Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Packet Switched Smart Grid

Contents

1 Packet Switched Smart Grid (PSSG) o 1.1 The Problem to Which PSSG is the Answer o 1.2 Why PSSG is the Answer o 1.3 How PSSG Works

o 1.4 References

Packet Switched Smart Grid (PSSG)

PSSG is a smart extension to a National Grid that uses rapid electronic direct current DC

packet switching to distribute power instead of information as packets in a

telecommunications network for example The Internet. Existing National Grids deploy

mechanical AC circuit switching in a similar way to the now outmoded circuit-switched

telecommunications networks which have now become packet switched.

Deploying packet switching networks in an extension to a Circuit Switching National Grid

brings significant advantages over circuit switching circuit switching vs packet switching

including greatly enhanced accommodation of intermittent power generation and distribution

as provided by renewable energy sources located near to points of consumption for example

domestic solar roof panels and further away offshore wind farms.

PSSG utilises electric vehicle high storage capacity demountable EVs batteries as they

become available thereby also advantageously implementing a national EV charging and

hence Transportation Infrastructure to cache the intermittent distributed environmentally-

sourced electrical energy generated and release it back into a Packet Switched "Smart

Grid"[1] as power packets when needed.

Packet switching current flow in the Packet Switched Smart Grid facilitates the distributed

peripheral transmission-routing of cached charge as power, utilising a highly parallel "ribbon

mesh network topology" (a network interconnection shape) from the sub-station level-down

to supply customers on demand with electricity on demand, regardless of location. Smart

switched mode power supply technology is used to route power to and from customers in an

intermediate voltage packet switched un-interruptible distributed smart grid, in interoperation

with a centralised pre-existing circuit switched interruptible National Grid. The PSSG

facilitates uninterruptible EV battery-backed power supply technology adapted from

computer server hardware and software to store intermittent energy generation and release it

on demand [6][7] UPS.

RibbonMesh.jpg

https://groups.google.com/group/Packet-switched-national-grid-with-ev-charge-

caching?hl=en

The Problem to Which PSSG is the Answer

National Power Grid cable infrastructures distribute power generated to the end-user. In the

past most power has been supplied by a small number of large centrally located remote coal,

gas and nuclear power stations. Electricity Grid operators term these as predictable sources of

supply, as they can control when and where power is generated. Such centralised energy

generation is not very efficient, as power cable transmission losses result in only a fraction of

generated electricity reaching many more remote customers.

A way of relaying power transmission over extended distances without voltage drop

associated with power transmission losses using renewables to boost transmission is required

that is similar to stage coaching the Mail with supplies of fresh horses located en route.

Most renewable energy-sourced power differs from centralised traditionally sourced power,

in that a large number of power sources – like wind farms and small-scale household

generation from solar roof panels and similar sources – generate lower levels of power

nearer-to or at the point of demand. As these power sources often depend on particular

weather characteristics, renewable power supply can be highly intermittent. Existing

electricity grids, set up to distribute power from a small number of large power stations, do

not cope well with this intermittent influx of lower levels of power from a large number of

sources, as the dynamics of distributed power generation are more rapid than those of

centralised generation.

Environmentally generated power generation 'supply' can change from zero to full power in

seconds independently of 'demand', whereas coal- fired power generation requires hours to

prepare for ahead of anticipated demand. Domestic Uninterruptible Power Supplies UPSs

deploying high storage capactiy said EV infrastructure batteries are capable of balancing

fluctuations in demand and supply, therby preventing unpredictable over and under-voltages

occuring in existing grid supplies.

As the drive for ever-increasing amounts of renewable energy continues, Governments

around the world are keen to overcome this problem. [1]

Why PSSG is the Answer

Existing Grids have slow electro-mechanical circuit switching which requires a high level of

manual control and override. Smart Grids deliver electricity from suppliers to and between

consumers from the sub-station level down using two-way digital communications to control

appliances and store locally generated electricity in consumers' homes in connected electric

vehicle batteries and in substations acting as electric fuel stations. The PSSG concept was

invented by Nicholas Robinson in response to General Electric's GE:Ecomagination

Challenge. [2] and builds on the Smart Grid concept[1] to offer a new way of generating

transmitting and distributing renewable energy to overcome the problems of "distributed

environmental energy generation intermittency". PSSG promotes a Level playing field energy

market, energy source diversity and energy security in the supply chain and demand chain.

For example, in the UK the National Energy Mix requires to accommodate a mix of

renewables including intermittent environmental energy macro-generation generation like

wind farms and domestic solar rooftop and wind micro-generation, together with

conventional generation including Nuclear, Gas and cleaner coal. By deploying PSSG

together with an EV battery charging infrastructure, energy can be stored as it is generated

intermittently and released on demand as power packets whenever and wherever it is needed.

This is referred to as "EV charge caching". PSSG provides an economical and opportune

'green' upgrade path for an existing AC National Grid infrastructure, facilitating reduced

national carbon emissions, improved efficiency and reduced dependency on fossil fuels.

PSSG can also be implemented independently to supply a 'Grid to supply a stand-alone 'green

field' development or alternatively it can be implemented as an extension to a 'brown field'

development.

How PSSG Works

PSSG brings together in synergy several key enabling 'driver' technologies:-

1. intermittent environmental macro-generation e.g. from wind farms;

2. rooftop domestic e.g. from solar PV micro-generation;

3. an electric vehicle EV battery charging-caching infrastructure;

4. packet switched computer network technology; [6][7]

5. community scale combined heat and power micro-CHP generation;

7. "Supercapacitors".

8. substation level DC electric fuel stations with caches of charging replaceable EV batteries

facilitating charge caching and interconnection with the existing circuit switched AC

National Grid.

9. a pre-existing National Grid AC infrastructure

10. high voltage, power and speed electronic solid-state switching technology

The PSSG designed to carry a large payload along packet switched power cable media, rather

than information. It switches packets of power as chopped DC charge pulses of determinate

clocked length through networks forming spider's web like shapes of interconnected power

cables in sequence at higher voltages and currents, rather than packets of information as a bit

or byte stream through network cables at intermediate voltages and currents. It can be

interconnected via ‘robotic' electronic power routers smart switches and active hubs as being

currently developed in the US for example by Cisco [3], manufacturers of computer network

and internetwork switches and routers.

Whilst existing national power grids can be described as AC and ‘circuit switched’ the smart

grid can be described as DC and ‘packet switched’. A simple way of understanding this is to

think of a cab driver taking shortcuts through busy city streets. A PSSG comprises virtual

circuits (like one-way traffic flow systems but where packets of charge flow along cables

rather than vehicles along streets) located within a distributed ribbon mesh network topology

(all the 'trickle through' back streets short cuts and routes only the taxi driver knows).

It provides a peripheral [power distribution] extension to an electric power grid with

'connectionless' and 'connection oriented' network messaging protocols. Rather like traffic

flow management in a city, some traffic is priority-routed along one-way streets and other

traffic trickles through available side streets filling gaps in traffic at random seemingly,

populating the whole network with traffic to avoid gridlock. The directed flow routes may

form combinations of circles buses or star network topologies or interconnection shapes.

Charge packets permeate the network like traffic flow in a busy city.

PSSG employs direct current (DC) power cable–integrated charge packet switching and

messaging. PSSG will in the future facilitate local electric vehicle and household battery

charge-caching, power generation, electric fuel stations and combined heat and power CHP

generation on a local level. The associated local micro-generation and environmentally-

sourced generation enable semi-autonomous grid operation, enhanced energy security,

supply/demand balancing with electric vehicle battery caching and improved reliability and

efficiency. It promises to offer reliable, self-regulating, cable-integrated power packet

switched peripheral power grid network extensions and to reuse and interoperate with

existing alternating current (AC) power grids and cabling.

Generally, PSSG has a small environmental impact. It facilitates greener energy provision

with a “Value Adding Network” V.A.N. topped up by offshore macro and onshore domestic

micro renewable energy generation. This virtual circuit ring network extension facilitates

peripheral 'stage coaching' of power transmission and electric transport at and below the

substation level.

Power can nowadays be distributed through power cables as a rapidly-chopped sequence of

pulses of clocked determinate length, similar to a chopping switched mode computer power

supply unit aka a ‘chopping switched mode PSU’ which chops the electricity into variable

digitally controlled 'clocked' pulse lengths to produce a highly regulated, smoothed, stepped-

down DC voltage. A computer chopped switched-mode PSU with a typical clock speed of 1

MHz can provide a rapidly switched stream of high voltage regulated charge pulses of

clocked short length using DIACs driving TRIACs or [[[FET power transistors]] that can be

regulated to provide stable low smoothed DC RMS equivalent DC voltages at higher current

to supply a computer’s internal components.

These electronic semi-conductor switch-mode chopping Power Supply Switched Mode

Power Supply devices are nowadays capable of rapidly switching up to 5.6KV at 1,000A on

and off thousands of times per second, compared with the old fashioned mechanical circuit

switching used in the existing 'grid which is slow, unreliable, requiring manual control

intervention and prone to surges. Advantageously, rapid power semi-conductor on and off

digital switching times of one microsecond or so spanned by longer periods of pulse

distribution and transmission for example several milliseconds duration dissipates less heat

and is less wasteful than resistive analogue series loading when used to throttle the

conduction of electric power to electric vehicle motors for example using chopping Switch-

mode Power Supply with variable pulse length Digital Power Control for example. The

control of the smart networked chopping switched mode power supplies can therefore be

brought under remote network signalling control.

The more crowded the digital network becomes loaded with traffic, the greater the frequency

of packet fragmentation (packet switching) and also signalling overhead and negotiation

padding, preventing cable overloading and creating self-regulation. Like traffic lights,

streams of traffic become chopped up into smaller numbers or trains of vehicles, slowing

down traffic flow with ‘stop and go’ junction switching forming queues or traffic jams. This

principle of chopping switched mode power supply forms the basis of the robotic street

router, switch or hub each of which is additionally able to switch chop charge pulses down

different interconnected network cables rapidly in sequence.

References

[1] Kris Jamsa Ph.D. and Ken Cope, "Internet Programming" Jamsa Press, Las Vegas, USA,

(c) 1995 ISBN 18-84133216

[2] Uyless D. Black, "Data Communications and Distributed Networks" Prentice Hall

International, Inc. USA 1983 ISBN 01-30908533

[3] M.H. Rasheed "Advanced Power Electronics Handbook: Devices, Circuits and

Applications" Googled Online

[4] A.A. Berk "Practical Robotics and Interfacing for the Spectrum" Granada Technical

Books London 1984 ISBN 02-46125764

[5] David Groth, Matthew Perkins "Network Test Success" Network+ Press, Sybex Inc. USA

1999 ISBN 07 82125484

[6] Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Integrated UPS Switching Software

[7] Schneider Electric Computer UPS System "APC" Computer Battery Backup Hardware

and OEM Software

[8] Microsoft TechNet CD Video presentation ca. 1999, "Delivering the Seven Nines and

better in Mission Critical Systems" http://technet.microsoft.com/

NPRFTE Nick Robinson 15:28, 27 December 2011 (UTC) Nick Robinson 14:39, 24 January

2012 (UTC)NPRFTE 24th. January 2012