ocupational,Household & Sports hazards

Prepared by: Saba kausar BS.c (Hons) optometry & orthoptics (3rd year)

What are some causes of eye injuries?

Flying Objects, Flying Debris (Bits Of Metal, Glass)

Contact With Chemicals Misuse Of Tools: Improper Guards, Poor

Maintenance, Poor Safety Habits Impact Or Blunt Force

Sparks Tools Particles (Grinding Dust) Harmful Radiation Excessive Heat Any Combination Of These Or Other Hazards

The highest categories contributing to eye injuries are related to household, workplace

and sports.

Signs or Symptoms of an Eye Injury

Pain when looking up and/or down or difficulty on seeing

Tenderness Sunken eye Double vision Severe eyelid and facial swelling Difficulty in tracking The eye has an unusual pupil size or shapen Numbness on upper cheeks and gum. Severe redness around the white part of the EYE Blood in the clear part of the eye

Occupational hazards: A working condition that can

lead to illness or death.

Classification:1.Physical hazards Heat n cold Light 2. Chemical hazards3. Biological hazards Paracites insecticides3. Mechanical hazards Moving or protuding object

exposure5.Psychological hazards

Five common hazards to eye

1. Impact:• It includes Flying objects such as;

Chips,fragments, particles, sand and dirt.• Tasks: chipping, grinding, machining, mansory

work , wood working, sawing, drilling, chiseling, powered fastening & sanding

• Injury: vary from small to serious damage; punctures, abrasions & contusions

Cont…2. Heat :• It includes: burns occurs when eye expose

to high temperature, splashes of molten metal, or hot sparks.

• Tasks: pouring, casting, hot dipping & furnace operations etc.

• Injury: skin burns,eyeball involvement is common.

Cont….3. Chemical injury :• classify into 2 types;1. Acid injury: • Less harmful than alkali substances.• Cause damage by denaturing & precipitating proteins in the

tissues they contact. Then coagulated proteins act as a barrier to prevent further damge except (hydrofluoric acid)

• Damage:• conjunctival injection• odema • Conjunctival haemorrhage• Corneal ulceration • Stromal opacification • Corneal vasculariation

Cont…

2. Alkali injury:• Lipophilic agents, pentrate tissue more rapidly than acids.• Saponify the fatty acids of cell membranes, pentrate

corneal stroma & destroy proteoglycans ( ground substance ) n collagen bundles.

• Damage : it involves:• Conjunctiva ( bulbar & palpebral ); ischaemic necrosis,

opacification of sub-Conjuntival tissue,symblepharon• Cornea ; epithelium loss ,odema, ulceration,

vascularization• Iris; acue iritis• lens; cataract• Uveal tract; uveitis• Secondary glaucoma

Cont…

4. Dust :• Finely divided particles its range size 0.1- 150 micron• Source: crushing, grinding,loading & unloading operations.• Sites: mines, pottery, textile, wood or stone working industries.• Damage: corneal abrasions, ulcers , redness of

eyes( haemrrahge of conjuntiva, cojunctivitis) eyelids are also involve.

5. Optical radiations: UV hazards:• in welding, exposure lamps - food storage,

dentstry –epoxy filling , dermatology -psoriasis. IR hazards: • sources- arc lamps, steel furnaces,CO2 lasers

Cont..

Short term Long term Redness of adnexae pregyiumConjunctival injection cataractlacrimationbalepharospasmkeratitis

UV exposure:

cornea Corneal opacificationiris Swelling, hyperaema, miosisAnterior chamber Aueous flareslens cataractretina Burns

IR exposure:

Eye protection is required in such work situations

Working with chemicals Working with paints, disinfectant, pesticides or other toxic or

hazardous fluids Working with strong sources of electromagnetic radiation, welding,

machines, etc. Working in the open with the risk of wind blown particles Working with rotating equipment such as grinders, drills, lathes Mechanical Equipment Sources Of Radiation, mainly ultraviolet radiation from Welding and

infra-red radiation from Furnaces. The danger is greatest where various Particles are caused to become

airborne from Grinding Cutting and welding Chipping, chiseling or caulking Using cartridge operated tools Blasting - abrasive and grit Mixing drilling fluids, acids or other toxic hazardous fluids

Household hazards:

In Bathroom : Cause irritation to eyes and skin depending upon

product usage given below: Air freshners – phenol & formaldehyde. Toilet cleaners-hydrochloric acid. Molds n mildews- skin n eye burns due to sodium

hypochlorite. Carpet & upholstery- ammonium hydroxide Anti bacterial cleaners – strong irritant to eye due

presence of hydrochloric acid Drain cleaners – cause serious damage leading to

blindness n burns due to presence of lyme n sulphurous acid as ingredient

Cont….Kitchen:Cause irritation to eyes and skin depending upon product usage

given below: All purpose cleaners- (ammonia, trisodium phosphate ant ethylene glycol ) Window or glass cleaner- ammonia and

isopropanol Dishwashing detergent - phosphate Antibacterial cleaner – strong irritant to eye due

presence of hydrochloric acid Insect sprays- can harm eyes Oven cleaners- can burn eyes n skin due to lye in

it Vinegar- mild damage irritaion to small corneal

abrasions , conjunctival hyperaemea Hot vegetable oil or ghee- cause irritation to

severe abrasions - burns Red or green chillis – also do same damage as

above mention

Cont…Landry: Insects sprays All purpose cleaner Wood stains n finishes Chlorine bleach –

severe eye and skin burns even blindness due to sodium hypochlorite.

Cont..

Garage :Wet cell batteries- severe skin n

eye burns even blindness due to hydrosulphuric acid n lead.

Irritation of eyes n skin due to: latex paints – formaldehydeOil based paints- organic solvents(

naphtha).

Sports hazards: The most common types of eye injuries that can

result from sports injuries are : Blunt injuries corneal abrasions penetrating injuries

Sports:High risk Moderate risk Low riskBase ball football BicyclingBasket ball Golf DivingBoxing Badminton SkiingHockey Tennis SwimmingRacquet ball wrestlingSoft ball squash

Blunt injuries Blunt injuries occur when the eye

is suddenly compressed by impact from an object.

Blunt injuries, often caused by tennis balls, racquets, fists or elbows, sometimes cause a black eye or

hyphaema (bleeding in front of the eye).

More serious blunt injuries often break bones near the eye, and may sometimes seriously damage important eye structures and/or lead to vision loss.

Corneal abrasions: Corneal abrasions are painful scrapes on the outside of

the eye, or the cornea. The most common cause of a sports-related corneal

abrasion is being poked in the eye by a finger

Penetrating injuries: . Penetrating injuries are

caused by a foreign object piercing the eye.

These injuries often occur when eyeglasses break while they are being worn.

Penetrating injuries must be treated quickly in order to preserve vision