Pedagogical Grammar 1

ENSG1B02X

Materials and testsEnglish Grammar in Use for grammar at pupil level and applying rules

Units 1-25; 38-45; 49-52; 69-81; 87; 98-101; 105-110Appendices 1,2,3,6,7

PedGrammar Reader (part 1 & part 2)PedGrammar Exercises (part 1 & part 2)

Test at the end of block 3

Remedial classes in block 4

Resit after block 4

Simple and Continuous tenses

• I read a lot. (present simple)

• I am reading the paper. (present continuous)

Continuous tenses

She is reading a book.

Form of be followed by –ing form of a verb (ing participle)

Besides a form of ‘be’, a form of come, go, lie, sit and stand is occasionally used to form a continuous tense.

He came quietly walking along the other side of the street.The boys have gone swimming.She lay reading on the sofa when I came in.As usual, the old man sat watching the traffic in the street.All that time she stood staring vacantly in front of her.

When to use a continuous tense

Action going on (being in progress) at a particular moment or during a certain period of time.

The action is always of limited duration

I am waiting for my wife.Tomorrow I will be working in the garden from 9 to 12.

I have been waiting for the bus for half an hour.

When to use a simple tense

When the ideas of ‘being in progress’ and ‘limited duration’ are absent or irrelevant

He got up and left the room.In summer I often play tennis.

Compare:

She sings well.She is singing her favourite song.

Verbs not normally used in the continuous

www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.html

www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs16.htm

Verbs expressing mental and emotional states: believe, like, understand, doubt Verbs expressing the senses: see, hear, seem, taste Verbs expressing communication: mean, disagree, promise, surprise, deny Verbs expressing other states: be, consist, contain, cost, need, own

Sometimes these verbs have more than one meaning, and the other meaning may allow the Continuous!

Spelling changes before -ing

a. Silent ‘e’ is left outlove - loving but age

- ageing / agingdance - dancing

canoe - canoeingnotice - noticing dye

- dyeing

hoe - hoeing

b. If a verb ends in ie ‘ie’ changes into ‘y’

die - dyinglie - lyingtie - tying

c. Final consonant is doubled when preceded by one stressed vowel letter

stop - stoppingtransmit - transmitting

No doubling: stoop - stooping (2 vowel letters)offer - offered (not

preceded by a stressed vowel letter)

exceptions: kidnap - kidnappingworship - worshippingformat - formattingprogram - programming

but: focus - focusing / focussing

QU is considered as one letter: conquer - conquering

d. Doubling of final ‘l’ When it is preceded by one vowel letter

(GB: both stressed and unstressed, US: stressed only)

fulfil (US: fulfill) - fulfilling (also US!)travel - GB: travelling / US: travelinglabel - GB: labelling / US: labelingboil - boiling

exceptions: dial - GB: dialling / US: dialing(re)fuel - GB: (re)fuelling / US:

(re)fueling

e. ‘c’ becomes ‘ck’panic - panickingpicnic - picnickingtraffic - trafficking

Practice: correct the errors and give the rules!

1. She’s always flatterring her boss; it annoys me.2. Yum! We’re smelling the fresh bread in the bakery.3. Ron is trembleing because he heard the name Voldemort.4. James Brown was possessing two hundred pairs of shoes.5. The class is picnicing in the park.6. If you’re not understanding the rules, please read them

again.7. The children were squating by the edge of the pond.8. I’m dying my t-shirt orange for Queen’s Day.9. Do you understand what I’m meaning?10. Thousands of people were travelling by train last night.