Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2....

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Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was able to predict new elements based on chemical properties. Is the periodic table still organized by increasing atomic mass?

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Transcript of Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2....

Page 1: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by

increasing atomic mass.

2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was able to predict new elements based on chemical properties.

Is the periodic table still organized by increasing atomic mass?

Page 2: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.
Page 3: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Organizing the Elements

1. Periodic table - elements are arranged by increasing atomic number and by changes in physical and chemical properties.

2. Henry G.J. Moseley led to the arrangement of elements based on their increasing atomic numbers.

Page 4: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Parts of the Periodic Table

1. Groups (or families) - vertical columns in the periodic table numbered 1-18.

– Elements in each group have similar properties.

2. Periods - horizontal rows of elements on the periodic table.– The elements increase by one proton and

one electron as you go from left to right in a period.

Page 5: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.
Page 6: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Electron Cloud Structure Electrons within the electron cloud

have different amounts of energy.

– The closer the energy levels are to the nucleus the less energy that they have.

Page 7: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.
Page 8: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Energy Levels: # of ElectronsEnergy level 1 2 electrons

Energy level 2 8 electrons

Energy level 3 18 electrons

Energy level 4 32 electrons

When an energy level is full of electrons, the next energy level begins to fill up with electrons until it has reached its limit.

Page 9: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Valence Electrons 1. Elements in the same group have the same number of

valence electrons (electrons in the outer energy level).

2. Valence electrons determine chemical properties.

3. Maximum number of valence electrons is in the noble gases (group 18)… they have 8 and are very stable.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Page 10: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Draw the electron cloud structure (showing energy levels) for:

1.Boron

2. Oxygen

3. Lithium

4. Chlorine

5. Nitrogen

6. Neon

7. Magnesium

8. Silicon

Page 11: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Boron: Atomic # = 5Atomic mass = 11

P = 5

N = 6

Page 12: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Boron

P = 8

N =

Page 13: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Oxygen

Page 14: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Boron

Oxygen

Page 15: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Boron

Oxygen

Page 16: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Boron

4. Chlorine5. Nitrogen6. Neon7. Magnesium8. Silicon

Page 17: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Boron4. Chlorine5. Nitrogen6. Neon7. Magnesium8. Silicon

Page 18: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Boron2. Oxygen3. Lithium4. Chlorine5. Nitrogen6. Neon7. Magnesium8. Silicon

Page 19: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Rows on the Periodic Table

An element’s period number (row number) indicates the number of occupied energy levels.

Example: All elements in period 3 have three occupied energy levels.

1

2

3

Page 20: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Period or Row 1 on the Periodic Table: How many energy levels?

Page 21: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Period or Row 2 on the Periodic Table: How many energy levels?

Page 22: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Last Vertical Row on the Periodic Table: Stable

The last element in each period ends with a full outer energy level and is

therefore VERY stable!

Page 23: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Valence Electrons

Group 1 1 valence electronGroup 2 2 valence electrons

Group 13 3 valence electronsGroup 14 4 valence electronsGroup 15 5 valence electronsGroup 16 6 valence electronsGroup 17 7 valence electrons

Group 18 8 valence electrons (except He)

• Skip groups 3-12 (transition elements) because they can vary.

Page 24: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Electron (Lewis) Dot Diagrams

Outer electrons are so important in determining the chemical properties of an element… this is a special way to represent them.

It uses:

1. the chemical symbol

2. dots to represent the valence electrons (electrons in outer energy level)

Page 25: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Examples:

1.Fluorine

2.Carbon

3.Sulfur

4.Magnesium

Page 26: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Same Group = Similar Properties

Example 1: Group 1:Alkali metals

shiny, malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets) and ductile (can be pulled into wires)

Example 2: All group 17 elements have seven electrons in their outer energy levels

Page 27: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Same Group = Similar Properties

Example 3: Group 18 elements already have a full stable outer energy level of 8 valence electrons; that is why they do not react readily with other elements.

Page 28: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Review Questions

1. How are the elements arranged in the periodic table?

Page 29: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Review Questions

1. How are the elements arranged in the periodic table?

Increasing atomic number and by changes in physical and chemical properties.

Page 30: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Review Questions

2. What do the elements in a vertical column of the periodic table have in common?

Page 31: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Review Questions

2. What do the elements in a vertical column of the periodic table have in common?

elements in the same group have similar properties because they have the same number of valence electrons

Page 32: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Review Questions

3. What do the dots in this electron dot diagram represent?

Page 33: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Review Questions

3. What do the dots in this electron dot diagram represent?

valence electrons

Page 34: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Review Questions

4. What is the maximum number of electrons that can fill the first and second energy levels?

Page 35: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Review Questions

4. What is the maximum number of electrons that can fill the first and second energy levels?

first energy level 2second energy level 8

Page 36: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Review Questions

5. The horizontal rows of elements are called (groups, periods).

Page 37: Organizing the Elements 1. Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements by increasing atomic mass. 2. Mendeleev left spaces in his periodic table and he was.

Review Questions

5. The horizontal rows of elements are called periods.


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