Institutionalized Organization: Status and Prospects

John W. MeyerDepartment of Sociology

Stanford University

Aug. 7, 2016. Academy of Management, Organization and Management Theory Division

“Actors” in Journals(Hwang 2008)

World Higher Education Students Per 10,000 Capita, 1900-2000

(Schofer/Meyer 2005)

Disciplinary Enrollment as a Proportion of Tertiary Enrollment, 1965-95

(Drori/Moon 2007)

Professionals etc.

Service, etc.

Clerical, etc.

Managers, officials

Sales

Craftsmen, etc.

Operatives, etc.

Laborers

Household service

Farmers

Farm laborers

Percents: From Wyatt and Hecker 2006 0 5 10 15 20

           

VARIABLES Professional associationsa

Civil societyorganizationsa

Trans-parencyb

Government corruptionc

Bureaucratic efficiencyc

           

Population (log) 0.85*** 1.71*** 1.49*** -0.47*** -2.22**

  (0.035) (0.034) (0.091) (0.130) (0.693)

GDP p/cap (log) 0.32*** 0.27*** 0.08 -0.14* 1.33***

  (0.022) (0.021) (0.058) (0.059) (0.223)

Democracy 0.01*** 0.01*** 0.02*** 0.01*** -0.00

  (0.002) (0.001) (0.004) (0.004) (0.014)

Secondary Enrollment 0.76*** 0.43*** 0.18 -0.10 0.22

  (0.070) (0.068) (0.176) (0.160) (0.677)

Tertiary Enrollment 1.33*** 1.02*** 1.28*** -2.04*** 2.62***

  (0.075) (0.072) (0.211) (0.157) (0.449)

Constant -6.34*** -9.78*** -5.23*** 8.56*** -0.22

  (0.212) (0.206) (0.575) (0.725) (3.966)

           

Observations 5,965 5,965 400 2,809 698

R-squared 0.656 0.747 0.832 0.163 0.160

Countries 147 147 115 121 119

Table 1: The effect of secondary and tertiary enrollments on the expansion of professions, organization, and rationalization of the state. Panel regressions with fixed effects. From Schofer et al. 2016

Standard errors in parentheses*** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<.10a Source: Associations Unlimited (Gale 2014).b Source: Drori et al. 2006c Source: World Development Indicators (World Bank 2014).

               

VARIABLES Int’l Treatyratificationa

INGO membershipb

Env’l INGOmembershipb

Women’s INGO 

membershipb

Int’l Tourismc

Tradec FDI Inflowsc

               Population (log) 11.21*** 1.78*** 0.91*** 0.82*** 0.10* 3.25* 1.82**  (0.228) (0.054) (0.031) (0.036) (0.039) (1.406) (0.690)GDP per capita (log) 0.52*** 0.10** 0.10*** 0.12*** 0.10*** 12.05*** 1.41***  (0.141) (0.032) (0.019) (0.021) (0.012) (0.859) (0.395)Democracy 0.23*** 0.01* 0.02*** 0.00** 0.00 0.30*** 0.03  (0.010) (0.002) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.060) (0.028)Secondary Enrol. 4.99*** 0.65*** 0.51*** -0.12+ -0.14*** -4.09 -1.70  (0.457) (0.106) (0.059) (0.067) (0.027) (2.648) (1.259)Tertiary Enrollment 21.35*** 1.19*** 2.39*** 1.39*** 0.14*** 26.38*** 3.82**  (0.502) (0.111) (0.061) (0.068) (0.024) (2.813) (1.208)Constant -75.30*** -7.70*** -6.62*** -5.74*** -1.55*** -

82.89***-24.79***

  (1.394) (0.334) (0.187) (0.219) (0.253) (8.450) (4.274)               Observations 5,803 5,176 5,529 5,159 1,220 5,422 4,373R-squared 0.816 0.530 0.721 0.451 0.222 0.246 0.030Countries 145 144 146 144 102 144 145

Table 2: The effect of secondary and tertiary enrollments on the global integration: world polity, world society, and the global economy. From Schofer et al. 2016.

Standard errors in parentheses*** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<.10a Source: Ecolex 2014; Normlex 2014; United Nations OHCR (2014).b Source: Yearbook of International Association (UIA, various years)c Source: World Development Indicators (World Bank 2014).

Independent          variables (5-yr lag) GDP per capitab Servicec Industryc Manu-facturingc,d Agri-culturec

           Investment 0.30*** -1.38 13.53*** 1.94 -10.39***  (0.088) (2.322) (2.496) (1.611) (2.133)Secondary Enrollment 0.26*** 4.59** -0.62 0.13 -2.07  (0.071) (1.469) (1.550) (0.939) (1.364)Tertiary Enrollment 0.25** 7.04** -3.33 -3.26* -2.22  (0.084) (2.174) (2.238) (1.409) (1.837)GDP per capita, log 0.81***          (0.020)        Service   0.56***      

    (0.028)      Industry     0.59***          (0.028)    Manufacturing       0.56***          (0.029)  Agriculture         0.68***          (0.023)Constant 1.90*** 20.25*** 10.28*** 6.33*** 8.24***  (0.173) (1.345) (1.014) (0.597) (1.083)           Observations 1,317 981 984 837 988R-squared 0.844 0.487 0.430 0.384 0.648Number of newid3 161 154 155 153 154

Table 3: Effects of secondary and tertiary enrollments on GDP and relative size of economic sectors (as % of GDP), 1960-2010. 5-year pooled panel regression models with lagged dependent variable and fixed effects. A From Schofer et al., 2016 Standard errors in parentheses*** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.10a All independent variables lagged five years, including lagged dependent variable.b Source: Penn World Table (World Bank 2014).c Source: World Development Indicators (World Bank 2014).D Note: The category “manufacturing” is a subset of the overall industry sector; mining, gas, electricity, water, and construction are excluded .

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

Cumulative Number of INGOs

Cumulative Number of International Nongovernmental Associations, 1850-1985 (Source: UIA) Note: Data prior to 1945 estimated based on founding dates from 1989 UIA Yearbook

2000, 63,000

1999, 59,902

1997, 53,100

1992, 30,400

1988, 18,500

1969, 7,258

1914, 3,0001850, 2,5001800, 1,5001750, 1,2501700, 1,0001600, 500

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000Year

No

. M

ult

inat

ion

als

Cumulative Numbers of Multinationals. Source: (Gabel and Bruner 2003)

0

5

10

15

20

25

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

No

. In

itia

tive

s

Global Initiatives Regional, Industry, and Company Initiatives

Growth in Global, Regional, Industry, and Company CSR InitiativesSource: Lim & Tsutsui (2010).

CXOs, from Svejenova and Alvarez, 2016 Executive, Operating, Finance, Diversity, Risk, Strategy, Development, Marketing, Administration, Human Resources, Ethics, Knowledge, Innovation, Sustainability, Communication, Information, Compliance, Reputation, Public Relations, Public Affairs, Technology, Digital, Data, Talent, Leadership, Learning, People, Customer, Experience.

Stanford University, 2016:

The following University deans and administrators report to the Provost:

•Dean, School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences•Dean, School of Education•Dean, School of Engineering•Dean, Graduate School of Business•Dean, School of Humanities and Sciences•Dean, School of Law•Dean, School of Medicine•Director, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratoryreports jointly to President and Provost•Vice Provost and Dean of Research•Vice Provost for Budget and Auxiliaries Management•Vice Provost for Graduate Education•Vice Provost for Undergraduate Education•Vice Provost for Faculty Development and Diversity•Vice Provost for Teaching & Learning•University Librarian and Director of Academic Information Resources•Director of Hoover Institutionreports jointly to President and Provost

• Vice Provost for Academic Affairs• Senior Associate Provost for Faculty Affairs• Academic Secretary• Dean for Religious Life• Special Assistant to the Provost• Special Assistant to the Provost for Faculty

Diversity• Director, Haas Center for Public Service

reports jointly to the Provost and VP for Student Affairs

• Vice Provost for Student Affairs• Director of Faculty/Staff Housing• Director of Athletics• Dean of Admission and Financial Aid• Dean, Continuing Studies and Summer Session• Vice President for Land, Buildings, and Real

Estatereports jointly to President and Provost

• Senior Associate Vice Provost for Undergraduate Residential Affairs

•