Technol Econ Smart Grids Sustain Energy (2017) 2: 9DOI 10.1007/s40866-017-0025-6

ORIGINAL PAPER

Optimized Hybrid Wind-Diesel Energy Systemwith Feasibility Analysis

Sk. Shezan Arefin1 ·Narottam Das1

Received: 30 November 2016 / Accepted: 10 June 2017 / Published online: 28 June 2017© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017

Abstract The enormous percentage of people in the world;particularly in the developing countries; are living mostly indecentralized, rural and remote areas, those are geograph-ically secluded from the main grid connection. The powerdistribution and continuous fuel transportation to generateelectricity for these areas pretenses a very big challenge.By proper utilization of renewable energy resources in offgrid hybrid energy systems will be an efficient solution ofthis crisis. Moreover, the high cost of renewable energysystems has led to its slow adoption in many developingcountries. Hence, it is very important to find an appropri-ate size of system in order to reduce the energy cost andexcess electricity generation as well as to maximize theavailable resources. Therefore, a hybrid energy system hasbeen designed and simulated to support a small commu-nity considering an average load demand of 85 kWh/d witha peak load of 8.7 kW. The simulation and optimizationof the system have been performed by the HOMER soft-ware using real time field data of solar radiation, wind speedand biomass of that particular area. The simulation resultsconfirm that the system is suitably feasible with respectto the net present cost (NPC) and CO2 emission reduc-tion purpose. The simulation results also confirm that theNPC and CO2 emission can be reduced about 32.45% and29 tons per year respectively compared to the conventionalpower plants. The NPC of the optimized system has beenfound about USD $160,626 having per unit Cost of Energy

� Narottam DasNarottam.Das@usq.edu.au

1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Facultyof Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of SouthernQueensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia

(COE) about USD $0.431/kWh and the operating cost USD$10,779/yr.

Keywords Index terms – HOMER · Load demand ·Optimization · Renewable energy · Sustainabledevelopment and wind turbine

Introduction

In present situation, the most challenging fact in the worldis energy security and climate change. This complicatedtask of conducting research is extended radically wherethe attainment issues are social, economic, technological,environmental, risk management, and geopolitical [1, 2].The most important part is the demand of energy which israpidly growing. Moreover, the climate change and globalwarming are two main concerns because of the increaseof greenhouse effects. The use of fossil fuel is increasingday by day at an alarming rate. Due to the excessive uti-lization of fossil fuel creating a detrimental effect on theenvironment.

Nowadays, voltage fluctuation due to the variation ofwind speed is an important issue. Besides, a radical shiftto a decarbonize energy supply will be required to stablethe atmospheric concentrations of CO2 which leads a sig-nificant climate change mitigation. So, it is very urgentto arrange the renewable energy resources for this criti-cal issue [3, 4]. Usage of renewable energy resources forelectricity generation is a priority research topic for thissituation. Remarkable efforts to expand the sources of vari-ous forms of energy to intensify a deployment of renewableand sustainable energy slots have been increasing all overthe humanity. The first priority in intensifying renewableenergy deployment in 21st century is the combined effects

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of the depletion of fossil fuels and the awareness of environ-mental degradation [5, 6]. Therefore, the policy makers andresearchers are paying more attention to conduct researchin this area. For an instance, before 2020 the EuropeanUnion countries aim to use the renewable sources and getat least 30% of its potential energy [7, 8]. There are var-ious renewable energy resources such as biomass, wind,geothermal energy, solar, hydro-electric and tidal power.The hybrid renewable energy resources can reduce the emis-sion of harmful gases and reduce the use of imported power[9, 10]. Australia is blessed with abundant resources espe-cially the potential renewable energy, such as huge amountof wind sources, biomass and the larger global solar radi-ation contains due to its geographical position [11, 12].During the last two decades, electrical energy consumptionin Bangladesh has increased significantly due to dramaticeconomic expansion and the lack of measurement of energypreservation. It is expected that peak loads will reach to 65GW in 2027 which causes over $100 billion might be thetotal investment. Therefore, for sustainable development, animperative need to build up policies of energy conservation[13, 14]. The fossil fuels has been used to generate most ofthe electrical power [15], neglecting the use of its renew-able energy resources such as wind, biomass and solar togenerate electricity.

Aside from nearby preservation endeavors, with expand-ing burden interest and an unnatural weather change,arrangement producers are taking a gander at environment-accommodating sort of vitality and force assets to maintainthe world’s remained vitality for the future era individuals[9, 16]. For the force gadgets innovation, the utilization ofintegrator with the vitality assets and vitality payload spaceframework is the new development. To full fill the heaprequests, the wind and sun powered assets can be assumeda noteworthy part [17, 18].

At present, the installation process of a hybrid energysystem is getting easier and flexible. The hybrid energysystem is economically, environmentally feasible, and reli-able. As a result, the great attractions with the similar powerproduction systems have been all over the world. How-ever, the number of renewable energy resources has beenincreased dramatically [19, 20]. Meanwhile, there are someimportant factors such as regulations, costs, and incentivesetc. which should be given priority for the rapid changeof energy environment. For example, focus on Indonesianenergy scenario of fossil fuel where it shows that thereis an unfavorable effect on their economy. Mostly, theydepend on these fossil fuels which are burned, causes theenvironmental effects i.e. greenhouse gas emission. Further-more, rapid annual growth rate is about 7% of Indonesianenergy consumption have been recorded after the economicrecession in 1998. Although there is limited reservation offossil fuels but still a high dependency on it. It is a clear

indication of increased energy consumption as an economicrecovery. After the household sectors, industrial and trans-portation sectors become the highest energy consumers [21,22]. Therefore, time has come to take serious action to givepriority by the government for adopting renewable energy[23]. Thus, solar energy, hydropower, geothermal energyare such renewable energy sources which can solve thisproblematic issue. This renewable energy supply can helpto lower the emission and decrease the higher emissionrate [24]. Utilization of renewable energy is effective onlybecause of higher fuel price in world market [25]. So far,the expansion of electricity generation is badly affected dueto hike the prices of fossil fuels and this increment variedabout 1.5% in a year [26]. There are five main islands, suchas Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Papua and Java whichare surrounded by smaller Islands. Those islands are fac-ing the problem of energy demand due to the dependenceon the fossil fuels. Thus, it costs so high for transporta-tion of fossil fuel supply from islands to islands [27]. If thenatural sources of energy are broadly used then it may sta-ble and balance the fuel price in the market. It may alsominimize the dependency of non-renewable energy in nearfuture. The electricity fuel mix for the 10 ASEAN coun-tries in 2007 is illustrated in Fig. 1. The utilization of solarand wind energy system has become increasingly populardue to modular and environment friendly nature. The fieldof solar–wind has experienced a remarkable growth for thelast two decades in its wide spread use of stand-alone to util-ity interactive solar–wind systems. The stand-alone hybridenergy system is getting the popularity day by day. Poweris an imperative variable for industrialization, urbanization,money related development of any nation. There are diversesorts of conventional and non-traditional vitality sourcesused to generate power. Sunlight based and wind vital-ity framework is a standout amongst the most conspicuouswellsprings of vitality. The usage of sun oriented and windvitality framework has turned out to be progressively preva-lent because of particular and environment well-disposednature.

The scientists consider wind speed and load conjecturesmistake and slope rate of ordinary warm units to decideframework hold edges in the wind-hydro-warm intercon-nected Swedish power framework. Thought is given to theconnection of wind homestead gauges inside a locale andbetween diverse locales and connections there serve levelsto a likelihood of as well low a recurrence because of theload and wind vacillations. The Swedish framework has arequirement to serve pool for recurrence control partitionedto that of the save apportioned or assigned for generator andtransmission line trips. To be that it may not the situation innumerous power frameworks. Various researchers analyzedthe effect of wind power limit on generator stacking lev-els, the framework hold accessibility furthermore, generator

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0

5

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20

25

30

35

No

rmal

ized

Val

ue

(%)

Amount of Energy Sources (%)

Fig. 1 Amount of energy sources contribution from all over the world[28]

inclining rates. The creators recommend the accessibility offramework will rely on upon whether the anticipated windpower is fused into the unit responsibility [28]. One of theresearcher endeavors to measure the specialized results ofhigh wind entrances regarding essential, auxiliary and longhaul save as they apply to the interconnected German powerframework furthermore, recommends it will bring about aconsiderable change in the interest for certain sorts of holdwith the hybrid renewable energy system

Now, the electrification rate in Indonesia is about 71 %[29]. From the survey, it can be said that most of the remain-ing 29%, about 80% reside in rural areas and almost alloutside of the most populated islands, Java and Bali. Mostof the poor people in Indonesia live in the countryside, smallislands where it’s difficult to access or even limited accessto electricity supply. Meanwhile, electricity demand alsogrowing so fast in rural areas. In this study, renewable, non-renewable energy, and the importance of renewable energyis discussed. Besides, it has been illustrated the proceed-ing of reducing CO2. Indonesia power producing throughrenewable system also report in this paper. FurthermoreSection 7, proposed a technique that combined differentrenewable systems for overcoming the limitations of usingindividual renewable energy in Indonesia.

Methodology

In general, month to month besides annual wind velocityinformation have already gathered intended for monthlyclimatological data collected from Indonesian climatolog-ical office. Besides, the branch of Day Labor and Regu-lation (DLR), Germany has showed a strategy for usualwind speed yield is tried for particular separation of regionbesides commencing the Malaysian climatological divi-sion considered information has gathered for Indonesia.

In Fig. 2, a complete schematic diagram of a Wind-Diesel Hybrid renewable energy system has been illustrated.According to the meteorological data and the load demand,a complete design of hybrid energy has been introduced. AnAC diesel generator has been connected with the AC Bus-bar. On the DC Bus-bar, the wind turbine and battery bankhave been connected. The energy conversion process willbe conducted through the number of converters. The batterystorages and converters have been synchronized accordingto the load demand and the electrical appliances. The chargecontroller and voltage regulator also connected with theconverter and power supply. Usually, the power distribu-tion process is conducting according to the priority basis ofpower supply.

In NEM season, high wind speed and heavy rainfallaffects the tourism business significantly. Consequently, theload profile of this resort is high during Southwest Mon-soon (SWM; May to September), First Inter monsoon (FIM;March to April), and Second Inter monsoon (SIM; Octo-ber to November) seasons and slightly low in NortheastMonsoon (NEM; December to February) season [30]. Esti-mated hourly load data of one year served as the input intoHOMER software taking day to day load variance of 10%and time step of 15%. Estimated peak load and average loadper day were 1,185kW and 13,048kW, respectively. The listof electrical appliances employed and their power rating isshown in Table 1, while the estimated load profile for oneyear is shown in Fig. 3. The flow chart in Fig. 4 describesthe control and power management strategy of the off-gridHRES with diversion load. According to this block dia-gram and power management strategy, the master controller

Electrical Loads

Converter

Diesel Generator

Battery Bank

Wind Turbine

AC Busbar DC Busbar

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of a wind-diesel hybrid energy conversionsystem

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Table 1 Assumed load and its power rating

Name of appliances Qty. Running hour/day Power rating (Watt)

Air conditioning 50 12 1,400

Cable TV 45 5 160

Tube light 300 12 30

Table light 250 5 20

CFL bulb 50 8 42

Overhead projector 2 4 350

Slide projector 2 4 250

Microphone 10 2 15

Refrigerator 50 12 350

Hair dryer 50 3 2,400

Coffee maker 50 3 1,400

Ceiling fan 100 8 80

Oven 10 5 3,400

Desktop computer 10 12 120

Laptop computer 20 12 80

Freezer 35 12 400

Printer 2 3 100

Scanner 2 3 10

will always monitor the output power of PV, wind, dieselgenerators andstate of charge (SOC) of batteries. Besides,this master controller will make sure that the batteries arenot charging with electricity from diesel generator. Whenthe output power from renewable sources (Pren.out) greaterthan load demand (Pload) then master controller will allowthe battery to stores the renewable energy. The master con-troller will give a command to the auxiliary controller tooperate relay connected to diversion load, when the SOC ofbattery is maximum. So, the diversion load will work onlywhen the batteries are over charged or the system has excesselectricity. On the other hand, when the output power fromrenewable sources (Pren.out) is less than the load demand(Pload) then master controller will use storage batteries asback up until storage batteries reached at minimum SOC[31–34].

Techno-Economic Analysis

Techno-economic analysis is very essential to suggest anoptimal combination of components in the HRES. The

Fig. 3 Estimated daily-monthlyload profile of the resort

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HOMER software has been used to perform this objective,and it is based on the net present cost (NPC) given as.

C (npc, tot) = C (ann, tot)/CRF(i, R proj) (1)

where, Cann,tot is the total annualized cost ($/year), i is theannual real interest rate (%), R proj is the project lifetime(year), CRF represents the capital recovery factor. The CRFis given by the following equation,

CRF(i, N) = (i(1 + i)∧N)/((1 + i)∧N − 1) (2)

where, N is number of years. HOMER do not use nomi-nal interest rate in the computations but real interest rate iscomputed from real interest rate using following equation.

i = (i′ − f )/(1 + f ) (3)

In Eq. 3, f is the annual inflation rate and i′ is the nomi-nal interest rate. The lifetime of the project was considered25 years with zero capacity shortage. The discount and

Start

Is Pren.out P load?

Charge batteries and supply power to load

SOCbat SOCmax.bat

Connect diversion loadBy operating relay

Is SOCbat SOCmax.bat

Disconnect diversion load

Read Ppv.out, Pwind.out, Vbat, Ibat, SOC and others

Discharge the batteries

Is SOC≤ SOC min ?

Run DG and Charge batteries and supply power

to load

SOCbat SOC max.bat

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

YES

NO

YES

YES

NO

Fig. 4 Flow chart of power management for HRES including diver-sion load

inflation rate for this study were considered 8 % and 2 %,respectively. The system cost in HOMER software wassimulated in US dollars ($USD).

The price of per kWh of electricity is called cost ofenergy (COE). The COE is computed by dividing totalannualized cost by annual electricity served to load which isdefined as follows.

COE = C (ann, tot)/L (ann, load) (4)

To calculate the CO2emissions from the hybrid energy sys-tem the following supporting equations has been introduced:

tCO2 = 3.667 × mf × HVf × CEFf × Xc (5)

where,

tCO2 = Amount of CO2 emissions.mf = Fuel quantity (Liter)

HVf = Fuel heating value (MJ/L)CEFf = Carbon emission factor (ton carbon/TJ)

Xc = Oxidized carbon fraction.

Another factor must be taken into account that is 3.667g of CO2 contains 1 g of carbon. The other components arealso detrimental to health as well. It expects that all thatcarbon gets discharged as either unburned hydrocarbons,CO, or CO2. So, need to enter the outflows componentsfor unburned hydrocarbons and CO. So, HOMER softwarecan compute the amount of the aggregated carbon getsdischarged in those two structures [35–37]. The rest getsdischarged as CO2. Commonly, just a small division of thecarbon gets discharged as hydrocarbon and CO, so almostevery last bit of it gets transmitted as CO2. On the off chancethat needs to intrigue just in CO2, need to set the UHC andCO emanations elements to zero [38, 39].

Results and Discussion

The modeling and simulation results have been processedby the HOMER software. According to the power manage-ment algorithm, the cost of energy and other parametershave been analyzed accurately. The optimized outcomesfor a specific group of sensitivity parameters affiliatedwith average wind speed, global horizontal solar radiation,highest yearly capacity shortage, diesel cost, and renew-able fraction are represented emphatically in that optimiza-tion software. An optimal hybrid renewable energy systemhas been designed by HOMER renewable energy softwarethrough large number of hourly simulations periodically.Various values for wind speed, solar radiation, diesel costand least renewable fraction have been contemplated withsimulations and these values assuring much more supple-ness in the analysis. Figure 5 shows the simulation resultsconsidering an off-grid hybrid wind-diesel-battery diesel

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0%

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80%

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100%

1 7 13192531374349

Nor

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Val

ue (

%)

Simulation ResultsBatt. Lf. (yr)

Label (hrs)

Label (hrs)

Diesel (L)

CapacityshortageRenewablefractionCOE ($/kWh)

Total NPC

Operating cost($/yr)Initial capital

Converter(kW)H300

Label (kW)

Label (kW)

XLS

Fig. 5 Overview of simulation results

cost of 0.4$/L, highest capacity shortage of 0.03%.USD hasbeen considered as the currency for all costs related withthat hybrid system. Figure 6 shows the detail calculation,simulation results and cost analysis with system architec-ture, NPC, COE, Operating cost, Electrical energy producedby wind turbine diesel generator system, unmet load, excess

0

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nth

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BiomassGenerator

PV

WindTurbine

DieselGenerator

Fig. 6 Energy generated with practicability from the off-grid hybridPV-diesel-wind-battery system

electricity, capacity shortage and renewable fraction of themost monetarily practicable hybrid energy system relevantfor the preferred area in both simple case and best cast.At the same time, with a base NPC of USD 160,626 andbase COE of USD 0.431/kWh, an off-grid hybrid PV, windturbine, diesel generator and battery hybrid system is effi-ciently more feasible and this is observed by the sensitivityanalysis. A hybrid energy system can be considered as amost feasible renewable energy system constituted of 18 kWPV module, two wind turbines (10 kW every), a diesel gen-eration with a divisional power of 15 kW (utilizing 3 kW)and 25 storage batteries in cementation to 3 kW converters.In Fig. 7 the cost curve of wind turbines have been shown.

The simulation results reflect the analysis related with allthe components. Be that as it may, in the remain solitarymode, the renewable vitality sources go about as presentsources nourishing straightforwardly the heaps and the bat-tery bank goes about as a voltage source controlling theAC transport voltage by charging or releasing. The batteryconverter directs the greatness and recurrence of the heapvoltage. The individual RES units can be utilized for max-imum power point tracking frameworks to have the mostextreme power from the sun oriented PV and twist frame-works in the network associated mode. A similar thing canbe relevant in the remaining solitary mode that the batterybank exists as a voltage source to control the AC transportvoltage by charging or releasing.

As reported by the investigation and recreation comesabout CO2 emanations rate every year has been discovered84689.023 Kilotons, which is 16 tones not as much as thecustomary power plants considering every year as in 2015for Malaysian viewpoint [40]. The NPC can be shifted byfuel cost, hardware cost, life time, operation and upkeepcost. From that investigation, it can be unmistakably rec-ognized that the NPC for the proposed cross breed vitalityframework has been decreased in examination with the NPC

0

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160

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Cos

t ($)

Size (kW)

Capital

Replacement

Fig. 7 Cost curve of wind turbine with the replacement and mainte-nance cost

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Table 2 Comparison of CO2emission and NPC between theHRES and Conventional PowerPlant

Parameters Wind-Diesel Hybrid Energy System Conventional Power Station

CO2 Emission /Year (Kt) 17,347.984 189,467.00

NPC/Year ($) 160,626.00 293,000.00

for the traditional power station in Malaysian viewpoint asdescribed in Table 2. The NPC for the planned mixture vital-ity framework is 29.65% which is not as much as the NPCfor the traditional power plant considering every year thetime of 2009 for Bangladesh atmosphere [41].

Conclusions

In Summary, oil and gas transportation to remote and decen-tralized area are very challenging issue and time consumingThis optimization proposed a hybrid wind-diesel energysystem for providing power supply to an off-grid commu-nity in isolated islands of specific countries. A detailedsimulation has been performed by HOMER software con-sidering manufacturing cost and efficiency for the proposedoptimized hybrid wind-diesel energy system. The simula-tion results confirm that the COE of the optimized systemis about USD 0.431/kWh and the NPC of the optimizedsystem is about USD 160,626.00. The total sensitivity anal-ysis, optimization and simulation process has been carriedout by HOMER software. The proposed hybrid system alsoensured the reduction of CO2 emission about 1600 tonsper annum which indicates a significant environmentallyfriendly effort. From the simulation results, it is clearlyindicated that the proposed hybrid energy system is eco-nomically and environmentally feasible in comparison withother conventional power generation systems. As the gen-erator can decrease the issue would bear sienna windturbines or small scale integrated micro turbines. Thesehybrid energy systems can provide enhanced execution incorrelation with alternate energy systems; furthermore weattempted to lessen the expense of force era, contrastedwith the routine hybrid renewable energy systems. Soonerrather than later, some more helpful renewable vitality mod-els and legitimate control energy systems can be presentedfor the hybrid vitality energy systems for the remote zonesof the world. According to the optimization and simula-tion results it can be concluded that the proposed optimizedhybrid wind-diesel renewable energy system will be appli-cable to all over the world where environment, climate,weather and meteorological conditions are comparableand predictable. For example, the countries are Australia,Indonesia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore andother countries would be very potential zone for appli-cable this optimized hybrid wind-diesel renewable energysystem.

Acknowledgements The work presented in this paper is part of anon-going research project. The authors would like to thank Universityof Southern Queensland Postgraduate Research Grant for providingsupport to Higher Degree Research (HDR) students.

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