Pathways Summary Brief 25 Aug2010

HSCB Pathways Program25August 2010Jeffrey G. Morrison, Ph.D

[email protected]

703.604.0339

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY


HSCB & The Need for Frameworks• HSCB Phase 1: Shotgun of projects. All about models… “Seeds

in the field & Let’s see what grows” – Showcased at “Focus 2010”

• HSCB Phase 2: Need to rationalize & create foci for rapid protyping into operational capabilities by FY12– Define a common “framework” to ensure that models and data will

come together as needed– Must be supportable & transitionable within DoD PORs– Address urgent operational needs in a repeatable manner– Form basis for “composable” modeling– Serve as catalyst for next generation S-C modeling– 6.3 / 6.4 Foci given anticipated HSCB Funding profile

• CTTSO releases HSCB BAA 09-Q-4590 in May 2009

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CTTSO HSCB BAA 09-Q-4590 • Goal: Build and demonstrate end-to-end HSCB functional

capabilities:– Enable an analyst to translate an operational requirement to into a

analytic strategy given available data & models– Execute best available models against best available data (individually

& as hybrid / composites) to perform analyses – Visualize and share results, source data & models in a consistent

manner amenable to supporting command / tactical decision-making related to understand stability and threats in regions and develop appropriate course of action

• Semi-automatically manage data, condition and load it into appropriate models

• Provide a basis for an analyst to find and link together models with data to develop a usable product that supports operational decision making (i.e. enable Hybrid-Modeling).


FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY3



Road to Pathways

BAA 09-Q-4590 Requirements

•2531 – HSCB Modeling Decision Support Framework

•2532 – HSCB Dataset Repository and Management System

•2533 – HSCB Data Translation and Brokering System

•2534 – HSCB Modeling Visualization Framework

114 White Paper

s

•Papers evenly distributed across 4 requirements

•Source Selection Team recommends 13 papers for full proposals

•7 Full Proposals selected for FY10 Funding

Pathways

Program

•Proposals for Req’ts 2531, 2532, 2533 combined into 2 single contracts, creating two teams:•Team 1: Lockheed

Martin ATL / Lockheed Martin ISGS - “Nexus”

•Team 2: BAE / BBN – “Prism”

•Oculus selected as sole performer for 2534 due to funding – “Aperture”

•Anticipatory Funding Authorized 26 April 2010 for the 3 Pathways contracts

•Contract awards to be complete by Aug 2010

•Formal Kick-Off planned for 28 July 2010

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HSCB Pathways Program

Defining a Navigation Frameworkfor Socio-Cultural Topology

28 July 2010

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MG Flynn, USA, J2 ISAF; “Fixing Intel” - Jan 2010

“Our operators must find better ways to answer fundamental questions about the environment in which we

operate and the people we are trying to protect and persuade.”

HSCB Environment:Socio-Cultural (S-C) Topology questions are diverse

Data Driven Methods

Model Driven Methods

“What is the village’s sentiment toward US? Has it changed since the 2 new schools were built?”

Individuals andSmall groups

Regional Populations

General Population,Government Institutions.

“What is the local population’s attitude toward the insurgents? Is the population ready to marginalize the insurgency movement, especially in the south.

“What are the key factors that drive popular support for the insurgency verses that for the government?”

“What if local and district groups were empowered to define the rule of law and justice?”

“What if acceptable stability for the country is not achieved in the next 6 months?

“What if new economic initiatives are implemented in the southern provinces?

What if Questions

What isQuestions

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S-C Data ChallengesDiverse and Dynamic Data Variety of Models

Today’s Limits: Few extant methods and standards for joining information, analyses, and forecasts of this breadth, volume, and variability. Real World Data

Structured tables

Unstructured text from reports

Blogs

Imagery

Chat rooms

Geo-spatial data

Dynamic,Theory-based

Impact if Pathways is successful: Enhanced mission performance through easier data organization and access, and by making analyses, and forecasts easier to assemble and use

Descriptive, Statistical

Pathways Modeling Engine

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Pathways Objective Capability: Socio-Cultural Navigation

Pathways Objective Capability: Socio-Cultural Navigation

Data Driven Methods

Hypothesis Driven Methods

Models for forward base

Models for humanitarian response

Models for Division HQ to determining tipping points

Socio-CulturalTopology

Socio-Cultural Data

What is the Status?

What if this occurred; or action was taken?

Modeling Challenges:1. Develop Models for the Mapping S-C topology2. Develop Models for Navigating the topology3. Develop Models for forecasting plausible futures

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Develop a new hybrid modeling engine for navigating the Socio-Cultural Topology.

Develop a new hybrid modeling engine for navigating the Socio-Cultural Topology.

Pathways Technical Objective

• Address the full spectrum of diverse, military, S-C needs as they emerge Enable the tailored and rapid assembly of models with best available

data Enable the discovery and adaption of data to meet emergent

operational needs. Enable better understanding the operational S-C environments. Support exploring fundamental “what if” and “what is” questions. Provide a common user interface to enable access to hybrid models &

data - with interactive visualizations that support S-C situation awareness and commanders’ option assessment.

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Each map may have its own topology, coordinate/attribute scheme.

Socio-Culture Topology: (n-Dimensional State Space) - Geospatial & Temporal- Entities, e.g.

- People (individuals)- Groups- Institutions

- Events- Economics & Security- Resources (& movement)- Attitudes, Values & Influences,

and trends

x0

S0

Path1

Path2

State Data

y0

Data notsubject toinfluence

Data thatcan be

influenced

CollectibleDerivedStateData

Socio-Culture Topology & Requirements

2. Model characterization to aid discovery and integration into different applications, i.e., use State Data to generate S-C maps (typically data-driven models in this step)

3. Build Architecture for joining heterogeneous collections of models; with quick addition of new models, to create COA models

4. Discovery of actionable factors within the models that influence any given outputs 5. Visualization of threads that

link data, models, and analysis to increase model/decision transparency

1. Enable data organization via meta-tagging

Key Technology Requirements:

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Modeling Conceptual Challenge

“How do we know we are getting the right answers - not just getting the wrong answers faster?”

• Better question: How do we make sure we are getting useful results from hybrid models?1. Develop Process Theories for how Hybrid Models will be used.

• Different models may be applicable to different analysts at different echelons & with different problems.

2. Expose model & data at the appropriate levels to be meaningful to S-C Theorists & Analysts

“Essentially, all models are wrong – but some are useful.”,(George E. P. Box)

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Meta-Theory for S-C Analysis• Object:

1. Manage the S-C Modeler / Analyst Dialog as a repeatable Process. 2. Demonstrate that we can get better answers through Hybrid Modeling.

• Challenge: Start with needs based on what an analyst does today: Define a process theory that will be meaningful to S-C Hybrid Modeling– Show what can & needs to be done– Provide a System Diagram & narrative addressing Process

• Map out and expose an S-C Topology• Develop Courses of Action given the S-C Topology

– Identify Strengths & Weaknesses• Describe your plan to address weaknesses• Define Metrics for assessment

– Propose program assessment protocols & metrics

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A Meta-Model for the Analytic Process

TIME/EFFORT

Shoebox

Evidence File

Search & Filter

Read & Extract

Schematize

Build Case

Tell Story

Search for Information

Search for Relations

Search for Evidence

Search for Support

Reevaluate

STR

UC

TUR

E

Schemas

Hypotheses

Presentation

External Data

Sources

Sense Making Loop

Foraging Loop

Courtesy of PARC (2007)

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Notional Meta-Theory ObjectivesTell us where you think we will end up*

• Tells us what model decomposition is appropriate & meaningful to end users.

• Tells us about data– What sort of data is needed & help maps what data is available– Tells the form(s) of data should be to answer need

• Suggests an “evidence calculus”; – What we need to know from the models– What we do / don’t know– Necessary assumptions– Hypotheses that need to be explored– ID schemas to tell the story– ID the Inputs/Outputs of the model to address the operational

questions

• *Subject to change without notice

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Assemble: Data, Causal &

Correlation Relationships

Identify & Assemble Hybrid

Models; Measure Fit (for analysis topics)

Generate Projections, i.e.,Courses of Action

Assess evidence with respect to the projections.Deduce and generate:-Additional data to improve fit, or-Next question & supporting data

Situational:EconomicsFoodMedicalMedia SaturationStabilityPublic Works

Perceptual, I.e., HowPublic supports:OPFORBlue ForceLocal Govt.Other Authorities

Evidence Calculus

“If we have these observations , what weight of evidence to

we accord to each projected path?”

Policy/Treatment Question

S0

Path1

Path2

S1

Path1

Path2

S2

Path1

Path2

AnalysisTopic 1

AnalysisTopic 2

AnalysisTopic 3

Pathways Way-Ahead

Interactive Visualization tools

Brigade & Above Strategic Influence for

Sudan, Congo & Horn of Africa

Model- and Data-DrivenApplications

New Generation Modeling System

Technology Base for Model andInformation System Development

1. Select Exemplars that Span Diverse Applications

2. Identify Hybrid Models that should Address the Exemplars

3. Develop New Modeling Integration Framework joining Data- and Model-driven uses

Battalion & BelowStability Operations for

Provincial ReconstructionTeam in Afghanistan

Tools and Techniquesfor Non-obvious

relationships

4. Integration of point solutions when & where appropriate

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SA/OA

SA/OA SA

/OA

Pathways’ Key Milestones

Milestone 1 Milestone 3Milestone 2 Milestone 4

Establish Static

System

Dynamic Model, Data

Selection

Aids to Automate,

Guide Analysis

Testing, Transition

Technology Integration Experiments (TIE)

TIE#1

TIE #2

TIE #3

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Pathways Program OverviewPhase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 TransitionEstablish Static Framework & Baseline Capability

Dynamic Model & Data Selection

Demonstrate Data Discovery & Model Selection for Operational Decision Support

Mission Specific Operational& Transition Demos

Deploy & Sustainment

Focus: • Integrate models &

data into framework• Define & Implement

S-C Meta-Model • Define operational

decision support requirements for users

Focus: • Integrate models on

demand• Demonstrate use of

theoretically derived S-C meta-models

• Code & manage data in multiple security enclaves

• Decision support for model selection & composition

Focus: •End-to-end Capability•Analyst & Planners able to take command challenge problem & offer valid, model-based solutions that support command decision-making.

•Demonstrated utility & internal validation of S-C models at meta-model level

Focus: •Prepare for Transition•Documentation & Training

•POR Integration • In-Theater Operational use testing & Utility assessment

Focus: •Tools sustained via Programs Of Record

Metrics:• Demonstrate

repository mapping of Open Source Data

• Define S-C Auto-Tagging of structured data

• Baseline models show theoretically derived dependencies interaction

• Demo Model integration using fixed data & models

Metrics:• 200% reduction in

time for trend analysis• 82% Meta-Data

Coding Accuracy• Dynamically Map new

data source into frame work <8 Person-Hours.

• Planner able to compose models to address requirement <8 Person-Hours

Metrics:• Automatic detection of significant

changes in S-C Topology.• Models optimized and support

assessment of COA < 8 Person-Hours.

• “Shrink Wrap” solutions for 3 mission areas

• 92% Coding Accuracy• Automatic anomaly detection from

open source data• System guided drill down into model

pedigree & data for Analyst SA & Command decision-maker OA.

Metrics:• Models adapted for

use as tools to support 3 operational missions at 2 different echelons

• Able to exploit live data in theater < 6 Hours

6 Mo. 8 Mo. 18 Months 12 Months 16Months

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Pathways: Evidence of SuccessFrom: To:

Arbitrary technical approaches guiding tool development

Combine Empirical and Theory Driven Approaches

Interactive VisualizationStatic views with no visibility into inner workings

Hybrid Modeling EngineSupporting “mash-up” with data & tailoring on demand

One-off solutions with hard-wired models & data

End-to-End SystemModel Components

User Composeable - Scaleable Framework

Custom, brittle, implementations

Hybrid Modeling for Navigating the Socio-Cultural TopologyHybrid Modeling for Navigating the Socio-Cultural Topology

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Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office, (CTTSO)Human Social, Culture & Behavior Modeling Program (HSCB)

Questions?

HSCB Pathways ProgramDefining a Navigation Framework

for Socio-Cultural Topology

Jeffrey G. Morrison, Ph.D

[email protected]

703.604.0339

BACKUP

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Initial Insights, Concerns & Caveats• Insights & Concerns:

– Pathways needs to define Challenge Problems (by program phase).

• Clear, Compelling, Operationally Relevant• Framed in a suitable context

– S-C Theory derived meta-models– Strategically chosen Mission Areas

– Assessment & Metrics – Evolving as we go … we need input ASAP!

• Programmatic – What progress are you making & is it consistent with the plan?

• Technical – Does it do anything? Does it do what it needs to do?• Operational – Does it do anything useful & of interest to our

customers? Why should we care?• Transition – Will it go / is it going … anywhere?

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Initial Insights, Concerns & Caveats• Insights & Concerns:

– Need to develop “stories” for inside (HSCB) & outside consumption (Scientific Modeling /End-users)(Know you audience!!)

• Vision: Complementary... To HSCB, to each other, to related sponsored efforts

• Mission, Goals & Objectives (by program phase)

– Technology Integration Events (TIEs) & Formal Assessments– HSCB Outreach Events… as directed.

• Need media & stories ASAP to support “emergent” HSCB outreach events.

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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 25

Tell a “Story”

• BLUF: You need a story... – You need to tell us what you are going to do... – It needs to have an elevator speech ...– Every story will be different (know your audience!)… – We need supporting media (stand alone): Posters, 3-Minute Video, etc.– We will do what we can to help…

• Each project needs to tell a story that makes it clear where you are going, why it is important, how it is relevant to HSCB / Pathways, and why it will make a difference

• Heilmeier Catechism: (George H. Heilmeier, DARPA TD 1975-77)

• What are we trying to do?• How does this get done at present? Who does it? What are the limitations of the present

approaches?• What is new about your approach? Why do we think you can be successful at this time?• If you succeed, what differences do you think it will make?• How long do you think it will take? What are your mid-term and final exams?• How much will it cost?



Notional Pathways Story Template• Commander Smith needs to know X in order to do Y – turns to his staff…• An analyst has n hours to help the commander. He breaks the information need

into these questions: A, B, C. • He uses (Pathways Framework) as a decision support system to find best

available information that will answer the questions. – Discovers models that might help answer the questions– Looks for and discovers contextually relevant data that could feed the models.– Assesses the applicability of data to the models & conditions the data as needed.– Develops (or verifies) an understanding the S-C topology. (Note: May link together models

to create the needed S-C Topology.)– Starts Hybrid Modeling; linking models & data together to create Courses Of Action (COAs)

within the topology (s). Documents Assumptions & Limitations.– Evaluates COAs & Develops recommendations– Packages Recommendations to give to Commander.– Command staff looks at recommendations and have visibility into supporting models /

analyses.

• Commander makes decisions, wins the war, and everyone lives happily ever after!

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DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT OPTIONS

Pathways Kick-Off GuidanceNEXUS ProposalPRISM Proposal

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Pathways Nexus Team Advanced Technology Laboratories

For Official Use Only

Preliminary Recommendations

• SSTR – Somalia - Hospital opening in Mogadishu– Leverage LM pathfinder project (availability of initial models, data)– Scenario defined by LM SME (Alex Moore) – value / correctness verified w/ active duty

members of reserves• IO - Mexico – Influence campaign / Military campaign analysis

– Leverage LM Opinion Propagation Models, structured equation models– Leverage relevant Columbian analyses / models – agent based models related to drug interdiction

operations

• Stability Analysis - Congo – Potential partition / stability analyses– Potential leverage of statistical models and open source models– Leverage of LM – ORNL Shared vision program – Congo interest– Considered high interest to AFRICOM

• IO - Disappearance of Leaders – Single Bullet– Multiple theories could be implemented as models– Significant literature on authoritarian governments– Instances of models could be applied to multiple situations

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HSCB Analysis Users

Category User (Analyst) Organizations HSCB RolesStrategic Human Factors Analysis

Human Factors Analyst HF IPT;DIA; JIOC Global Harvest, NASIC, NGIC, 4POG, others

Rigorous analysis of foreign individuals and networks

Special Analysis; Manhunt SOCOM; SKOPE; others All-source analysis; focus problems

Cultural Analysis and Targeting SOCOM All-source analysis; focus problems

Targeting Analysis NSA Special analysis; focus problems

Operational Socio-Cultural Dynamics Analysis

Human Terrain Geospatial Intelligence Analyst (General)

NGA HT Pilot program developing broad application analytic methodology

S2/J2 Intel Analyst ; PMESII targeting Cells Brigade and Above

COCOMS (ex. PACOM Socio-cultural Dynamics Center)

DCGS-A users; JIPOE analysis; socio-cultural

HTS Reach-back Cell TRADOC CONUS expert support to HTT’s

Targeting; Socio-Cultural Analyst JIEDDO COIC Threat targeting analysis; social environment analysis

Operational/Tactical Field Analysis

S2 Intel Analyst Brigade and Below

COCOM S2 cell JIPOE analysis; socio-cultural

HTT Human Terrain System- Human Terrain Team (HTT)

TRADOC Support BCT Brigade Combat Team; Interact with S3 effects cell

Stability Operations Information Center (SOIC) Analyst

COCOM Social analysis; populations, organizations, leaders and influences

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HSCB Planning Users

Category User (Planner) Organizations HSCB Roles

Strategic and Operational Influence Planning

Strategic Influence Planner CIA, DIA; COCOMs Develop national level deterrence, influence plans (Strategic Communication, IO, Lethal Force)

Operational PSYOP Planner SOCOM; 4POG Plan operational PSYOP campaigns and activities

National IO Planner STRATCOM (JIOWC) ISPAN; VISION (JFCOM) Perform coordinated theater and national-level IO planning

Operational Planning Support

J3 IO Planners COCOM J3 Cells, JIEDDO, Ist IO Command, other IO cells

Plan coordinated Information Operations campaigns

Wargaming Analysts (J8) Joint Collaborative Analysis Conf (JCAC) IPT

Conduct socio-cultural analyses in support of Operational-level planning

Classified Task Cells JWAC Special planning activities

Operational Field Planners

S3 PMESII Targeting Cells XVII Airborne, others Plan and monitor special PMESII targeting actions

S3 Brigade and below IO lanners COCOM Units Tactical level, rapid response planning; HSCB provides support with planning products (organized information, progress tracking, human terrain products, etc.)

S5 Brigade and Below Planners COCOM units

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Challenge 1 – COIN Operations in Afghanistan

• Three ISAF LOOs– Governance– Development– Security

• Data: Availability of adequate social-cultural and economic data.

• Decision Support: Availability of decision support tools in combination with data to:

– Enable analysts to understand social-cultural dynamics

– Enable planners to develop lines of effort and COA’s within the S-C context

– Enable policy-makers to make effective decisions and create measurable social, security, economic opportunities in Afghanistan.

Inefficient or Corrupt Governance

Practices; Urban-Rural divide

Dynamic social political environment;

violent disruptions and coercive

influences

Widely distributed rural societies;

embedded threats

Social-Cultural Analysis Challenges in Quasi-Stable Environments

Regional geo-political influences

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Challenge 2- Strategic Influence Planning in HOA

• Phase 0 (Shaping) Challenges– Counter growing influence of China– Preventing spill-over of instability across

borders– Deny safe havens

• Data: Sparse social-cultural and economic data to support sources of influence and behavior to sources

• Decision Support: Availability of decision support tools in combination with data to:

– Enable analysts to understand diverse interests, perspectives, perceptions, and influences

– Enable planners to develop lines of effort and COA’s within the S-C context

– Enable policy-makers to make effective decisions and create measurable effects of Strategic Communications, diplomatic , security, and economic COA’s.

Horn of Africa• AFRICOM challenge problems; phase 0 shaping • Tribal power struggles; environmental degradation; resource competition• Marginal infrastructure; limited media sources• Competing foreign influences

PROJECT QUAD CHARTS

For Official Use Only

NEXUS Pathways

Integrated Socio-Cultural Model and Data Exploitation for Multiple Missions & Granularity

Schedule: 60 Months

PERFORMERS: Lockheed Martin, Lustick Consulting, SAE Inc. , The Penn State University, The Rendon Group

TECHNICAL APPROACH: Unlock and link the power of heterogeneous models, simulations, tools, and data through a services oriented architecture (SOA) focused on:

• Providing innovative modeling and data analytic capabilities including composing hybrid models, semantic and theoretically grounded model interoperability, mixed-method forecast triangulation, etc.

• Implementing translation and brokering services to support data-dependent modeling/simulation needs from a virtual distributed heterogeneous pool of data sources.

• Demonstrating framework flexibility by handling high-volume input of raw structured and unstructured data sources to feed a range of mission-specific prototypes.

OBJECTIVE: Exploit a broad range of extant and evolving heterogeneous Socio-Cultural Modeling and Simulation services to foster improved 1) Situation Understanding and Exploitation; (2) Cultural Drivers and Theories; 3) Course of Action Assessment and (4) Decision Support Options

MILITARY RELEVANCE: Forecast and Assess the impact and consequences of potential actions on beliefs of hostile, friendly, and neutral actors for specific areas and contexts of interest.

Enable commanders and command staff to readily collect, model, forecast, and monitor pertinent situation, trends, and activities.

Support a broad range of critical military mission areas including Stability, Security, Transition and Reconstruction (SSTR), Influence Operations (IO), Stability Analysis, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HA/DR), etc.

Task FY 10 FY 11 FY 12 FY 15

Capability Develop. & utility assessment

System Design

FY 14FY 13

Concept Development and Requirements

System Prototype Development and Evaluation

Capability Enhance, Eval & Transition

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SCHEDULE:TECHNICAL APPROACH: Develop and Implement a Computational Model-Based Analysis Capability:• Modeling: Build and compose custom computational

models of the environment• Data Management: Construct a data management

system capability to support model building and sharing• Interactive Viewing: Explore causal chains and

indirect consequences of actions.

MILITARY RELEVANCE / OPERATIONAL IMPACT: Improve intelligence modeling and analysis using integrated analysis tools supported by critical automated information management and coding processes. Provide tools to extract and monitor metrics such that the effects of given actions can be understood by the command staff.


Capability Develop. & utility assessment

System Design

FY 14FY 13

Concept Development and Requirements

System Prototype Development and Evaluation

Capability Enhance, Eval & Transition

OBJECTIVES: Develop and implement an hybrid modeling system to be both scalable & robust, and can be transitioned to operational use. PRISM features: provide for unbiased, objective, valid science-based tools to enable DOD Stability Operations, Analysis, Intelligence, and Experimentation.

PRISM TeamAnalysis

J2Planning

J5 (plan) J3 (0ps)J8 (Assessment)Data

Acquisition

Reporting

Analysis

Plan Assessment

PlanExecution

SituationAssessment

MissionIntent

Plan Development

DataTranslation

•Language•Extraction•Organize

•Search•Acquire•Metatag

•Structure•Model, Test•Anticipate

Social-Cultural Target

•Summarize; explain•Focus Issues•Warn, Predict

•Conceive Courses of actions within constraints, restraints, and resources

•Assess COA’s, effects and outcomes

2532,2533Data Mgmt,Brokering

2531 ScalableModelingSystem

36© 2010 Oculus Info Inc.

HSCB Modeling Visualization Framework

SCHEDULE:

OBJECTIVE● Design, develop and implement “Aperture” an open source

interactive visualization framework and API.● Implement using web services / protocols.● Demonstrate model developer and analyst plug-and-play,

component-based, “mashup” approach to modeling.● Deliver “Aperture” as non-proprietary, components in a

Services Oriented Architecture (SOA).

MILITARY RELEVANCE/OPERATIONAL IMPACT● Support interaction for a wide range of operation user

scenarios.● Provide modelers and operators key visualization capability

including time-line views, geo-spatial views, social network graphs, etc.

TECHNICAL APPROACH• Design and implement easy-to-use, innovative

and interoperable visualization foundation “vizlets”.

• Provide interactive visualization as reference implementation for integration and extension by PRISM and NEXUS modeling teams.

• Provide Aperture as a Web 2.0, SOA framework, APIs and documentation under an open source license.

• Collaborate with Topic One Teams and expert panels.

• Deliver tested documented releases of Aperture framework every six months.


Requirements Definition and Analysis

Develop SOA compliant Prototype & System Eval. System Demonstration, Deployment & Transition

System Design of Framework Architecture

PERFORMER: TRANSITION: PRISM & NEXUS Architecture

Tier 1: Basic Integration 1 Authentication and Authorization 2 Persistence 3 Container and Vizlet ServicesTier 2: Enhanced Integration 4 Selection Model 5 Pasteboard 6 Command Stack and Activity Logging 7 Data Mapping, Filtering and HighlightingTier 3: Resource Services 8 Layout Managers 9 GeoAssociation, Place Disambiguation,

Geolocation and Map Services10 Iconography Service

Aperture Services andVizlet Components

Pathways Summary Brief 25 Aug2010

Technology

Transcript of Pathways Summary Brief 25 Aug2010