Evaluation of Occupational Hazards in Foundries

7/29/2019 Evaluation of Occupational Hazards in Foundries

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The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association (JEPHAss.), Vol.80 No.3& 4, 2005

Correspondence to:Adel M. Zakaria,Occupational Health Department,High Institute of Public HealthAlexandria UniversityE-mail: [email protected]

Evaluation of Occupational Hazards in Foundries

Adel M. Zakaria* Kamal H. Noweir*

Gamal El-Maghrabi**

* Occupational Health Department, High Institute of Public Health,

Alexandria University.

** Occupational Safety and Health Department, Ministry of Labor, Behira.

ABSTRACT

The working environment of foundries is hazardous and characterizedby multiple simultaneous chemical, physical and mechanical hazardsexposure, which would lead to injuries of foundry workers. The aim of thepresent work is to evaluate occupational hazards in four foundries, two inAlexandria: El Nasr and Ramsis, and two in Behira: Misr Spinning andWeaving and Misr Rayon companies. Levels of total and respirable dust, freesilica % in total dust and lead concentration in total and respirable dust;NO2, SO2 and CO concentrations; noise and heat stress levels have beendetermined in the present work.

Occupational injuries data were analyzed in a three years period from

1998 to 2000. The results of the present work revealed;1. The levels of total dust and respirable dust exceeded the threshold limit

values at knockout and cleaning operations at El Nasr Company.2. Free silica percentage exceeded permissible levels in all operations

except pouring in El Nasr Company.3. CO levels in Misr Spinning and Weaving Company were higher than

threshold levels.4. Noise levels in knockout and cleaning operations at the four companies

were exceeding the threshold limit values.5. Heat stress levels in melting and pouring operations in El Nasr and in

pouring operation in Ramsis Company were higher than the maximumpermissible levels.

6. The age group 31-40 years has recorded the highest average incidencerate of injuries of age groups (P


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The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association (JEPHAss.), Vol.80 No.3& 4, 2005 .

434

7. Lower extremities and higher extremities have recorded the highestaverage incidence rate in the four companies (P


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Physical hazards, which are mainly associated with various

foundry processes are noise, vibration and heat.(5,6)

The foundry industry includes; pourers, moulders, core workers

and cleaning room operators in addition to crane operators, electricians

and welders.

Foundry workers accidents can result in injuries from (i) manual

and mechanical materials handling; (ii) work equipment and

machinery; (iii) walking and working surfaces; (iv) foreign particles in

the eye; (v) contact with hot material; (vi) falling objects and (vii) fire

and explosion.(7)

Manual materials handling is the most prevalent causes of injury to

foundry workers due to overexertion and poor lifting techniques.(8-10)

Traumatic injuries and burns have been received by workers

handling castings, hot core and molten metal because of inadequate

personal protective equipment and poor work practices.(9)

Semiautomatic and automatic machinery presented hazards from

moving parts and flying or ejected materials. Improper maintenance,

repair, guarding and use of grinders and abrasive wheels may also

result in worker injury. Poor house keeping and poorly lighted area

result in slips, trips and other types of falls on walking and working

surfaces.(7)

Higher temperature environment foundry increases the strength on

mechanical handling devices. In addition, some of these devices are

continuously vibrating, resulting in mechanical stress on nuts, bolts,

chains and cables; which eventually may result in equipment failure,

may lead to major explosions, fires, spills and burns.(7)


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The objective of the present work is to evaluate extensively the

main chemical and physical occupational exposures in the working

environment; and to analyze injuries data in four foundry plants in

Alexandria and Behira in three years from 1998 to 2000.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present study has been conducted in four foundry plants

(manual and automatic) where the number of workers is more than 50

workers. In Alexandria governorate; Ramsis and El Nasr foundries, and

in Behira governorate; Misr Company of Spinning and Weaving and

Misr Company of Synthetic Rayon in Kafr El-Dawar have been chosen

to be surveyed. In table (1) a brief description of each of the four

foundries are presented.

Table (1): Description of the Four Foundries Surveyed.

Parameter El Nasr RamsisMisr for

SpinningMisr Rayon

Sector Business Private Business Private

No. of workers 410 53 210 51

No. and type of

furnaces

3 large electric

furnaces

2 small electric

furnaces

5 furnaces:

3 electric and

2 crucible (light

fuel oil)

2 small crucible

(light fuel oil)

Mode of

operation

Highly automated Manual Automated Manual

Casting type Iron Iron Iron, aluminum

and copper

Lead, aluminum

and copper

Safety

performance

1. Good

housekeeping

1. Bad

housekeeping

1. Fair

housekeeping

1. Fair

housekeeping

2. Available

PPE

2. Non available

PPE

2. Lack of safety

measures

2. Lack of safety

measures

3. Highly

qualified

safety staff

2. No safety

staff

3. Non available

PPE

3. Non available

PPE

4. Adequatesafety

measures and

rules

4. Lack of safetymeasures

4. Non qualifiedsafety staff

4. Non qualifiedsafety staff


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Methods

Sampling locations and durations

Air samples have been taken at breathing zone of workers. Area

samples were taken as near as possible to work stations. Personal

samples (attached to workers bet and collar) were taken as well.

Samples were taken at the main steps of casting, moulding, melting,

finishing, and cleaning. Air samples were taken for 2-3 hours.

Chemical pollutants

Total suspended particulate TSP

Total suspended particles were determined gravimetrically.

Membrane filter attached to a calibrated personal pump (MSA) was

used to collect particulates at a rate of 0.8 L/min.(11)

Respirable dust

Respirable dust samples were taken typically as TSP, except that a

10 mm nylon cyclone is put prior to the filter holder to separate

particulate > 10 m and pass through particulate < 10 m to be trapped

on the filter.(11)

Sulphur dioxide

Sulphur dioxide is absorbed by aspirating a measured air sample

by a calibrated electrical diaphragm pump through a solution of

potassium tetrachloromercurate, TCM. This procedure results in the

formation of the dichlorosulfitomercurate which is determined

colorimetrically at 548 nm.(12)


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Nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide is absorbed from a measured volume of air

sample by a calibrated electrical diaphragm pump through aqueous

triethanolamine solution, subsequent analysis is preformed using an

azo-dye forming reagent. The color produced by the reagent is

measured in a spectrophotometer at 540 nm.(13)

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is determined by a self calibrated direct readinginstrument; Multilog 2000 Quest Technologies, USA.

Free silica

Free silica percentage in total dust samples was determined by

spectrophotometric method.(14)

Lead

Lead in total and respirable particulate samples are extracted by a

mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids. The analysis is subsequently

made by atomic absorption spectroscopy using the 217.0 nm lead

line.(15)

Physical hazards

Noise

Noise levels have been measured by a calibrated sound level meter

at 114 dB(A) nearby the workers locations at knocking out and cleaning

operations. The average level was computed.(16)

Heat stress

Heat stress, wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) has been

evaluated by Botsball nearby the workers locations in front of the


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furnaces during melting and pouring operations. The average heat

stress has been computed for each operation.(17)

Accidents records

The raw accidents records have been taken from the four

companies files for the period from 1998-2000. The raw accidents

records have been organized and recalculated so as to demonstrate

incidence rate of injury per 100 full time workers of injuries causes,

injuries means, injured parts of body and age groups.

Frequency rate (FR) and severity rate (SR) were computed using

the forthcoming formulas. The injury in the formula is the injury which

disables the injured worker for more than the day or shift during which

he was injured.(18)

FR =hoursworkedTotal

reportedinjuriesofNumber 610

(Total worked hours = number of workers working days 8)

SR =hoursworkedTotal

injurytoduelostdaysofNumber 310

The injuries data were analyzed by chi-square test.(19)

RESULTS

Chemical pollutants

Total dust

Concentrations at the four major operations of casting in the four

surveyed companies are presented in figure (1). It is apparent that the

highest levels of total dust at the four operations have been observed in


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El-Nasr Company. In contrary the lowest levels have been recorded in

Ramsis Company.

0

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

Moulding Melting Pouring Shake-out

and cleaning

El-Nasr

Ramsis

Misr Spnning

Misr Rayon

Fig (1): Total dust different operations in the four companies (mg/m3)

Tota

ldustconcentration

(mg/m3)

Respirable dust

Respirable dust data at the four major operations of casting in the

four surveyed companies are presented in figure (2). The same trend

observed with total dust is repeated with respirable dust, El-Nasr was

the highest and Ramsis was the lowest in all operations.

Free silica percentage in total dust

The free silica percentage in total dust at the four operations of

casting is presented in figure (3). Ramsis Company recorded the highest

free silica percentage in the four operations, followed by El-NasrCompany where as Misr Rayon Company recorded the lowest

percentage in the melting and pouring operations.


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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Moulding Melting Pouring Shacke out

and cleaning

El-Nasr

Ramsis

Misr Spnning

Misr Rayon

Fig (2): Respirable dust different operations in the four companies

(mg/m3)

Respirabledustconcentration

(mg/m3)

Company process

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

M oulding Melting Pouring Shacke out

and cleaning

El-Nasr

Ramsis

Misr Spnning

Misr Rayon

Fig (3): Free silica perecentage in total dust different operations in

the four companies

Freesilicapercen

tage

Company process


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Airborne lead concentrations

Figure (4) presents the concentration of lead in total and respirable

dust in melting and pouring operations in Misr Rayon Company, since

it was the only company which was casting lead. It is clear that lead

concentrations in total and respirable dust were very close. However,

lead concentrations in both total and respirable dust were higher in

melting than in pouring operation.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

melting pouring

total dust

respirable dust

Fig.(4): lead concentrations (g/m3) in total and respirable

dust at melting and pouring operations in Misr Rayon

company

Leadconcentration

Gaseous levels

Figure (5) represents the average NO2 concentration in melting and

pouring operations in the four companies. In general, melting operation

has recorded higher levels of NO2 than those of pouring operation in

the four companies. El-Nasr Company has recorded the highest and

lowest levels of NO2 in melting and pouring operations respectively.


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Moulding Pouring

El-Nasr

Ramsis

Misr Spnning

Misr Rayon

Fig (5): No2 concentrations at (g/m3) different operations in

the four companies

No2concentration(g/m3)

SO2 levels

Figure (6) represents the average SO2 concentration in melting and

pouring operations in the four companies. The highest levels were

observed in Ramsis Company in the two operations, whereas the lowest

levels were recorded in Misr Weaving Company.

CO levels

Figure (7) represents the average CO levels in charging, melting

and pouring operation at Misr Weaving Company. The highest average

levels have been recorded in pouring operation.

Physical hazards

Noise levels

Figure (8) represents the noise levels at shake out and cleaning

operation, which is the noisiest operation in casting. El Nasr Company


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has recorded the highest levels among the four companies, whereas

Misr Rayon Company has recorded the lowest levels.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Moulding Pouring

El-Nasr

Ramsis

Misr Spnning

Misr Rayon

Fig (6): So2 concentrations at different operations in the four

companies

So2co

ncentration(g/m3)

020

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

charging melting pouring

Fig (7): Co concentrations (ppm) at the different operations of coke fueled

furnace in Misr Weaving company

Coconcntration(ppm)


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86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

El Nasr Ramsis Misr spinning Misr Rayon

Fig (8): Average noise levels in shakeout and cleaning operation at

the four companies (dBA)

A

veragenoiselevels(dBA)

Heat stress levels

Heat stress levels (WBGT) of melting and pouring operations in the

four companies are presented in figure (9). Heat stress levels recorded

in El-Nasr Company were the highest in the two operations, whereas

Misr Rayon has recorded the least levels.

Accident records

Age group

Figure (10) represents the average three years incidence rate of

injury (per 100 workers) as related to age groups in the four companies.

Ramsis Company has recorded the highest incidence rate in all age

groups. The highest incidence rate has been recorded in age group 31-

40, while the lowest has been recorded in age group 51-60 years.


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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Melting pouring

El-Nasr

Ramsis

Misr spinning

Misr rayon

Fig.(9): Average heat stress levels in melting and pouring at

the four companies

AverageHeatStress

Fig.(10) Correlation between age and average No.

of injuries/100 workers in the four companies

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

AverageNo.

ofinjuries/100wo

rkers

20-30

31-40

41-50

51-60

El-Nasr

Ramsis

Misr Spining

Misr Rayon


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447

Injured body parts

Figure (11) represents the average three years incidence rate of

injury (per 100 workers) versus the injured body part in the four

companies. In general, Ramsis Company has recorded the highest

figures of injured body parts. Lower extremities and higher extremities

in order have been recorded the highest incidence rate of injury among

body parts, there was no injury of neck in the four companies.

Fig.(11) Correlation between injured part and average No.


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

AverageNo.ofinjuries/100workers

Head

Neck

Trunk

Higherextremities

Lowerextremities

Others

El-NasrRamsis

Misr Spining

Misr Rayon

Cause of injury

Figure (12) illustrate average three years incidence rate of injury

(per 100 workers) by the cause of injury in the four companies. Workingenvironment and transportation were major causes of injury in Ramsis

Company, in the mean time they recorded the highest figures. Biologic

agents was not responsible for any injury in the four companies.


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448

Fig.(12) Correlation between causes of injury and average No.


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Mach

ienes

Transportation

andObject

Lifting

EquipmentandHazard

ousinstru

ments

HazardousM

aterial

WorkEnviro

nment

Bilogical

Agent

O

thers

El-Nasr

Ramsis

Misr Spining

Misr Rayon

Means of injury

Figure (13) represents average three years incidence rate of injury

(per 100 workers) as related to means of injury in the four companies. It

is obvious that explosion, hazardous materials and electrical current did

not lead to any injury in the four companies. Contact with hot objects

followed by faulty action and striking against and exhaustion were the

major means of injury. Ramsis Company has recorded the highest

figures among the four companies in all means of injury.

Injury indices

Figure (14) represents frequency rates and severity rates ( 100) of

different companies in the years 1998-2000. Ramsis foundry has

recorded the highest frequency and severity rates in the three years of

study. The lowest frequency rate was recorded in Misr Rayon Company

in the three years.


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Fig.(13) Correlation between mean of injury and average No.


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Falling

Fallingobjects

Faultyaction&strikingagents

Caught

betweenobjects

Exhaustion

Contacth

otobjects

Electricalcurrent

Hazardousmaterial

Explosion

Others

El-Nasr

Ramsis

Misr Spining

Misr Rayon

Fig. (14): Injures parameters at El Nasr, Misr Rayon, Misr spinning &

Ramsis company in years 1998-2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1998

1999

2000

1998

1999

2000

1998

1999

2000

1998

1999

2000

Frequency

Severity

El-Nasr Ramsis Misr Spining Misr Rayon


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DISCUSSION

Chemical hazards

Airborne particulate

Total dust

The TLV of total dust in foundries could be taken as 10 mg/m3

referring to nuisance dust (Law No. 4, 1994), (20) however, the existence

of free silica and different metal fumes might decrease markedly total

dust TLV, which might be computed from the following formula.(1)

TLV of total dust (mg/m3) =3

30

+%silicafreeAverage

The computed TLV of total dust and average total dust

concentrations at different operations in the four companies are

presented in table (2).

Table (2): Computed TLV's of Total Dust on the Basis of Average Free

Silica Percentage and Average Total Dust Concentration at

Different Operation in the Four Companies.

El Nasr Ramsis Misr Weaving Misr RayonCompany

ProcessAv.

ConTLV

Av.

ConTLV

Av.

ConTLV

Av.

ConTLV

Moulding 3.59 5.6 0.55 6.17 - 5.8 - 5.17

Melting 3.58 6.33 0.89 7.7 1.45 6.77 1.83 5.63

Pouring 0.91 6.6 0.57 7.34 1.02 6.1 0.93 5.88

Shakeout and

cleaning8.31 5.57 0.58 6.98 - 6.28 - 5.5

The average concentration of total dust at shake-out and cleaning

operations in El Nasr Company was much higher than the computed

TLV, which might increase the liability of exposed workers to silicosis

risk.(21)


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451

As shown in figure (1), the high-recorded levels of total dust

concentration in El Nasr Company might be attributed to the heavy

work load and extensive activities in the company, since at the study

period there was a contract between the company and Alexandria

governorate to produce a big number of decorative light columns.

Much lower levels of total dust were recorded in 12 foundries in

Japan.(22) The range was 0.14-1.55 mg/m3 compared to 0.55-8.31 mg/m3

in the present study reflecting bad house keeping and lack of control

measures, which was observed in the surveyed foundries.

Respirable dust

Respirable dust concentrations were following the same trend

observed with total dust concentrations as shown in figure (2). The

same reason, which interprets the higher results of total dust in EL Nasr

Company is plausible for those of respirable dust. The average

concentration of respirable dust in pouring operation is higher than

total dust in EL Nasr Company, which is unlogic. However, this

observation is interpreted by the non-simultaneous sampling of total

and respirable dust for technical reasons.

Free silica percentage

Free silica percentage as shown in figure (3) is somewhat

misleading, because total dust concentrations in the different operations

are not the same. Hence, expressing free silica in g/m3 would change

markedly the data trend observed in figure (3). El Nasr Company will

be the highest in all operations except pouring operation, and Ramsis

would rank in the fourth position after it was the first. The

concentration of free silica in g/m3 at EL Nasr Company in moulding,

melting and shake-out and cleaning were 84.7, 56.8 and 198.6 g/m3


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respectively. These values exceed the NIOSH recommended TWA of 50

g/m3,(5) which emphasized what mentioned earlier of the high risk of

silicosis in EL Nasr Company. The levels of free silica in g/m3 in the

other companies are below NIOSH limit. In a similar study,(23) the range

of silica was 50-970 g/m3.

Airborne lead concentration

Misr Rayon Company was the sole company casting lead. The

average levels of lead concentration, as shown in figure (4), in total dustin melting and pouring were 0.09 and 0.075 mg/m3 respectively

whereas the average level of lead in respirable dust in melting and

pouring were 0.103 and 0.08 mg/m3 respectively. Although the levels of

total dust are higher than those of respirable dust, the average lead

levels in respirable dust are slightly higher than those of total dust in

the two operations. This might be interpreted by the minute grain size

of lead oxide fumes.

The TLV of lead in Law No. 4, 1994 (Egyptian Environmental Law,1994) is 0.15 g/m3.(20) The average levels of lead in total and respirable

dust in both melting and pouring are below this limit. Meanwhile the

levels reported in the present study are lower than those reported in the

US (24) where lead levels ranged from 60 to 330 g/m3, which might be

attributed to the intermittent work practice and low workload in Misr

Rayon Company.

Gaseous levels

NO2 levels

The two main mechanisms of NOx formation might interpret the

obtained results of NOx. The thermal NOx mechanism arises from the

thermal dissociation and subsequent reaction of nitrogen and oxygen


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molecules in combustion air. The fuel NOx mechanisms arise from the

evolution and reaction of fuel-bound nitrogen compound with

oxygen.(25)

In general, the average concentration of NO2 in the four companies

during melting and pouring operations as shown in figure (5) were

below the threshold limit value of 6 mg/m3 stated in Law No. 4, 1994.(20)

Thermal mechanism of NOx formation is predominant in EL Nasr

and Ramsis companies, whereas the fuel NOx mechanism is

predominant in Misr Spinning and Misr Rayon companies, since the

furnaces in the former two are electric and in the latter two are fossil

fueled furnaces.

SO2 levels

Sulphur dioxide may be formed when high sulphur content charge

materials are added to furnaces. The presence of sulphur in fuel,

especially coke, gives rise to sulphur dioxide emissions. The highest

levels of SO2 observed in Ramsis Company, as shown in figure (6),might be attributed to charges of low quality scrapes and combustion

technology used in the old low capacity furnace around which the work

stations are allocated. Similar to NO2 concentration, SO2 concentrations

were far below the threshold limit values of 5 mg/m3 stated in the Law

No. 4, 1994.(20) Very high SO2 concentrations of 25-250 ppm have been

measured nearby coke fueled furnace in an American foundry.(26)

CO levels

CO emissions are generated from incomplete combustion of carbon

additives and dirt and scale on the scrap charge. It may be produced in

significant quantities during preheating of the furnace charges melting

or pouring, ladle of core curing, or by decomposition of sand binder


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system and carbonaceous substances when contacted by the molten

metal.(3) CO levels have been measured in Misr Weaving Company

since the cupola furnace is coke fueled, and there is a great likelihood of

CO emission. As shown in figure (7) the highest levels were recorded in

pouring operation. Fortunately, pouring operations takes few minutes

for each batch. However, all the average levels were exceeding the

threshold limit values of 50 ppm stated in the Egyptian Environmental

Law. It is noteworthy that similar results were recorded in Finland. In a

survey of 52 iron, 5 steel and 100 copper alloys foundries, the mean COconcentration around the cupola averaged 240 ppm and 110 ppm in the

casting area.(27)

Noise levels

Noise levels were measured during shake-out and cleaning

operations, the most noisy operation being in casting. The highest

recorded noise levels in El Nasr Company might be attributed to the

high workload, extensive activities in the company at the period of the

study besides the huge size of produced casting. However, workers

were wearing earplugs during practicing shake-out and cleaning.

Although the noise levels were lower in the other three companies, they

still exceeded the 90 dB(A) limit in the Egyptian Law. (20) Workers were

not wearing earplugs in these operations in these departments which

might threaten their hearing acuity.

It is normal that shake-out and cleaning operations are being

associated with noise levels of 90-110 dB(A). Also, noise levels of 100-

110 dB(A) have been regularly measured during routine fettling in both

ferrous and nonferrous foundries.(6,28)


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Heat stress levels

Extreme heat exposure is known to occur during melting and

pouring operations. Hence heat stress levels (WBGT) were measured at

the two operations. Shown in figure (9), EL Nasr Company has

recorded the highest levels in both operations. The WBGT in pouring

operation was higher than that in melting operation in El Nasr

Company. This might be attributed to the huge amount of molten metal

handled during pouring which emits great amount of radiant heat.

The high capacity of furnace and bad working practice are possible

reasons of high heat exposure in El Nasr and Ramsis companies

respectively. The work in the foundries is a heavy work and it is almost

continuous. However, if the worker is expected to work 75% of the

work shift and the work is considered heavy, the equivalent permissible

heat stress in the Law No. 4, 1994 is 26C.(20) the results of heat levels

were higher in El Nasr Company in both operations. A proper solution

should be taken including isolation of workers, and decreasing of

working time at those areas as possible. Levels of WBGT between 30 to

50 C have been measured in several foundry surveys. At WBGT levels

over 30C, the risk of incurring heat illness progressively increases, with

the level of risk being higher for the heavier physical work.(2,29)

Accident records analysis

Age group

Ramsis Company has recorded the highest incidence rate in all

groups among the four companies especially in age group 31-40 and 41-50 (P


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company, the workers were highly turned over, even more than once in

the year which might interpret this high incidence rate. In the mean

time, this extremely high incidence rate of injury might reflect the bad

safety performance in general, which has been observed by the authors,

lack of personal protective equipment, besides, non existence of

specialized safety measures.

The age group 31-40 years has recorded the highest incidence rate

of injury in the four companies within the four age groups (P


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457

It is quiet obvious that Ramsis Company has recorded a significant

increase of injuries incidence rate for all body parts compared with the

other three companies (P


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458

Company has recorded the highest incidence rate of injury of all

categories. However, there was highly significant increase in injuries

due to contact with hot objects and exhaustion (P


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459

severity rates have been observed in all the companies except in Misr

Rayon Company. This might be attributed partly to the informal

instructions and advices to the safety staff of the companies throughout

the study period.

CONCLUSION

Foundry workers may be exposed to a variety of numerous health

hazards and accidents, owing to inherent hazardous conditions in

foundries including chemical, physical and mechanical agents. The four

surveyed foundries for chemical and physical hazards and accidents

records in the present work were different mainly in applied technology

and capacity and workload. The results of the present study revealed

that the majority of the assessed occupational chemical hazards were

within threshold limits values with some exceptions; whereas physical

hazards were exceeding threshold limit values.

The analysis of accident records in three years from 1998 to 2000

have emphasized the difference between private and business sectors

companies. The administration attitude targeting toward productivity

and profitability in private sector, represented by Ramsis Company,

besides, lack of safety plan or measures, safety staff and personal

protective equipment, all have adversely affected injuries incidence

rates, frequency and severity rates in the company.

The synergistic interactions between the diverse acting

occupational hazards, which have not yet been totally studied, might

create much serious situation than the results actually showed.


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Evaluation of Occupational Hazards in Foundries

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