks the validity of data using

something other than the data that (Maleong, 1995:178). Trianggulasi technique is

most widely used tests that utilize the use of sources, methods of investigating

and theories (Moleong, 1995). The need to be held Trianggulasi is to examine the

trust and validation of the results of research findings. Trianggulasi as one of the

appropriate tools to overcome the differences in the sources of research findings.

Some experts say that triang-gulasi done to check the data that research has a high

degree of trust (Miles and Huberman, 1984). In this study, Trianggulasi used to

check the validity and data errors as a strategy that can improve the quality of

research.

 Adequacy of reference can be used as a boundary / benchmark to test any

time of analysis and interpretation of data. Research on forms implicature in

transactions between student and officer of KOPMA Al-Fatah. There is adequacy

of reference when research found that focusing on the utterance implicature form,

the implicature, the function of implicature, and the violation of the principle of

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cooperation in using implicature.in transaction activity at KOPMA Al-Fatah

STAIN Curup.              

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