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EQSchaecaEitpfagspate Qehvatshpxs Ohtsp Schaeca Mgkg~hea

Pfa OhvaTavilqphiesi Fqmgehpx

Hssqa 0

PFHS HSSQA>Fx`ticgtdies Avatx{fata'

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Ge Hepatvha{ {hpf pfa CAI iPattgCxcla

Tavha{s

Qzcimhek Avaeps ge` MITA'

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[ALCLappat otimpfa A`hpit>

Falli Tag`ats'

Hm achpa` pi da {thphek pi xiq gs pfa tsp avat

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pfa zqdlhc g ogepgsphc zhaca io schaeca lhpatgpqta%

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iqt zthepat% [fae H dacgma pfa lag` a`hpit, H{gepa` pi hmdqa iea pfhek> schaeca hs `hscivatx,

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CAI io PattgCxcla

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Bthspheg @agb

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IMA DGCB'fgzzaehek {fhla xiq {ata

g{gx%%%

Qz`gpas otim EQSchaeca@agt Tag`at,

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kap hevilva`'

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Ztash`aep

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dx Dae Kil`gcta

Pfa va h`ags pfgp tavilqphieh~a`

pfa {gx {a pfheb

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Fx`ticgtdies

Avatx{fata'[fgp fgzzaes pi ihl {fae hp aepats pfa {gpat cilqme9

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`imhegpas ciepgmhegpa` {gpat{gxs% Hp fgs g`izpa` eival macfg-

0

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ehsms pi `hkasp dipf itkgehc ge` heitkgehc ehptikae, gs {all gspfa ztavglaep fx ticgtdies% Tacaeplx, g ktiqz gp pfa Katmge

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pfa itkgehsm oit oqpqta clage-qzs%

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io {agpfathek% Pfa liekat pfa ihl tamghes he pfa {gpat, pfa ktagpat

cfgeca oit ciepgmhegphie io lgtvga, sf, ge` pfa aephta acisxspam%

Iea io pfa misp cieptivatshgl ge` {h`asztag` mapfi`s

{a qsa pi clage qz szhlls hs pfa gzzlhcgphie io cfamhcgl `hszat-sgeps% Ihl `hszatsgeps gta

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pqta io sqtogcpgeps pfgp cge

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sima%

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mheqpas%

1

8/2/2019 NU Science Issue 4

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Hepatvha{s

Dae Kil`gcta, M@, hs g ma`hcgl

ztioasshiegl ge` {thpat ogmiqs oit fhs

baae saesa io saahek pftiqkf eiesaesh-cgl, schaephc-siqe`hek og`s ztasaepa` pi

pfa zizqlgphie ge` avzishek pfaht hecie-

shspaechas% He fhs misp tacaep {itb, Dg`

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chsas pfgp gta dahek qsa` he alamaepgtx

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catpghe dtagpfhek pacfehwqas pfgp gta

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aatchsa pfgp hevilvas tqddhek szachc

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fhs `hspgspa oit pfa schaephc hecieshs-

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avptgit`hegtx pglaeps, dqp Hm xap pi maap

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sagtcf pgbhek zlgca pi`gx% Gll io pfas

pizhcs, gmiek ipfats, {ata civata` ivapfa ciqtsa io pfa `gx ge` ztasaepa` pi ge

agkat gq`haeca io schaephsps ge` spq`aep

glhba%

Pfa sxmzishqm fispa` g pipg

io ahkfp szagbats, agcf iea dthekhek g

qehwqa sbhll sap ge` pfitiqkf tasagtcf

{hpfhe pfaht al`% [fhla pfa pizhcs i

agcf ztasaepgphie {ata he`aa` `hooat

aep, pfata {ata sima dq~~{it`s pfg

mg`a pfaht {gx hepi savatgl io pfa zta

Fgtvgt` Ma`hcgl Scfiil

Sxmzishqm ie Gkhek

at {hll pfheb pfax gta aooacphva, {fae pfax

gta gcpqgllx talgphvalx qsalass he sqcf ptgcagmiqeps%

Pfa gqpfit kias ie pi g``tass g{h`a tgeka io `hsctazgechas he pfa al` io

fimaizgpfx, pfa zfgtmgcaqphcgl he`qsptx,

ge` catpghe clghms mg`a dx eqpthphiehsps%

Kil`gctas hepallhkaep, fqmitiqs ge` tal-avgep {thphek spxla hs dipf cgzphvgphek ge`

heoitmgphva% Fa wqasphies pfa vglh`hpx io

pfasa he`qspthas pftiqkf pfa qsa io tasagtcf

ge` hevasphkgphie hepi pfa clghms, sptass-hek pi pfa tag`at pfgp g schaephc `aktaa hs

eip eacassgthlx eaa`a` pi shop pftiqkf pfavatdisa {it`hek ge` pacfehcgl vicgdq-

lgtx qsa` dx pfasa he`qspthas% Tgpfat, gex

ciesqmat cge `hsphekqhsf dg` schaeca

pftiqkf pfa qsa io cimmie saesa ge` dxcieschiqslx gvih`hek pfa gsfx `hsptgc-

phie io schaephc vicgdqlgtx% Pfhs diib hs

g mqsp-tag` oit schaephsps, ciesqmats ge`

gexiea hepataspa` he lagtehek fi{ pi `apat-

mhea pfa cta`hdhlhpx io pfa clghms mg`a dx

vgthiqs he`qspthas he pi`gxs mgtbap%

-Alh~gdapf Khldatp, Faglpf Schaecas 4:74

?

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;

ge` Tavha{s

Schaeca-Dgsa` Ma`hchea DlikPfa dlik phpla` shmzlx gs Schaeca-

Dgsa` Ma`hchea glli{s oit g qehwqa mhv io

zfxshchges pi tavha{ ge` zisp tasziesas pi

ea{ pizhcs ge` `hscivathas he ma`hchea% [hpf

cgpakithas tgekhek otim gcqzqecpqta pi cge-

cat pi zfgtmgcaqphcgls, Schaeca-Dgsa` Ma`h-

chea hs g vgtha` ge` hepatasphek siqtca oit cqt-

taep tasagtcf% Pfa dlik hs qz`gpa` {hpf g ea{

zisp avatx {aab`gx% Pfa a`hpithgl spgoo io

Schaeca-Dgsa` Ma`hchea hs lgtkalx cimzhla`

io zfxshchges {fi avgmhea clghms pfgp pfaxdalhava gta qeschaephc it zsaq`ischaephc%

Pfax `hscqss ge` taszie` pi pfasa clghmsotim pfa vha{zihep pfgp ma`hchea dgsa` ie

pfa avh`aeca io fgt` schaeca hs ogt mita cta`-hdla {fae mgbhek schaephc clghms% Pfa dlik

szachcgllx pgtkaps pfa vglqa io al`s sqcf gs

zsxcfilikx, {fhcf pfax `qd g zsaq`isch-

-Cfgtlippa Dgtbat, Faglpf Schaecas 4:74

saepgphies% Spam call tasagtcf, ih`gphva

mapgdilhsm &otaa tg`hcgl pfaitx(, ge` pfa fq-

mge gqpizfgkx sxspam {ata ahpfat oagpqta`

it maephiea` he mqlphzla avzathmaeps, ge`

cittaszie`a` ehcalx {hpf @t% [ae`x SmhpfsTakqlgpitx Call Dhilikx ciqtsa gp Eitpfagsp-

ate% Sima io pfa szagbats {ata mita aekgk-

hek pfge ipfats, ge` sima pizhcs saama` dap-

pat sqhpa` oit ge qe`atktg`qgpa dhilikx mgnit

sqcf gs mxsalo% Pfata {ata p{i ztasaepg-

phies pfgp zgtphcqlgtlx zhwqa` mx hepatasp, ge`

la` ma pi saab iqp g``hphiegl heoitmgphie%

@t% Alghea Oqcfs spq`ha` azhpfalhgl

spam calls, oicqshek ie fght oillhclas ge` fght

liss `qthek gkhek% Sfa h`aepha` pfa p{i

mgnit shkeglhek zgpf{gxs pfgp cieptil spam

call gcphvgphie[ep ge` Dmzge` fi{

pfaht takqlgphie sphmqlgpas spam call ztilho-

atgphie% Oqtpfatmita, sfa hsilgpa` pfa SIV8

dhimgtbat gs pfa cthphcgl cimzieaep io pfasa

call lheas% He pfa gdsaeca io SIV8, lgd mhca

{ata cimzlapalx dgl` ge` {ata sli{at pi ta-

zght azh`atmgl `gmgka% Fat tasagtcf hs ei{gp pfa zihep io `apatmhehek fi{ SIV8 cge da

mgehzqlgpa` he fqmges pi ztavaep fght liss

ge` ztimipa faglhek pi pfa azh`atmhs% Sfa

cieclq`a` dx spgphek pfa kigl io fat oqpqta

tasagtcf hs pi saa ho hp hs zisshdla pi he`qca

SIV8 zti`qcphie pi aefgeca spam call

ztilhoatgphie `qthek gkhek%

Gl~fahmats `hsagsa, g `av-

gspgphek hlleass pfgp gooacps mhllhies io

Gmathcges, {gs pfa mghe oicqs io @t%Lh-Fqah Psghs spq`x% Psgh avgmhea`

F@GC4, g bax ztipahe hevilva` he cik-

ehphie, lagtehek, ge` mamitx% F@GC4

dhe`s pi ztimipats io mamitx gssichgpa`

kaeas, ge` cgqsas g liss io eaqtie cie-

eacphies% Psgh ptagpa` lgd mhca {hpf si-

`hqm dqpxtgpa &ge F@GC hefhdhpit(, ge`

idsatva` ge hectagsa` eqmdat io `ae-

`thpas ge` sxegzsas% [fae F@GC4 {gs

hefhdhpa`, cikehphva oqecphie {gs mqcf

fhkfat, ge` ivatgll eaqti`akaeatgphie

`actagsa`% Pfhs e hek cge da ctqchgl

pi oqpqta ptagpmaep io Gl~fahmats, ge`

hs cqttaeplx dahek paspa` pi `apatmhea ho

hp fgs g ztgcphcgl gzzlhcgphie%

Ivatgll, pfa aephta sxmzishqm

{gs vatx heoitmgphva ge` sfa` g lhkfp ie

g lip io pfa mi`ate hssqas ogchek call dh-

ilikhsps% Hp hs fal` geeqgllx he pfa szthek

ge` hs fhkflx tacimmae`a` oit gexiea

saabhek pi lagte mita gdiqp pfa schaeca

io gkhek ge` faglpfx lhoaspxla cfihcas piztavaep pfa aooacps io gkhek% Oit mita

heoitmgphie gdiqp pfhs xagts sxmzi-

shqm ge` qz`gpas takgt`hek eavp xagts

`gpa, vhshp>

{{{%fms%fgtvgt`%a`q)gkhektasagtcf)

zgkas)klaeesxmzishqm%- Ngba IEahll, Dhilikx, Clgss io 4:77

hps lakhphmgcx% Avatx dlik zisp ehsfas

{hpf g clagt siqtca lhsp oit pfa tag`at pi

taoataeca, {hpf pfa gssqtgeca pfgp pfa he-

oitmgphie wqipa` hs gccqtgpa% He kaeatgl,

pfa dlik, Schaeca-Dgsa` Ma`hchea, zti-vh`as g kii` siqtca oit qz-pi-`gpa ea{s

ie pfa schaephc sh`a io ma`hchea% Fi{-avat, tag`ats sfiql` da oita{gtea` pfgp

pfa a`hpits fgva vatx sptiek izhehies ge`

gta tag`x pi adgpa pfa heavfgqsphdla mg-

pathgl%

fppz>)){{{%schaecadgsa`ma`hchea%itk)

aeca, ge` wqasphies pfa eieschaephc avh-`aeca pfgp sqcf al`s gccqmqlgpa% Mgex

io pfa dlik zisps `hscqss tacaep ea{s ge`tasagtcf `avalizmaeps he pfa QS, oicqshek

gtiqe` pfa pizhcs io dhipacfeilikx, ma`h-

chea ge` zfgtmgcaqphcgls% Hp sfiql` da

eipa` pfgp pfa misp hepatasphek gszacp io pfa

dlik hs pfa tasziesa sacphie io agcf aeptx%

Mgex io pfa taszie`ats fgva vha{ziheps

pfgp `hooat otim pfa gqpfits io pfa dlik

aeptx, {fhcf heavhpgdlx lag`s pi fagpa` `a-

dgpas% Cimmaepgpits `hscqss {fi hs thkfp

ge` {tiek, {fgp sfiql` da `iea gdiqp pfa

hssqa `hscqssa` ge` ea{ h`ags gdiqp pfa

pizhc gp fge`, {fhcf simaphmas saam pikhva mita heshkfp hepi pfa pizhc pfge pfa

zisp `h` gliea% [fhla agcf gtphcla hs `a-

ehpalx izhehiegpa`, pfata hs ei wqasphie io

8/2/2019 NU Science Issue 4

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Qzcxclhekhs pfa ea{

Pfisa ea{ ztap~al M/Ms- `alhchiqs, thkfp9 Cfgecas gta gopat `aviqthek pfisa cficilgpa ptagps, xiqztidgdlx &fizaoqllx( pfta{ pfa {tgzzat iqp he g kgtdgka sima

{fata, eavat pi da saae gkghe% Dqp {fata {hll pfhs {tgzzat ae`qz9 Kqass xiq `h`ep pfheb gdiqp pfgp%

PattgCxcla, g cimzgex dgsa` iqp io Ptaepie, Ea{ Nat

sax cge ges{at pfhs iea% Avatx xagt {a zti`qca dhllhies ge` dhl

lhies io pies io kgtdgka pfgp {hll avaepqgllx ae` qz he lge`lls

Kgtdgka hs eip kihek g{gx, si {fgp gta {a pi `i {fae iqt agtpf

dacimas civata` he hp9 Pfhs hs {fata PattgCxcla cimas he% Pfah

mghe kigl hs pi baaz kgtdgka iqp io lge`lls dx pgbhek ptgsf ge`

pqtehek hp hepi ea{ zti`qcps% Iea mgx ciesh`at pfhs tacxclhek

dqp hp hs gcpqgllx g ciecazp bei{e gs qzcxclhek% Pfa `hooataec

hs pfa {gx he {fhcf pfa zti`qcps gta taqsa`% Dx tacxclhek, pfa il`

zti`qcp hs dtibae `i{e ge` mg`a hepi g cimzlapalx ea{ zti`

qcp% Gs {a bei{, mgex zti`qcps cgeeip da tacxcla`% Qzcxclhekie pfa ipfat fge`, cge da pghlita` pi g vgthapx io ipfat zti`qcps

ge` baazs pfa {gspa mgpathgl hepgcp, qshek lhppla pi ei g``hphiegaeatkx%

Pfa cimzgex {gs g tasqlp io Pim S~gbx &saa hepatvha{

ge` fhs aeciqepat {hpf pfa h`ag io itkgehc oatphlh~at mg`a iqp io

{itm ziiz% Pfa {itms {ata oa` {gspa` oii`, ge` he pqte pfah

ziiz ciql` da qsa` gs oatphlh~at% [fae liibhek oit g {gx pi mgt

bap sqcf g zti`qcp, fa pqtea` pi qsa` si`g dipplas ge` sztgxats g

g {gx pi zgcbgka hp% @ihek nqsp pfhs, pfata {gs ei {gspa avatx

cimzieaep pfgp {aep hepi sqcf g zticass ciepthdqpa` pi pfa ae`

tasqlp% Gs fa spgpas ie fhs {adshpa, Iea sxspams kgtdgka hs nqs

oii` oit geipfat sxspam% [a `iep saa kgtdgka, {a saa vglqgdla

tg{ mgpathgls%PattgCxcla fgs ei{ azge`a` pi sall mita pfge nqs

{itm ziiz% Pfax fgva nihea` fge`s {hpf cimzgehas lhba Spiexal`, Mgts, Cgzth Sqe ge` OthpiLgx, {fi gktaa` pi oqe` ge`

glli{ pfa {gspa otim pfaht zti`qcps pi da qzcxcla`% Pfax fgva

glsi spgtpa` ztiktgms he scfiils, aeciqtgkhek cfhl`tae pi spgt

cillacphek {gspa, {fhcf pfae kaps saep pi PattgCxcla, ge` hs lgpat qzcxcla` hepi zti`qcps sqcf gs dgcbzgcbs, zqtsas, ge` avae

bhpas%

Pfa h`ag dafhe` PattgCxcla hs si heszhthek, ge` gs xiq

{hll tag` he iqt hepatvha{ {hpf Pim, fgs gltag`x bazp 7%6 dhllhie

qehps io {gspa iqp io lge`lls he pfa Qehpa` Spgpas% [hpf sqcf

ktagp sqccass gltag`x, pfata hs ei iqdp pfgp {hpf hectagsa` zizqlgthpx, PattgCxcla {hll fgva g vatx lgtka hmzgcp ie iqt {itl`%

Si {fx eip kap hevilva`9 Gs g zlqs, oit sima io pfa

zti`qcps, PattgCxcla {hll avae khva xiq mieax dgcb pi ki pi

{gt`s g cfgthpx io xiqt cfihca nqsp oit cillacphek pfam% Pfa easpaz hs nihehek g dthkg`a agcf zti`qcp fgs dthkg`as, it ktiqzs

gll ivat pfa ciqeptx, cillacphek catpghe {tgzzats% Gll xiq fgva pi

`i hs vhshp pfa {adshpa, Pattgcxcla%eap, e` g dthkg`a pfgp talgpa

pi xiqt ptgsf fgdhps, ge` spgtp cillacphek% Xiq cge glsi dqx sima

io pfa zti`qcps pfax fgva pi iooat% Ztappx siie avatxiea {hll da

ticbhe pfisa Spgtdqtsp massaekat dgks'

Si pfa eavp phma xiq ki pi pfti{ iqp pfgp dgk io Lgxs

Zipgpi Cfhzs, it pfgp Clho dgt xiq gpa gopat s{agphe hp iqp gp pfa

kxm, spiz, `tiz ge` qzcxcla'

-Pggthbg Kaitka, Faglpf Schaecas, Clgss io 4:73

dlgcb%

8/2/2019 NU Science Issue 4

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PS> Hp `azae`s ie {fgp {ata mgbhek% Sima zgcbgkhek cge

da sa{e pikapfat `htacplx, {fhla oit ipfats {a qsa g fagp ztasspi oqsa savatgl lavals io pfa {tgzzats pikapfat tsp daoita sphpcf-

hek pikapfat% Sima hpams lhba si`g dipplas ge` xikqtp cqzs cge da`htacplx taqsa` dx llhek {hpf g ea{ hpam &lhba iqt {itl` ogmiqs

{itm ziiz(%

EQS> [fgp {gs hevilva` he gcwqhthek cimzgehas pi cgttx xiqt

zti`qcp gs {all gs kapphek cimzgehas pi glli{ pfaht {gspa` zti`-

qcps pi da qzcxcla`9

PS> G lip io fgt` {itb ge` zatshspaeca% Gs H sgx he mx diib, Tavi-

lqphie he g Dippla, {a fg` pi fgva pfa spagb ge` pfa sh~~la he iqt

ztasaepgphie% [a {iql` baaz cgllhek ge` cgllhek dqxats ge` spita

i{eats pi kap pfam pi maap {hpf qs% [a mg`a sqta pfa zthcas {atali{at pfge zti`qcps mg`a {hpf vhtkhe mgpathgls ge` {a {ata sallhek

pfam g zti`qcp pfgp {itba`%

Pfa cillacphie io zgcbgkhek {gspa spgtpa` he 4::; {hpfSapf Kil`mge, oiqe`at io Fieasp Pag% Fa {gs ciecatea` gdiqppfa nqhca ziqcfas dacgqsa pfax {iql`ep da tacxclgdla% Fa gsba` ho

PattgCxcla ciql` cima qz {hpf g silqphie oit pfa ziqcfas% Sfitplx

gopat pfgp, H tacahva` g cgll otim pfa CA-Xi io Spiexal` Ogtm, Kgtx

Fhtsfdatk, pi cima qz {hpf g silqphie oit xikqtp cqzs% Dx agtlx

4::6, Cgzth Sqe {gs ie digt` ge` {ava ciepheqa` pi kti{ avatx

xagt%

EQS> He pfhs `gx ge` gka, {a gta gll dacimhek g{gta io fi{

hmzitpgep hp hs pi ki ktaae% [fgp bhe` io ge hmzgcp fgs Pat-

tgCxcla fg` ie pfa gmiqep io {gspa zti`qca` zat xagt9

PS> Sheca lgpa 4::;, {ava bazp mita pfge 7%6 dhllhie qehps io {gspa

otim lge`lls he pfa Q%S% ge` fgva mita pfge pae mhllhie zaizla

shkea` qz pi cillacp {gspa% [ata ei{ hepategphiegl {hpf ztiktgmshe Dtg~hl, Cgeg`g, Mahci ge` pfa Qehpa` Bhek`im% Pfata {hll da

savatgl mita hepategphiegl licgphies izaehek {hpfhe pfa eap xagt%

EQS> @i xiq fgva gex g`vhca oit cillaka spq`aeps ptxhek pi spgtp

pfaht i{e dqsheass9

PS> @iep `adgpa - nqsp spgtp' [fgp `i xiq fgva pi lisa9

Pfhs hssqa, {a {ata lqcbx aeiqkf pi da gdla pi shp `i{e {hpf pfa CAI ge` ctagpit io Pattgcxcla, Pim S~gbx,

{fi {gs mita pfge fgzzx pi ptgsf pglb {hpf qs%

EQ Schaeca> Xiq spgtpa` PattgCxcla he cillaka- {fgp

cillaka `h` xiq gppae`, ge` {fgp `h` xiq hepae` pi mg-

nit he9

Pim S~gbx> H {gs spq`xhek dafgvhitgl acieimhcs gp Zthecapie

Qehvatshpx%

EQS> [fgp {gs xiqt heszhtgphie oit pfa h`ag io PattgCxcla9

PS> Othae`s {ata qshek {itm ziiz ie sima zlgeps ge` {atafgvhek ktagp tasqlps% H dacgma ogschegpa` {hpf pfa {itms {fhcf

pfthva dx agphek ge gmg~hek gmiqep io fiqsafil` kgtdgka% Pfa

cimdhegphie io kgtdgka, {itms ge` {itm ziiz oatphlh~at sptqcb

ma gs g tavilqphiegtx dqsheass mi`al% [a ciql` pgba zaizlas

kgtdgka &ge` kap zgh` oit hp(, oaa` hp pi {itms, kap ktagp oatphlh~at

ge` pfae sall hp%

EQS> Iea io pfa tsp zti`qcps xiq sil` {gs {itm ziiz,

{fhcf hs sgh` pi da pfa misp itkgehc qsgdla oatphlh~at% Fi{

`h` xiq ki gdiqp pasphek, cillacphek ge` avaepqgllx mgtbap-

hek sqcf g zti`qcp9

PS> Gs H maephiea`, H fg` gltag`x saae {itm ziiz {itb tagllx

{all, si H eaa`a` pi cima qz {hpf g {gx pi zti`qca hp ie g lgtka

scgla ge` mgtbap hp% H lagtea` gdiqp pfa cimzisphek dqsheass,

diqkfp g {itm cimzisp mgcfhea ge` {itba` {hpf Zthecapie

Qehvatshpx pi cillacp pfa laopivat oii` {gspa otim iea io pfa

`hehek fglls% He sqmmgtx, {a avaepqgllxlagtea` pftiqkf iqt

pthgls pfgp lhwqaoxhek pfa {itm ziiz {gs mita gzzaglhek pi cie-

sqmats2 {a qsa` tacxcla` si`g dipplas dacgqsa pfax {ata lassazaeshva pfge ea{ ieas, ge` {a oiqe` ivattqe sztgxats% [a

ei{ fg` PattgCxcla Zlgep Oii`%

EQS> Ei{, PattgCxcla hs dgsa` qzie pfa h`ag io qzcxclhek

tgpfat pfge tacxclhek% Ciql` xiq azlghe pfa `hooataeca9

PS> Pfa patm qzcxclhek {gs cihea` dx [hllhgm Mc@ieiqkf

ge` Mhcfgal Dtgqekgtp he pfaht 4::4 diib, Ctg`la pi Ctg`la%

Gccit`hek pi pfam, qzcxclhek hs pfa ztgcphca io pgbhek sima-

pfhek pfgp hs `hszisgdla ge` ptgesoitmhek hp hepi simapfhek io

ktagpat qsa ge` vglqa% Hps `ashkehek ea{ zti`qcps pfgp gta he-

pae`a` pi da taqsa` gkghe ge` gkghe {hpfiqp `i{ektg`hek pfa

ithkhegl mgpathgl it ctagphek mita zillqphie he pfa zticass%

Gccit`hek pi pfa gqpfits, tacxclhek hs gcpqgllx ge av-

gmzla io ctg`la pi ktgva `ashke, {fata tacxcla` hpams gtaei{ pqtea` hepi simapfhek qetacivatgdla% Dx pqtehek hpams

hepi zti`qcps pfgp {ata eip pfa hepaep io pfaht ithkhegl zti`qc-

phie zticass &avgmzla> si`g dipplas hepi cgtzaphek(, pfax gta ao-

oacphvalx pqtea` hepi simapfhek pfgp tawqhtas gs mqcf aeatkx it

mita pi zti`qca pfge pfa ithkhegl hpam% [fae pfa lhoa io pfa tqk

hs ivat, hp hs sphll ie hps {gx pi g lge`ll%

EQS> [fgp bhe` io g zticass hs hevilva` he cfgekhek pfa

ptgsf pi gcpqgl zti`qcps9

Iea mges ptgsf HS geipfat mges ptagsqta

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7:7:

Dhilikx 4:77

Ci-oiqe`at)Cfhao Dqx-ilikhsp gp ^g~q

Sziplhkfp

ie>

Ggtie Kattx

Avat hmgkhea g ciiz {hpf ei diss9 Ho aeptaztaeaqtsfhz hs xiqt khk, hp cge da g taglhpx%

&Gs liek gs xiqt ciiz ciit`hegpit gzztivas%(

EQ Schaeca> [fgp agcplx `ias

xiqt ciiz aepghl gs ogt gs `gx-pi-

`gx taszieshdhlhphas9

Ggtie Kattx> Mx tila hs tash`aep DQX-il-ikhsp {fhcf hs pphek dacgqsa H {itb ie pfa

mgtbaphek gszacp io pfa cimzgex% [fgpsehca gdiqp {itbhek oit mxsalo hs pfgp avatx

`gx hs g lhppla dhp `hooataep% H taglh~a` pfgp

H {gepa` pi da ge aeptaztaeaqt dacgqsa H

lhba` {itbhek oit mxsalo, H lhba mgbhek mx

i{e `achshies ge` H lhba lagtehek% Hm g

ciespgep lagteat% Fieasplx, dahek he pfhs zi-shphie, Hm lagtehek mita pfge H avat fgva

he clgssas, {fhcf hs tagllx pfa hepaephie io

ciiz% Dqp pfhs hs pagcfhek ma gll gszacps iohp dacgqsa H tagllx fgva pi mgba mx i{e

phmalhea% Dgshcgllx avatxpfhek hs laop pi ma%

Qlphmgpalx H `i gll pfa mgtbap tasagtcf, Hkqta iqp {fisa qshek iqt zti`qcp, fi{

dhk pfgp mgtbap hs, fi{ ogsp pfgp mgtbap hs

kti{hek% Pfae H `i cqspimat hepatgcphie%

Pfhs aepghls szagbhek pi pfam> [fgp `i

xiq lhba gdiqp pfa zti`qcp9 [fgp hs dqkkx

gdiqp hp9 [fgp {iql` xiq lhba pi saa he hp9

Ctagphek sqtvaxs, kapphek oaa`dgcb, pfae

pallhek Mgtb &Fal`,( iqt `avalizat, pfgp

pfasa gta pfa pfheks pfgp {a eaa` pi thkfp

ei{ pfgp gta ztavaephek zaizla otim qshekpfa gzz pi hps oqllasp% Pfae pfatas dqhl`hek

sichgl g{gtaeass, qshek sichgl ma`hg, dahek

ie P{hppat, Ogcadiib, kihek iqp pi avaeps,

tagllx nqsp avgekalh~hek pfa zti`qcp%

EQS> Pfhs hs tagllx g pacfeilikh-

cgllx dgsa` spgtpqz% He xiqt oq-

pqta ae`agvits, i xiq gl{gxs saa

xiqtsalo dahek clisa pi pacfeil-

ikx9

GK> Hm eip he liva {hpf mgtbaphek pi da

zatoacplx fieasp% H lhba pfa fhkf pacf dqsh-

eass dacgqsa pacfeilikx avilvas si wqhcb-

lx pfgp xiq kap pi da ie pfa cqpphek a`ka%

Pfgps {fgp dahek he g spgtpqz hs% Xiq kap

pi {itb {hpf cqpphek a`ka pacfeilikx pfgp

vatx oa{ zaizla kap pi fgva thkfp ei{% H lhba

{itbhek {hpf zaizla ge` H lhba dqhl`hek

cimmqehphas% H pfheb mx qlphmgpa zgsshie{iql` da dqhl`hek ge hecqdgpit ztiktgm,

{fata H {iql` falz ipfat xiqek aeptazta-

eaqts ctagpa pfaht i{e cimzgehas% H` lhba

pi hmzgtp mx i{e bei{la`ka pi pfam, ge`

H sqzzisa lagte otim pfam gs {all%

EQS> [iql` xiq sgx pfgp xiqt

cqttaep mgnit io dhilikx `iasep

fgva mqcf dagthek ie {fgp xiq

{gep pi `i he pfa oqpqta9

GK> Taktappgdlx, ztidgdlx eip%

EQS> Si ho xiq ciql` hp gll ivat

gkghe, {fgp mgnit {iql` xiq

cfiisa9

GK> H {iql`ep cfgeka g pfhek% Mx otasf-

mge xagt H {gs g dqsheass mgnit% Pfae pfgp

sqmmat cgma ge` H fg` ge azhzfgex% H {iba

qz iea `gx ge` sgh` Hm kihek pi cfgekamx mgnit% Oit sima tagsie H {gs qe`at

pfhs hmztasshie pfgp H ciql`ep `i mitapfge nqsp lhva pfa pxzhcgl lhoa ge` clhmd pfa

citzitgpa lg``at% Pfae H nqsp {iba qz ge`sgh` H cge `i schaeca% H kip tagllx avchpa`

gdiqp dhipacf dacgqsa pfgps {fata gll pfaheeivgphie hs fgzzaehek he pfa zfgtmgcaq-

phcgl he`qsptx% Pfax {ata spgtpqzs dgshcgllx%

H tagllx lhba` pfa h`ag pfgp xiq {ata gdla pi

`avaliz simapfhek otim eipfhek% Dqp hps

sphll g citzitgpa sptqcpqta% H `h`ep lhba pfgp

gszacp io hp% H qe`atspge` xiq fgva pi zgx

xiqt `qas ge` avatxpfhek, dqp hp {gs pii

sli{ oit ma% H lhba` pfa pacfeilikx dqp H

`iep lhba pfa szaa` io dhipacf%

EQS> Szaa` io cgtaat g`vgeca-maep it szaa` io pacfeilikx9

GK> Dipf% Zfgtmgcaqphcgl pacfeilikx hsvatx sli{% Hp pgbas ge gvatgka io 71 xagts

ge` $0?: mhllhie pi pgba g `tqk pi mgtbap%

Dqp H lagtea` pfheks% H lagtea` pfgp H cge

`i gexpfhek H {gep ho H zqp mx mhe` pi hp% H

lagtea` pfgp H lhba dqhl`hek simapfhek otim

eipfhek% Ge` pfgps tagllx {fgp szgtba`

pfgp aeptaztaeaqthgl hesphecp%

EQS> [fgp g`vhca `i xiq fgva

oit simaiea {fi {gs he xiqt zi-shphie9

GK> Gexiea pfgp cimas pi ma H gsb {fgp

gta pfax zgsshiegpa gdiqp% Xiq cge tag`

zaizla ge` pall {hpf fi{ pfax pglb ge` fi{

pfax miva pfaht fge`s% H kqass oit simaiea

he mx zishphie H {iql`va gsba` ma `i

xiq tagllx {gep pi da he dhipacf gexmita9

Hps fgt` pi da fieasp {hpf xiqtsalo dqp hps

dappat pi lagte pfgp ei{ pfge lgpat ie% Hm

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klg` H h` g ciiz ge` pfae taglh~a` pfgp dhi-pacf {gs nqsp eip oit ma% H kip spgtpa` dx

nqsp sae`hek iqp ge amghl pi gll pfa aepta-

ztaeaqtsfhz ztioassits ie cgmzqs pfgp nqsp

sgh` {fata `i H spgtp {hpf aeptaztaeaqt-sfhz9 [fgp `i H `i9 Otim pfata H oiqe`

g dlik pfgp H tagllx lhba` cglla` Cillaka

Mikql gdiqp cillaka aeptaztaeaqts% H nqsp

amghla` pfa a`hpit ge` pil` fhm {fi H {gs

ge` sgh` H {gs hepataspa` he lagtehek mita

gdiqp spgtphek xiqt i{e cimzgex% Qlph-

mgpalx, fa dtiqkfp ma ie gs g {thpat ge`

hp kta{ otim pfata% Fa gcpqgllx ae`a` qz

dthekhek ma pi mx tsp avaep% Otim pfata H

nqsp bazp kihek pi `hooataep avaeps, maaphek

zaizla, kapphek cimoitpgdla {hpf hp% Nqsp

fagthek `hooataep zaizlas h`ags falzs szqt

xiqt i{e h`ags% Hps tagllx nqsp lapphek xiqt

zgsshie cima pftiqkf%

EQS> [fgp gdiqp simaiea he ae-

kheaathek it schaeca {fi hs hepat-

aspa` he spgtp-qzs, dqp eip si mqcf

pfa dqsheass sh`a io hp9 [fgp hs g

kii` spaz oit pfam9

GK> Ho xiqta ge aekheaat it g pacfeili-

khsp ciesh`at xiqtsalo lqcbx ho xiq {gep

pi da g spgtpqz% Dqsheass zaizla fgva pfa

h`ags mita iopae pfge eip, dqp pfax qsqgllx

`iep fgva pfa sbhlls pi aacqpa% Aekheaatscge mgba pfa zti`qcp% Nqsp ki iqp pi avaeps,

saa {fgp hepatasps xiq, saa {fgp cgpcfas

xiqt axa%

EQS> [fgp gdiqp tasiqtcas gp

Eitpfagspate9

GK> Ki pi pfa Aeptaztaeaqts Clqd, nihe

pfa Fqsbx Heeivgphie Cfgllaeka, ge` `a-

ehpalx cfacb iqp H@AG% Pfasa gta aeptazta-

eaqthgl dgsa` hehphgphvas, dqp hps gll gdiqp

cillgditgphie ge` dthekhek zaizla pikapfat%[a {gep pfa dhilikhsp pi da {itbhek {hpf

pfa cimzqpat schaephsp pi da {itbhek {hpf

pfa dqsheass spq`aep% Gll pfasa zaizla fgva

`hooataep sbhlls ge` `hooataep pglaeps pfgp

{a cge dthek pikapfat ge` {fx gtaep {a{itbhek pikapfat9 G lip io zaizla fgva

h`ags oit cimzgehas, dqp pfax nqsp `iep

bei{ fi{ pi spgtp it hps vatx scgtx it pfax

nqsp `iep fgva pfa zgtpeats pi kap pfam

pfata% Ge` pfgps tagllx {fgp {ata ptxhek

pi dtagb `i{e%

EQS> Fi{ hmzitpgep {ata pfisazgtpeats oit xiq spgtphek ^g~q9

GK> He g {it`, he`hszaeshdla% Zqehp Sfgfhs pfa CAI, ge` oit fhm pfhs {gs fhs pfht`

cimzgex% Fa {gs pfa ztash`aep io pfa A-

clqd qephl fa ktg`qgpa` he Mgx ge` fg` si

mgex avzathaecas pi tg{ otim pfgp fa {gstagllx pfa kqh`hek lhkfp he pfa ztinacp% Mgtc

Fal` hs iqt `avalizat, ge` {ie pfa eg-

phiegl `aoaesa cxdat cimzaphphie lgsp xagt

gs g Mh``lat% Fas daae ztiktgmmhek ge`

hepataspa` he spgtpqzs oit ahkfp xagts ei{

ge` {hpfiqp fhs pacfehcgl bei{la`ka, eiea

io pfhs {iql`va fgzzaea`%

EQS> S{hpcfhek kagts fata, {fgp

agcplx hs ^g~q, dash`as pfa dasp

`gme glgtm clicb9

GK> ^g~q hs g midhla gzzlhcgphie ie xiqt

zfiea% Hp {gbas xiq qz ge` palls xiq pfa

heoitmgphie xiq eaa` pi kap tag`x oit pfa

`gx% Hp palls xiq pfa ea{s, pfa {agpfat, xiqt

cglae`gt ge` xiqt amghl%

EQS> Gll gq`hdlx, cittacp9

GK> Xag, hp tag`s hp pi xiq% Hespag` io shop-hek pftiqkf ea{szgzat liibhek oit gtphclas

pfgp xiq cgta gdiqp, hps cqspimh~a` si

xiq cge lhspae pi CEE%cim, [itl` Ea{s

it ASZE Dispie% Pfhs szachglh~gphie cqps

`i{e ie pfgp avzlitgphie phma% Hp tag`s

xiqt amghls2 hp cge pall xiq xiqt gzzihep-

maeps ie pfgp `gx, ge` pfae pfa {agpfat, gs

shmzla gs fi{ `i xiq kap tag`x oit xiqt

`gx%

EQS> Si {fgps pfa cqttaep spgpa

thkfp ei{9

GK> [a fgva g dapg pasp iqp thkfp ei{% [a

fgva 7:: zaizla qshek hp, ge` {a {hll siie

talagsa hp pi ;: mita% [a fgva tiqkflx 6::

zaizla sphll shkea` qz ie pfa dapg lhsp pfgp

{a {hll talagsa pi daoita {a lgqecf% Si

pfa dapg thkfp ei{ hs ge glgtm clicb pfgp

{itbs% Ohtsp ge` oitamisp hp fgs pi {gba

xiq qz% Hp tag`s xiq TSS oaa`s% Xiq cge

zqp xiqt cglae`gt TSS oaa`s, it gex cqs-

pim TSS oaa` pfgp xiq {gep% Avaepqgllx hp

{hll da mita hepaktgpa` {hpf xiqt cglae`gtge` xiqt amghl% [ata nqsp liibhek oit pfa

mhehmqm vhgdla zti`qcp thkfp ei{, {fhcf

hs pfa zti`qcp pfgp {itbs zatoacplx oit pfa

dgshc oqecphies pfgp {ata ptxhek pi iooat%Ieca {a kap pfgp {ata kihek pi zqsf hp pi

mgtbap pfae hpatgpa otim pfata%

-Ngmas Zaatlass, Cfamhcgl Aekheaathek,

Clgss io 4:77

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Pfa sqccass io EGSGs Mgts Azlitgphie Tivats ge` g`vgeca`tamipa saeshek `gpg xhal`s sptiek avh`aeca pfgp lhwqh` {gpatieca i{a` ie pfa sqtogca io Mgts% [hpf pfa hepaep pi `apatmhea

pfa cqttaep ge` zgsp fgdhpgdhlhpx oit mhctidhgl lhoa ie Mgts, EGSG

ge` pfa Nap Ztizqlshie Lgditgpitx he Zgsg`aeg, Cglhoitehg gta aval-izhek pfa lgtkasp ge` misp azaeshva tivat mhsshie he fhspitx% Sap

pi lgqecf he pfa ogll io 4:77, pfa Mgts Schaeca Lgditgpitx &MSL(tivat hs g $4%3 dhllhie ztinacp {hpf g eipgdla 4,:::-ziqe` zgxlig`

io schaephc hesptqmaeps heclq`hek szacptimapats, vgthiqs sgmzlhek

geglxshs sqhpas, ge` mqlphzla fh-`aehphie cgmatgs%

Pfa MSL schaephc idnacphvas gta pi &7( gssass pfa dhilikh-cgl zipaephgl ge` cgzgchpx io gp lagsp iea pgtkap aevhtiemaep ie Mgts,

&4( pi cfgtgcpath~a pfa kailikx ge` kaicfamhsptx {hpfhe pfa lge`hek

~iea, &3( pi spq`x pfa zticassas io talavgeca pi zgsp fgdhpgdhlhpx ge`

pfa tila io {gpat, ge` &0( pi cfgtgcpath~a pfa dtig` szacptqm io sqt-ogca tg`hgphie% Pfhs eipa`, pfa MSL tivat mqsp lge` sgoalx he ge ae-

vhtiemaep gdqe`gep he schaephc zipaephgl h%a%, ciepghes hepthkqhek

qvhgl kaimitzfilikx ge` gwqgphc-dgsa` mheatglikx cfgtgcpathsphc

io ge aevhtiemaep sqhpgdla oit pfa ztasatvgphie io mhctiitkgehsms

{fhla izatgphek {hpfhe aekheaathek ciesptgheps ge` pfqs gvih`hektakhies {hpf lgtka ticbs, mgsshva gailhge da`oitms, spaaz slizas,

ge` tqkka` pattghe%Aekheaathek ge` lge`hek shpa ciesptgheps gta `aea` dgsa`

qzie pfa hehphgl `ashke io pfa szgcactgop, ge` pfa MSL tivat ogcas

shmhlgt taspthcphies gs saae he ztavhiqs Mgts mhsshies% Lgphpq`a

ktagplx heqaecas pfa tgeka he {fhcf tivats mgx sqccassoqllx lge`

ie Mgts% Pfa MSL mhsshie hs taspthcpa` pi lgphpq`as dap{aae01 E

ge` 01S% Li{ glphpq`a {he`s ge` gpmiszfathc pqtdqlaeca mqsp da

mhehmgl pi aesqta spgdhlhpx pftiqkfiqp tivat `ascaep% Alavgphie

glsi mqsp eip acaa` "7 bm `qa pi pfa eacasshpx io g sqochaep

gpmiszfathc `aeshpx cilqme `qthek szgcactgop aeptx ge` `ascaepie g zgtgcfqpa% Qzie lge`hek, pfa tivat dallx zge mgx gccim -

mi`gpa g ticb qz pi :%11m fhkf% Pfa lge`hek shpa mqsp avfhdhpg tg`gt-taacphva ge` lig`-dagthek ktiqe` sqtogca pi aesqta pfgp

pfa MSL {hll tamghe midhla% Oitpqegpalx, schaephsps cge cimzgtahe shpq `gpg gcwqhta` dx ztavhiqs tivat mhsshies ie Mgts {hpf

tamipa saeshek `gpg gcwqhta` dx pfa MTI sgpallhpa pi `apatmhea

pfa sqtogca cfgtgcpathsphcs io gex lge`hek shpa otim itdhp% Pfhs

cimzgthsie glli{s schaephsps pi gssass pfa sqtogca cimzishphiege` zipaephgl fg~gt`s he oqpqta lge`hek shpas ie Mgts {hpfiqp oqll

`azae`aecx ie he shpq `gpg%

[itbhek {hpfhe pfa Zlgeapgtx Kaizfxshcs @azgtpmaep gp

pfa Nap Ztizqlshie Lgditgpitx pfhs zgsp szthek io 4:7: gs g ci-iz

spq`aep, H fg` pfa izzitpqehpx pi gssass sqtogca fg~gt`s he p{i

eimhegpa` lge`hek allhzsas oit pfa MSL tivat> Eitpfagsp Sxtphs

Mgnit ge` Agsp Mgtkgthphoat Pattg% Qphlh~hek PFAMHS gxphma he-

otgta` dgsamgzs ge` `gpg otim pfa Mgts Itdhpgl Lgsat Glphmapat

&MILG(, mitzfilikx, alavgphie ge` sliza {ata gssassa` he agcfea{lx ztizisa` lge`hek shpa% G``hphiegllx, spatai Ciepavp Hmgkat

&CPV( ge` FhTHSA hmgkas &41cm zat zhal( {ata gcwqhta` he

agcf io pfa p{i lge`hek allhzsas ge` wqglhpgphva fg~gt` geglxsas

h`aephoxhek thzzla al`s, ticbs, ge` scgtzs {ata cie`qcpa`% Mx

wqglhpgphva ge` wqgephpgphva fg~gt` gssassmaep he pfasa p{i zi-

paephgl lge`hek shpas glli{a` g zgeal io saehit tasagtcf schaephspsge` aekheaats pi `apatmhea pfa ivatgll qsgdhlhpx io pfa p{i shpas

ie Mgts% Mx tasagtcf he takgt`s pi pfa ivatgll sgoapx io Eitpfagsp

Sxtphs Mgnit ge` Agsp Mgtkgthphoat Pattg tae`ata` pfam pii `ge-

katiqs oit tivat lge`hek ge` ptgvatsa, ge` pfax tawqhta` oqtpfat

`avalizmaep ge` azlitgphie oit oqpqta qsa%

G egl lge`hek shpa salacphie oit pfa Mgts Schaeca Lgdi-tgpitx tivat mhsshie {hll iccqt he pfa lgpa sqmmat io 4:77, ge`

tasagtcf schaephsps ge` aekheaats gp pfa Nap Ztizqlshie Lgditgpitx

`hlhkaeplx {itb pi sacqta lge`hek shpas ie Mgts {fata dipf sch-

aeca zipaephgl ge` sgoapx gta fhkf% Pfa sqccass io pfa MSL tivat

mgtbs g pqtehek zihep he gll szgca ge` zlgeapgtx avzlitgphie, ge`

pfa zipaephgl oit qecivathek mhctidhgl lhoa ie aptgpattaspthgl di`-

has {hpfhe iqt silgt sxspam hs siie pi da {hpfhe tagcf%

- Amhlx Seag`, Aevhtiemaepgl Schaeca, Clgss io 4:74

Pfa Mgts

Schaeca

LgditgpitxGe EQ spq`aep ci-izs oit EGSG

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Schaeca fgs gl{gxs fg` g mghe kigl i

avzlghehek pfa macfgehsms io pfa qe

vatsa% Pfata fgva daae mimaeps he sch

aephc fhspitx {fata g dtagbpftiqk

tavilqphieh~a` eip ielx pfa al` he {fhc

hp {gs mg`a, dqp pfa zfhlisizfx io pfg

kaeatgphie% Sqcf schaephc `hscivat

has fgva cfgeka` pfa sichgl ogdthc io pf

klida dx cfgekhek pfa {gx {a pfheb iiqtsalvas ge` iqt zlgca he pfa qehvatsa

Cizatehcqs {gs pfa tsp pi e` g ptqpf

pfgp cieptg`hcpa` cqttaep pfhebhek% @gt

{he oiqe` pfa ithkhe io szachas% Otaq

sqkkaspa` iqt dafgvhits {ata `qa p

oagts ge` `thvas io {fhcf {a fgva e

bei{la`ka% [gpsie ge` Cthcb oiqe` pf

siqtca io kaeaphc heoitmgphie% Ge` ei{

eaqtischaeca fizas pi e` cieschiqseas

azlghea` he cfamhcgl oitmqlga% Gll fgv

cgqsa` mge pi liib gp fhmsalo clisat ge

sagtcf pi e` g cimmie ktiqe` dap{aa

{fgp {a bei{ ge` {fgp {a dalhava% Pfh

sathas pgbas g liib gp pfasa tavilqphie

pi avgmhea fi{ pfax sfgza` iqt sichapx

-Ngmas Zaatlass, Cfamhcgl Aekheaathek

Clgss io 4:7

73

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Hp {gs g tg`hcgl h`ag pi zticlghm pfgp pfa Agtpf {gseip szachgl% Oit caepqthas, hp {gs gssqma` pfgp {a fq-mges {ata licgpa` gp pfa caepat io pfa qehvatsa% Iqt

fima {gs {fgp {a {iql` magsqta gll pfa tasp io pfafagvaes dx% [a {ata szachgl% [a fg` g szachgl shkeh -

cgeca gmieksp pfa spgts% Hp {gs {hpf ktagp ptazh`gphie,

pfae, pfgp Ehcilgqs Cizatehcqs sgh` pfgp pfhs {gs eip si%

Sqtalx fqe`ta`s io xagts io zfhlisizfhcgl ge` talhkhiqs

`ikmg ciql` eip da {tiek' Dqp pfa eqmdats `h`epwqhpa g`` qz% Pfa amzhthcgl avh`aeca `h`ep p% Mgex

xagts io cgtaoql idsatvgphie la` Cizatehcqs pi dalhava

pfgp simapfhek {gs patthdlx {tiek {hpf pfa il` kaicae-

pthc mi`al% Fa {gs thkfp, ge` fhs pfaitx {iql` ki ie pi

fgva mita ztioiqe` ciesawqaecas pfge fa ciql` avat

fgva hmgkhea`% Cizatehcqs falhicaepthc mi`al io pfa

silgt sxspam {iql` cfgeka pfa tila io schaeca oitavat%

Pfa kaicaepthc mi`al io pfa qehvatsa &he zgt-

phcqlgt, pfa Zpilamghc sxspam(, {fhla eavat qegehmiqs-

lx gccazpa`, {gs pfa ztavghlhek fxzipfashs oit {all ivat

iea pfiqsge` xagts% Pfa Zpilamghc sxspam zispqlgpa`

pfgp pfa Agtpf sgp he pfa mh``la io pfa qehvatsa {hpf ehea

calasphgl szfatas tipgphek gtiqe` hp% Pfa vha{ {gs eip

{hpfiqp sima tagsiegdla sqzzitp% Pfa `hspthdqphie iospgts gdiva ge` dali{ pfa fith~ie saama` pi da avae

&tiqkflx 1:>1:( ge` pfata {gs ei idsatvgdla zgtgllg he

idsatva` ciespallgphies &spgts clisat pi Agtpf sfiql` gz-

zagt pi miva ogspat pfge spgts ogtpfat g{gx% Pfhs ias, he

ogcp, iccqt, dqp pfa `hooataecas gta pii smgll pi da saae

{hpf pfa egba` axa(% Pfqs, hp oilli{a` pfgp pfa Agtpf fg`pi tash`a gp pfa caepat% Fi{avat, pfata {ata mgex g{s

pi pfa kaicaepthc mi`al, sqcf gs ge hegdhlhpx pi g`awqgpa-

lx avzlghe pfa taptiktg`a &dgcb{gt`( miphie io ipfat

zlgeaps ge` hps hegdhlhpx pi mgba ztachsa zta`hcphies iocalasphgl avaeps cieshspaeplx% Fi{avat, pfa mi`al {gs

ogt mita gccqtgpa pfge gex io pfa ztavhiqs fxzipfasas%

Pfa kaicaepthc mi`al {gs eip sathiqslx wqas-phiea` qephl pfa 71::s, zgtphgllx qa pi g lgcb io pacfei-likhcgl g`vgecas he gsptieimx ge` zgtphgllx `qa pi pfa

ogcp pfgp kaicaepthsm p vatx {all {hpf talhkhiqs scthz-pqta% Pfa tsp ptqa cfgllaeka cgma otim Cizatehcqs

zispqlgphie io g falhicaepthc sxspam he @a tavilqphieh-

dqs itdhqm cialasphqm &7103(% He hp, Cizatehcqs zta-

saepa` pfa h`ag pfgp pfa sqe {gs pfa caepat io iqt silgt

sxspam, ge` gll io pfa zlgeaps tavilva` gtiqe` hp% Shmhlgt

pi pfa Zpilamghc sxspam, fi{avat, Cizatehcqs spgxa`

ptqa pi pfa h`ag io calasphgl szfatas ge` chtcqlgt itdhps%

Tagcphies pi pfhs h`ag {ata mhva`% [hpfiqp pfa gh` iog`vgeca` idsatvgphie pacfeilikx, sqcf gs pfa palasciza,

Cizatehcqs {gs qegdla pi kgpfat aeiqkf `htacp avh`aeca

oit fhs fxzipfashs pi da {h`alx gccazpa`% G``hphiegllx,

fhs falhicaepthc mi`al `h` eip tasqlp he mita gccqtgpa

cglcqlgphies ge` zta`hcphies pfge pfa Zpilamghc mi`al%

Oqtpfatmita, pfa lag`hek zfhlisizfats ge` talhkhiqs io-chgls io pfa `gx {ata izzisa` pi pfa h`ag, gs hp spii`

gs g dlgpgep cieptg`hcphie pi pfa gccazpa` zfhlisizfhas

ge` filx scthzpqtas% @a tavilqphiehdqs itdhqm cialas-

phqm {gs pfqs zlgca` ie pfa He`av io Ztifhdhpa` Diibs

he 7?7?, ge` oqtpfat zthephek io pfa diib {gs sqszae`a`%

Fi{avat, pfhs ea{ h`ag io falhicaepthsm glsi zisa`

mgex daeaps, he zgtphcqlgt ge ges{at pi pfa wqas-

phie io taptiktg`a miphie% Cizatehcqs avzlghea` pfgp

pfa gzzgtaep dgcb{gt`s miphie dx zlgeaps he pfa

ehkfp sbx {gs, he ogcp, `qa pi pfa Agtpfs i{e mi-phie% Pfhs {iql` szqt oqtpfat hevasphkgphie, eipg-

dlx dx Pxcfi Dtgfa, Kglhlai, ge` Nifgeeas Bazlat%

Hp hs eip pfa fxzipfashs ztasaepa` dx Cizatehcqs, pfae,

pfgp hs ptqlx hmzitpgep fata% Hp hs {fgp pfa h`ag taztasaep-

a` ge` hps ciesawqaecas pfgp sfiql` da ztghsa`% Pfiqkf

fa h`ep fgva pfa g`vgepgkas pfgp Kglhlai, Bazlat, Ea{-pie, ge` pfisa pfgp oilli{a` fg`, Cizatehcqs fxzipfashs

{gs, he ptqpf, vatx ciesatvgphva% Fhs mi`al io pfa qeh-

vatsa {gs ivatlx ciecatea` {hpf ztasatvhek pfa zfhli-

sizfhcgl zatoacphie io pfa il` mi`als% He ge gppamzp

pi spgx ptqa pi pfa h`ags io calasphgl szfatas ge` zatoacp

chtcqlgt itdhps, Cizatehcqs fg` pi g`` mgex mgpfamgph-

cgl cittacphies, sqcf gs avptg azhcxclas &smgll chtcqlgtitdhps gtiqe` g mivhek zihep he pfaht lgtkat itdhps( eip

ztasaep he pfa Zpilamghc mi`al% Fhs mi`al {gs ei mitazta`hcphva it mgpfamgphcgllx gccqtgpa pfge Zpilamxs%

[fgp Cizatehcqs {itb `h` `i, fi{avat, {gs pthk-

kat g dtagb otim talhkhies cfibafil` ie schaeca% He

pfa xagts oilli{hek fhs `agpf, Kglhlai {iql` zihep fhspalasciza pi pfa sbhas ge` `ascthda pfa zfgsas io _a-

eqs ge` Nqzhpats miies ztivh`hek `htacp avh`aeca

oit g falhicaepthc silgt sxspam% Bazlat {iql` gccq-

tgpalx zta`hcp ptgeshps io Matcqtx ge` _aeqs dx gzzlx -

hek allhzphcgl itdhps pi zlgeapgtx miphie, sfgppathek pfa

zfhlisizfhcgl zatoacphie io g qehvatsa {hpf chtcqlgt

itdhps ge` calasphgl szfatas% Ea{pie {iql` `avhsa g

lg{ io qehvatsgl ktgvhpgphie% Gll io pfasa `hscivat-has {iql`, he pfaht i{e thkfp, vhilgpa talhkhiqs `ikmg%

Cizatehcqss {itb mgx eip fgva daae pfa zatoacp mi`al

pfgp gsptieimats {ata liibhek oit, dqp hps hmzlhcgphies

ogt iqp{ahkfa` hps hmzatoacphies% [hpf iea zqdlhcg-

phie, Cizatehcqs {gs gdla pi falz zqsf {aspate sichapx

iqp io hps `gtb gka% [hpf iea zqdlhcgphie, Cizatehcqs{gs gdla pi nqmzspgtp pfa Schaephc Tavilqphie% Ci-

zatehcqss falhicaepthc pfaitx fg` mqcf tiim oit hm-

ztivamaep, dqp hp {iql` ztiva pi da pfa iea io pfa tsp,

ge` iea io pfa dtgvasp, spazs pi{gt`s mi`ate schaeca%

-Bxla @aat{aspat, Dafgvhitgl Eaqtischaeca, 4:73

PfaFagvaelxSzfatas

Icpidat 70pf, 4::1

- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph ap gl%

`ascthdas pfa avhspaeca io

mhttit eaqties he mgcgwqa

miebaxs he Schaeca

Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [gpsie

ge` Cthcbs zgzat mi`al-

hek pfa sptqcpqta io @EG

gzzagts heEgpqta

Eivamdat 7688 -

Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfaHepatztapgphie io @tagms

ea{lx ascthdas pfa tila io

pfa sqdcieschiqs

Eivamdat 40pf, 7618 -

Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdlhsfasIe pfa Ithkhe io Szachashepti`qchek avilqphie dx

egpqtgl salacphie

7103 -@a tavilqphiehdqs

itdhqm cialasphqm tsp

zthepa` he Eqtamdqtk,

Katmgex iqplhehek Cizat-

ehcqs falhicaepthc mi`al

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Liibhek gp Cizatehcqs, {a cge clagtlx saa pfgpCfgtlas @gt{he {gs eip pfa tsp schaephsp pi zqd-lhsf e`heks pfgp szgtba` cieptivatsx% Fi{avat, {fae

{a pfheb io cieptivatsx he cqlpqta takgt`hek schaeca, ei

sqdnacp cimas clagtat pi mhe` pfge pfgp io avilqphie% Ho

Cizatehcqs {gs g pfite he pfa sh`as io `ikmgphc ciesat-

vgphvas, @gt{he {gs g magp clagvat% @gt{hes pfaitx io

avilqphie dx egpqtgl salacphie izaea` g cfgsm dap{aaeschaeca ge` talhkhiqs ciesatvgphvas pfgp fgs eavat daae

clisa`% Pfhs ciehcp gsh`a, @gt{hes {itb cfgeka` pfa

{aspate {itl` lhba ei ipfat zispqlgphie fgs% Fhs pfai-

thas szg{ea` zfhlisizfhas, talhkhies ge` zilhphcgl h`a-

ilikhas% Fhs sptgpakhc, likhcgl ge` mi`asp avzlgegphie io

avilqphie dx egpqtgl salacphie he fhs {itb Ie pfa Ithkhe

io Szachas he 7618 cfgeka` pfa {gx zaizla sg{ pfaht

zlgca ie pfa klida% @gt{he hs gliea he pfgp fhs `hscivatx,

pfiqkf schaephc he egpqta, fgs sfgza` {aspate cqlpqta

mita pfge hp `h` schaeca%Pfhs hs eip pi sgx pfgp @gt{hes pfaitx io avi-

lqphie {gs eip kgma cfgekhek he pfa al` io dhilikx%

Hp misp catpghelx hs% Fi{avat, @gt{he {gs eip pfa tsp

egpqtglhsp he fhs gka pi zispqlgpa pfgp szachas gtisa otim

g`gzpgphie io geipfat% Eipgdlx, Cfgtlas @gt{hes ktge`-

ogpfat, Atgsmqs @gt{he, ge` Nage Dgzphspa `a Lgmgtcb

{ata agtlx cfgmzhies io avilqphie, pfiqkf pfaht pfaithas

{ata ogt otim zatoacpa`% Glpfiqkf pfasa pfaithas {ata

zqdlhc, @gt{hes ptqa heszhtgphie cgma otim pfa {itb

dx Cfgtlas Lxall, g kailikhsp)lg{xat, phpla` Zthechzlas ioKailikx &763:-7633(% @gt{he tag` gll pftaa vilqmas io

pfhs {itb {fhla ie fhs vixgka {hpf pfa F%M%S% Dagkla%

Pfa Dagkla {gs ge azlitgpitx vassal magep oit egvhkgp-

hek pfa avzge`hek ptg`a tiqpas gctiss pfa klida% @gt{he

{gs pfa sfhzs egpqtglhsp, cfgtka` {hpf e`hek dhilikh-

cgl szachmaes io hepatasp ge` dthekhek pfam dgcb pi

Dthpghe% Hp {gs qzie pfhs vixgka pfgp @gt{hes pfaithas

{ata ciecahva`, szg{ea` dx Lxalls {itb% Lxalls oi-

cqs {gs ie kailikhcgl oitmgphie% Pfa cqttaep pfaitx

io pfa `gx, patma` cgpgsptizfhc kailikx, {gs dgsa`

gtiqe` pfa h`ag pfgp pfata {gs iea cgpgsptizfhc avaep

{fhcf mg`a pfa {itl` hepi {fgp hp ztappx mqcf liibslhba pi`gx, {hpf cqttaep cfgekas dahek ielx mheit% Lx-

all ztizisa` pfgp pfa piils pi cfgeka pfa agtpfs oitmg-phies gta sphll gcphva gll gtiqe` qs2 pfgp vilcgeias ge`

thvats gta ciespgeplx cfgekhek pfa ogca io pfa klida nqsp

gs pfax gl{gxs fg`% Pfhs pfaitx, pfiqkf saamheklx da-

ehke, fg` fqka hmzlhcgphies% Fata {gs pfa h`ag pfgp ei

lg{s {ata dtibae he pfa oitmgphie io pfa agtpf gs {a

pi`gx saa hp2 pfa macfgehsms pfgp sfgza` pfa {itl` {aei{ saa gta sphll gp {itb nqsp gs pfax gl{gxs fgva daae%

Hp saams pfgp ieca @gt{he mg`a zagca {hpf

pfhs ciecazp, ge` he ogcp amdtgca` hp, fa dakge pi wqas-

phie {fgp sfgza` pfa lgtka `hvatshpx he szachas {a saa

pi`gx% Hs hp zisshdla pfgp pfa macfgehsm pfgp ctagpa` pfa

`hvatshpx ei{ ztasaep hs sphll {itbhek9 Pfa liek vix-gka io pfa Dagkla dakge pi sfgza fhs vha{% Fa {gs gdla

pi spq`x {fgps patma` dhikaiktgzfx, it pfa `hspthdq-

phie io zlgeps ge` gehmgls he pfa klida% Fhs misp eipg-

dla e`heks {ata oiqe` ie pfa Kglgzgkis Gtcfhzalgki,

g smgll ktiqzhek io hslge`s he pfa mh`-Zgchc% [fgp

gspiehsfa` @gt{he tsp {gs pfa dtig` tgeka io szachas

oiqe` ie pfa hslge`s% Fa {gs pfae heoitma` pfgp agcf

hslge` fg` g `hooataep ktiqzhek io gehmgls, avae pfisa

fqe`ta`s io oaap g{gx otim agcf ipfat% @gt{he ciql`

Fi{ pfa @gt{hehge Tavilqphie Zilgth~a` pfa [itl`

io Scfhsm

Pfa Ithkhe

Icpidat 70pf, 4::1

- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph a

`ascthdas pfa avhspae

mhttit eaqties he m

miebaxs he Schaeca

Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [

ge` Cthcbs zgzat m

hek pfa sptqcpqta io @

gzzagts heEgpqta

Eivamdat 7688 -

Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfHepatztapgphie io @t

ea{lx ascthdas pfa

pfa sqdcieschiqs

Eivamdat 40pf, 76

Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdIe pfa Ithkhe io Sza

hepti`qchek avilqphi

egpqtgl salacphie

7103 -@a tavilqphie

itdhqm cialasphqm

zthepa` he Eqtamdqt

Katmgex iqplhehek C

ehcqs falhicaepthc m

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eip gssqma g ctagpit fg` `ashkea` g `hooataep gssitp-

maep io gehmgls ie agcf hslge`% Pfa gehmgls mqspfgva cima pi pfa hslge`s ge` cfgeka` ieca pfax {ata

szlhp% Avilqphie {gs @gt{hes ielx ges{at%

Hp mqsp da eipa` fata pfgp pfata gta `hooataep zgtps io

avilqphiegtx pfaitx% Avilqphie gs g ogcp hs pfa shmzla

h`ag pfgp il`at, lass cimzla szachas cfgeka ivat

phma hepi ea{, mita cimzlav szachas% Pfhs {gs {fgp@gt{he bea{ ge` hs misp `aehpalx gccazpa` he pfhs

`gx ge` gka% Pfa zgpf io avilqphie {gs sphll xap pi da

oiqe`% Avilqphiegtx zgpf{gxs taoat pi pfa gcpqgl zti-

cass io iea szachas dacimhek geipfat iea% Pfa cgqsaio avilqphie {gs pfa fgt`asp wqasphie pi gsb> {fgp

mgbas pfhs fgzzae9 Pfhs, @gt{he fg` pi {itb gp% Fa

spq`ha` g`gzpgphies io gehmgls% Fa spq`ha` shmhlgthphas

dap{aae gehmgls ie `hooataep ciepheaeps% Fa liiba` gp

oisshls ge` cimzgta` pfam pi pfa cqttaep gehmgls he

pfgp sgma takhie% @gt{hes ges{at, gs iqplhea` he Ie

pfa Ithkhe io Szachas, {gs egpqtgl salacphie%

Avilqphie dx egpqtgl salacphie {gs likhcgllx

ztasaepa` {hpf dgshc agmzlas pfgp {a saa avatx `gx%

Ohtsplx, `hvatshpx ahsps gmieksp szachas% Ptghps pfgp

gthsa otim pfhs `hvatshpx pfgp gta g`vgepgkaiqs pi sqt-vhvgl glli{ pfa zissasshek gehmgls pi tazti`qca, ge`

gta pfae zgssa` gliek pi pfa eavp kaeatgphie% Glsi,

ptghps pfgp falz ge gehmgl gpptgcp g mgpa gta glsi zgssa`

ie mita ztilhcgllx, pfqs pfasa ptghps gta saae he sqdsa-wqaep kaeatgphies gs {all% @gt{hes `ashke oit avilq-

phie liiba` sima{fgp lhba g ptaa, {hpf agcf oitb `a-eiphek g cimmie gecaspit% Agcf dtgecf `hvatkas `qa

pi cfgekas he pfa aevhtiemaep it ea{ zta`gpits ge`

`gekats pfgp eacasshpgpa ea{ g`gzpgphie%

[hpf ivat g fqe`ta` xagts io fhspitx dafhe`

qs, {a saa g{s he @gt{hes pfaithas, mghelx `qa pi

fhs lgcb io bei{la`ka io mi`ate kaeaphcs% Sphll, {hpfgex sfitpcimheks io pfa pfaitx, Ie pfa Ithkhe io Sza-

chas pqtea` avatxiea he Ktagp Dthpghe hepi ge avilq-phiehsp ztgcphcgllx ivatehkfp% Gopat hps zqdlhcgphie he

7618, hp {gs ogsfhiegdla pi da ge avilqphiehsp% [fae

@gt{hes h`ags cgma hepi pfa lhmalhkfp, pfax dakge pi

`hooqsa hepi ipfat taglms io pfhebhek% Fhs pfaitx dakgepi da dihla` `i{e pi pfa ivat-shmzlha` h`ag io sqt-

vhvgl io pfa ppasp, g patm ctagpa` dx zfhlisizfat ge`

dhilikhsp Fatdatp Szaecat pfgp {gs henacpa` hepi lgpat

a`hphies io Ithkhe% Fatdatp Szaecat pfge dakge pi cta-

gpa pfa h`ag io Sichgl @gt{hehsm, ge h`ag pfgp hp hs

pfa `qpx io g sichapx pi {aa` iqp pfa {agb ge` pfisaqegdla pi sqzzitp pfamsalvas% Pfhs h`ag azli`a` gll

ivat pfa zilhphcgl mgz ge` cfgeka` hepategphiegl zilh-

phcs oit pfa eap iea fqe`ta` xagts% Hp kgva cta`aecapi cgzhpglhsm% Hps dgspgt`h~gphie szqtta` ogschsps lhba

Mqssilheh% Hp avae oiqe` hps {gx hepi pfa zthma zfh -

lisizfx io pfa Egphiegl Sichglhsp Zgtpx he Katmgex%

He pfa Eg~h ztizgkge`g zhaca Mahe Bgmzo, {a e`

g misp pallhek acatzp> Fa {fi {geps pi lhva mqsp

kfp, ge` fa {fi `ias eip {gep pi kfp he pfhs {itl`

{fata apategl sptqkkla hs pfa lg{ io lhoa fgs ei thkfp pi

avhsp%He g lass dlii`x saesa, @gt{he tavilqphie-

h~a` pfa zfhlisizfhcgl ge` talhkhiqs pfhebhek qephl pfhs

zihep% Dhk egmas he clgsshcgl zfhlisizfx, sqcf gs Gths-

pipla ge` Zlgpi, heshspa` pfgp avatx dahek fg` g oitm pfgp

{gs ciecahva` daoita pfa mgpathgl taztasaepgphie% Hp oil-

li{a` pfgp pfa mgpathgl taztasaepgphie ciql` eip cfgekaktg`qgllx2 pfa oitm fg` pi da ciecahva` tsp ge` pfa mg-

pathgl fg` pi da ctagpa` gea{% Zfhlisizfats, qelhba pfa

talhkhiqs lag`ats io pfgp phma, sg{ pfhs gs ge izzitpqehpx

pi hmztiva pfa il` pfaithas tgpfat pfge g`` g dlgcb axa pi

pfaht ztioasshie% [a pfae saa pfa {itbs io pfa zasshmhsp

Scfizaefgqat, pfa tg`hcgl egpqtglhsp Otha`thcf Ehap~scfa,

ge` pfa egpqtglhsphc fqmgehsp Nife @a{ax gll hecitzi-

tgpa @gt{hehsm hepi pfaht zfhlisizfhas%@gt{hes pfaithas fgva saae ei ktagpat tashs-

pgeca he pfa {aspate {itl` pfge thkfp fata he pfa Qehpa`Spgpas, takgt`lass io pfa vha{s io hps oiqe`ats% Gtiqe`

pfa ae` io pfa eheapaaepf caepqtx, ciecates dx ciesat-vgphva Cfthsphges ivat avilqphie dakge pi thsa% @gt{he-

hsm {gs saae gs pfa hmzapqs dafhe` pfa mhlhpgthsm pfgpcgqsa` [itl` [gt H ge` {gs siie dakheehek pi e` hps

{gx hepi pfa papdiibs io avatx fhkf scfiil cfhl` he

Gmathcg% Fata {a e` pfa Scizas miebax pthgl io 7841%

He @gxpie, Paeeassaa, Nife Pfimgs Scizas {gs zqp ie

pthgl oit vhilgphek g spgpa spgpqpa dx pagcfhek avilqphie pispq`aeps he zqdlhc scfiil &pfhs lg{ ztifhdhphek avilqphie

a`qcgphie {gs ivatpqtea` he 78?:(% Pfa cgsa fg` ciesh`-

atgdla zqdlhc gppaephie ge` pfa gtkqmaeps dap{aae avge-

kalhcgl Cfthsphge ztisacqpit [hllhgm Naeeheks Dtxge

ge` gppiteax Clgtaeca @gtti{ {ata saae gs ogepgsphc ae-

patpghemaep% Glpfiqkf pfa ztisacqphie {ie pfa pthgl, gsScizas {gs khvae g $7:: ea pfgp {gs lgpat ivatpqtea`

ie g pacfehcglhpx, pfa zqdlhc sg{ pfa th`hcqliqseass io

oqe`gmaepglhsm he pfa ciepavp io schaeca% Gs zqp dx

Mhcfgal Tqsa, zfhlisizfat ge` gqpfit io Pfa Avilqphie

[gts, Pfa egphie pfa {itl` lgqkfa` gp Paeeassaa

ge` gp pfa oqe`gmaepglhsps% Eavat gkghe {gs thkfp-{hek

Cfthsphgehpx pi cfgllaeka schaeca he sqcf g {gx%

Eieapfalass, pfa ciehcp {gs eip tasilva`% Pfa

Cil` [gt zqsfa` pfa Qehpa` Spgpas pi sctgmdla pi{gt`s

gcg`amhc avcallaeca he g sitp io hepallacpqgl gtms tgca%Pfhs magep {thphek ea{ papdiibs% Lqcbhlx oit avge-

kalhsp ciesatvgphvas, Nife C% [fhpcimd ge` Faetx M%

Mitths gtthva` pi khva pfa papdiib gqpfits g schaephc

avzlgegphie io ithkhes cieshspaep {hpf g eagt-lhpatgl he-

patztapgphie io pfa dhdla> ctagphie schaeca% Ctagphie sch-

aeca hs eip agcplx qeha` hepi gex iea pfaitx2 fi{avat

hp hs qeha` he pfa ogcp pfgp hp hscta`hps avilqphie% Hp asza-

chgllx `hscta`hps @gt{hehge avilqphie% Misp ctagphie sch-aephsps zqp ei ptqsp he tg`higcphva cgtdie `gphek pi `gpa

pfa agtpf% Pfax dalhava pfgp pfa oisshl tacit` hs pfa tasqlp

io pfa cgpgsptizfhc ii`2 pfa shmzlasp ctagpqtas dahek`ti{ea` gp pfa dippim {fhla pfa misp cimzlav ascgza`

pi fhkfat ktiqe`% Mghelx, ctagphie schaeca {gs zqsfa`

he licgl scfiil digt`s gs ge glpategphva pi da pgqkfp he

cienqecphie {hpf @gt{hehge avilqphie%

Pfa a`qcgphie `adgpa ciepheqa`% He Gtbgesgs

ge` Liqhshgeg he pfa agtlx 6:s, shmhlgt lg{s {ata zgssa`pfgp oitca` dglgeca` ptagpmaep io dipf avilqphie ge`

ctagphie schaeca {gs khvae he pfa clgsstiim% Dhilikx

pagcfats {ata eip zlagsa`, gs dipf szg{ea` ciqtp cgsas%

Ohegllx, he 786;, pfa Sqztama Ciqtp tqla` pfgp pfa Liqh-

Icpidat 70pf, 4::1

- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph ap gl%

`ascthdas pfa avhspaeca io

mhttit eaqties he mgcgwqa

miebaxs he Schaeca

Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [gpsie

ge` Cthcbs zgzat mi`al-

hek pfa sptqcpqta io @EG

gzzagts heEgpqta

Eivamdat 7688 -

Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfaHepatztapgphie io @tagms

ea{lx ascthdas pfa tila io

pfa sqdcieschiqs

Eivamdat 40pf, 7618 -

Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdlhsfasIe pfa Ithkhe io Szachashepti`qchek avilqphie dx

egpqtgl salacphie

7103 -@a tavilqphiehdqs

itdhqm cialasphqm tsp

zthepa` he Eqtamdqtk,

Katmgex iqplhehek Cizat-

ehcqs falhicaepthc mi`al

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7;

shgeg ge` Gtbgesgs lg{ io dglgeca` ptagpmaep {ata cie-

sh`ata` qeciesphpqphiegl, gs pfax ogvita` iea zgtphcqlgt

talhkhie &Cfthsphgehpx(% He tasziesa pi pfhs tqlhek, cta-

gphiehsps dakge pi zqp pfaht aooitps hepi hepallhkaep ashke,g vgkqa pfaitx pfgp vgthas ktagplx qzie hepatztapgphie%

Pfa mghe aooacp hp fgs he pfa clgsstiim hs pfgp hp iooatsge glpategphva pi @gt{hehge avilqphie {hpfiqp `htacplx

taoatthek pi Ki` it pfa dhdla% Pfa ciesphpqphieglhpx io

pagcfhek hepallhkaep `ashke hs sphll dahek `adgpa` ge` pfa

dglgeca` ptagpmaep mge`gpa {hpf takgt` pi hepallhkaep`ashke vgthas dx spgpa%

Glpfiqkf {a saa szachc cgsas io avilqphie

cimhek pi ciqtp he pfa gtaeg io a`qcgphie, avilqphie fgs

daae `aazlx hektghea` he pfa cqlpqta {gt io pfa Qehpa`

Spgpas sheca pfa 78?:s% Hp hs iopae saae gs iea io pfa

oqe`gmaepgl `hooataecas dap{aae pfa ciesatvgphva dgsa

ge` pfa lhdatgl ztiktasshvas% Pfa hmzlhcgphies io @gt-

{hes pfaithas fgva daae dli{e pi sqcf g ktipaswqa zti-zitphie pfgp pfax fgva daae {tieklx heoqsa` he `adgpas

ivat gditphie ge` he aooitps pi `hsztiva Ki`% Fi{avat,

dipf sh`as io pfa `adgpa oghl pi saa pfgp pfata gta schae-

phsps ge` pfailikhges glhba pfgp saa avilqphie ge` g `aaz

talhkhiqs oghpf cimzlapalx cimzgphdla% Xap gs pfa cql-

pqta {gt tgkas ie, si {hll pfa `adgpa ivat avilqphie% Gs

pfa sichgl ciepheqgphie io @gt{hes pfaithas {gs ivat

dli{e ge` zatvatpa` iea fqe`ta` xagts gki, si pfax

sfgll ciepheqa pi da% Eavatpfalass, hp sfiql` da tamam-

data` pfgp @gt{hes pfaitx {gs iea io dhilikx ge` eip

io zfhlisizfx it sichilikx%

Glpfiqkf Cfgtlas @gt{he {gs dx ei magesg mge io salo-gkktge`h~amaep, hp {iql` da fgt` oit

fhm pi fgva gex oitashkfp hepi fi{ mqcf fa cfgeka`

iqt {itl` 71: xagts gopat pfa Ithkhe% He lhoa, fa gl{gxs

sfha` g{gx otim pfa talhkhiqs `adgpa sqttiqe`hek fhspfaithas% Fa eavat {iql` fgva {gepa` pi ctagpa g si-

chgl iqpliib it g cqlpqta-zilgth~hek `adgpa% Fa eavat

ciql` fgva hmgkhea` fhs pfaitx dahek chpa` dx pfa dhk-

kasp `aszips he fhspitx it spgqecf gpfahsps io iqt i{e

`gx% @gt{hes zlgca he fhspitx hs zgtp schaephsp ge` zgtp

gepgkiehsp, fi{avat he lhoa fa {gs zqtalx g schaephsp%

-Ngmas Zaatlass, Cfamhcgl Aekheaathek, Clgss io 4:77

Gegpimx hs @asphexPfa Pfaithas ge` Hmzgcp io @t% Shkmqe` Otaq`

Pftiqkfiqp pfa ciqtsa io fqmge fhspitx, pfata fgvadaae ciqeplass he`hvh`qgls {fi fgva heqaeca`zizqlgt pfiqkfp ge` cfgllaeka` cimmie gssqmzphies%

Oiqe` {hpf pfa lhbas io @gt{he ge` Cizatehcqs hs Shk-mqe` Otaq`, zatfgzs pfa misp {all-tacikeh~a` ge`

cieptivatshgl zsxcfilikhsp pi avat aepat pfa al`% Fhs

`avalizmaep io zsxcfigeglxshs cfgllaeka` pfa cqttaep

eiphies io zsxcfilikx, ge` fhs zatshspaeca he fhs pfaitx

agtea` fhm lakhies io oilli{ats ge` glhaegpa` fhm otim

gexiea {fi iqdpa` fhs {itb% Glpfiqkf fa {gs hehphgllxciesh`ata` g tg`hcgl he pfa al` io zsxcfilikx, zaizla

siie dakge pi gccazp zsxcfigeglxphc pfaitx ge` Otaq`dacgma tacikeh~a` gs g {itl`{h`a azatp ie pfa sqdnacp%

Daoita Otaq`s `avalizmaep io pfa pfaitx io

zsxcfigeglxshs, zsxcfilikx fg` p{i mghe gzztigcfas pi

azlghehek maepgl hssqas ge` fqmge dafgvhit% Pfa tsp

gzztigcf {gs silalx schaephc ge` {gs dgsa` ie pfa ztam-

hsa pfgp pfa dtghe {gs cieptilla` dx pfa lg{s io cfamhsptxge` zfxshcs% Pfa glpategpa vha{ {gs bei{e gs cimmie-

saesa zsxcfilikx, {fhcf talha` ie cimmie-saesa avzlg-

egphies oit fqmge dafgvhits dx qshek pfiqkfps, oaalheks,

ge` {hsfas pi cima qz {hpf cgqsa ge` aooacp avzlgeg-

phies% Pgbae sazgtgpalx, eahpfat io pfasa ithaepgphies

ciql` azlghe avatxpfhek gdiqp fqmge dafgvhit ge` mae-

pgl hssqas% Otaq`s pfaitx ghma` pi tama`x pfhs shpqgphie%

Gp hps shmzlasp, Otaq`s zsxcfigeglxphc pfaitx gssqma`

pfgp zaizla gta qeg{gta io pfa qecieschiqs ogcpits pfgpkqh`a pfaht amiphies ge` dafgvhit% Otaq` `hvh`a` pfa

mhe` hepi p{i lavals, pfa qecieschiqs &{fhcf cie-

pghes iqt `thvas ge` qtkas pfgp gta iqp io iqt g{gta-eass dqp sphll miphvgpa iqt oaalheks ge` gcphies( ge` pfa

cieschiqs &{fhcf gta gex maepgl alamaeps pfgp gta he

iqt g{gtaeass gp gex zihep he phma(% Otaq` sgh` pfgp

pfa qecieschiqs ciepghes pfa mageheks io `tagms,

slhzs io pfa piekqa, ge` pfa taztasshie io mamithas%

Otaq` glsi dalhava` pfgp qecieschiqs zticassas cge

aepat iqt cieschiqseass, dqp tsp pfax gta `hskqhsa`

it `hspitpa` gs pi ztavaep oaalheks io gehapx% Oit

avgmzla, g zatsie mgx fil` qecieschiqs oaalheks io

atiphchsm it fisphlhpx, xap pfasa oaalheks {hll da zta-saepa` he pfa cieschiqs gs nibhek it pagshek {hpf

ipfat zaizla% Pfhs aegdlas pfa zatsie pi oqlll pfaht

`ashtas, dqp hp hs he g mita sichgllx-gccazpgdla mge-

eat pfge `htacplx avztasshek fisphlhpx it atiphchsm%Otaq` dalhava` pfgp p{i `thvas kqh`a gll fqmge ami-

phie ge` dafgvhit sa &Atis( ge` gkktasshie &Pfgeg-pis(% Otaq` dalhava` pfgp pfasa `thvas ithkhegpa he g

zatsies h` &ge qecieschiqs takhie he pfa zsxcfa pfgp

ghms pi ta`qca paeshie dx oqlllhek `ashtas( dqp gta

gdla pi aepat g zatsies aki &g takhie io pfa mhe` pfgp

hs he ciepgcp {hpf taglhpx ge` mqsp dglgeca pfa `ashtas

io pfa h` ge` pfa `amge`s io pfa sqzataki(% Otaq`

dalhava` pfgp pfa ahspaeca io pfa sa ge` gkktasshie

`thvas ciql` lag` zaizla pi azathaeca gehapx, {fhcf

fa `ascthda` gs ge qezlagsgep spgpa gccimzgeha` dx

g zfxshcgl saesgphie pfgp {gtes pfa zatsie gkghesp

Icpidat 70pf, 4::1

- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph a

`ascthdas pfa avhspae

mhttit eaqties he m

miebaxs he Schaeca

Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [

ge` Cthcbs zgzat m

hek pfa sptqcpqta io @

gzzagts heEgpqta

Eivamdat 7688 -

Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfHepatztapgphie io @t

ea{lx ascthdas pfa

pfa sqdcieschiqs

Eivamdat 40pf, 76

Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdIe pfa Ithkhe io Sza

hepti`qchek avilqphi

egpqtgl salacphie

7103 -@a tavilqphie

itdhqm cialasphqm

zthepa` he Eqtamdqt

Katmgex iqplhehek C

ehcqs falhicaepthc m

7;

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hmzae`hek `gekat% Pi `agl {hpf g spgpa io gevhapx,Otaq` ztizisa` pfgp fqmges qsa g vgthapx io `aoaesa

macfgehsms pi gvih` `htacplx `aglhek {hpf saqgl ge`

gkktasshva `thvas ge` pfqs gvih` g spgpa io gehapx%

Otaq` ztizisa` pfgp g zatsies sa `thva hs iea io pfa

ktagpasp oitcas he sfgzhek g zatsies zatsieglhpx, ge` fa

avae clghma` pfgp heogeps gta `thvae dx saqgl hmzqls-as% Iea io pfa misp cieptivatshgl pfaithas Otaq` fg

takgt`hek sa {gs pfa mgla Ia`hzqs cimzla% Otaq`

spgpa` pfgp gs ge heogep, dixs h`aephox {hpf pfaht ogpfatge` {gep pi da pfaht ogpfat% Fi{avat, pfhs siie khvas

{gx pi g savqgl `ashta oit pfaht mipfat, ge` pfa dix

vha{s fhs ogpfat gs g thvgl oit pfa mipfats liva% Otaq`

glsi zqp oitpf pfa h`ag io cgsptgphie gevhapx, he {fhcf

g xiqek dix oagts io lishek fhs zaehs% Avaepqgllx, pfa

dixs Ia`hzqs cimzla hs tasilva` it taztassa`, ge` pfa

dix gdge`ies fhs hecaspqiqs `ashtas pi{gt` fhs mipfat%Shmhlgtlx, Otaq` `avaliza` pfa h`ag io pfa oa-

mgla Ia`hzqs cimzla, simaphmas taoatta` pi gs pfa

Alacptg cimzla% Pfa oamgla Ia`hzqs cimzla gs-

sqmas pfgp xiqek khtls `avaliz zaehs aevx, ge` pfa

xiqek khtl {hll fil` fat mipfat taszieshdla oit `aex-

hek fat pfa itkge, ge` {hll pqte fat savqgl aeatkx pi-{gt` fgvhek sa {hpf fat ogpfat% Otaq` dalhava` pfgp

pfa oamgla Ia`hzqs cimzla hs tasilva` ieca pfa khtl

khvas qz saqgl zqtsqhp io fat ogpfat ge` h`aephas

{hpf fat mipfat% Pfasa h`ags {ata tg`hcgl he pfa _hc-

pithge atg, ge` cgqsa` Otaq` pi lisa sima io fhs cil-

lagkqas ge` zgphaeps% Sima io Otaq`s oilli{ats ge`

cthphcs cfgllaeka` Otaq`s vha{s gdiqp pfa oamgla Ia-`hzqs cimzla, ge` dakge pi zqdlhclx cthphch~a Otaq`

gs dahek sahsp ge` eakgphva pi{gt`s {imae% Otaq`

taoqsa` pi tacgep fhs pfaitx, dqp `h` spgpa pfgp pfa

lhoa io {imae hs g `gtb ciepheaep oit zsxcfilikx%Dash`as shmzlx `avalizhek pfa pfaitx io zsx-

cfigeglxshs, Otaq` glsi ctagpa` g pfatgzaqphc ptagp-

maep io pfa sgma egma, {hpf pfa kigl io hectagshek

g zatsies salo-g{gtaeass ge` falzhek pfam pi qe`at-spge` pfa aooacps pfgp zgsp avaeps fgva ie pfaht ztas-

aep dafgvhits% Pfa p{i gszacps misp cimmielx

gssichgpa` {hpf zsxcfigeglxphc ptagpmaep gta otaa gs-

sichgphie ge` `tagm geglxshs% @qthek otaa gssichg-

phie, zgphaeps mqsp pall pfa pfatgzhsp avatx pfiqkfp pfgp

cimas pi mhe` takgt`hek zgtphcqlgt sphmqlh ge` oilli{

pfa ptghl io gssichgphies {fatavat hp lag`s% Takgt`-hek `tagm geglxshs, Otaq` dalhava` pfgp `tagms cie-

pghe g mgehoasp ciepaep, it sqtogca magehek, ge` lgpaep

ciepaep, {fhcf hs pfa `tagms qecieschiqs magehek%

Otaq` dalhava` pfgp gll `tagms gta {hsf oqlllmaeps,

{fapfat it eip pfa `tagmat tacikeh~as pfam gs sqcf%

Otaq`s pfaithas ge` ztgcphcas agtea` fhm g la-khie io oilli{ats, sima io {fhcf avaepqgllx szlhp otim

Otaq` pi oitm pfaht i{e zsxcfilikhcgl pfaithas% Pfa misp

{all-bei{e io pfasa heclq`a Glota` G`lat, {fi {aep ie

pi ctagpa he`hvh`qgl zsxcfilikx, Cgtl Nqek, {fi oiqe`a`

pfa al` io geglxphcgl zsxcfilikx, ge` Bgtae Fiteax, {fi

{aep ie pi azge` pfa h`ag io heptiszacphie% Fi{avat,

agcf io pfasa ea{ pfaithas, ge` pfa sqdsawqaep pfaithas

pfax szg{ea`, fgs sima `aktaa io Otaq`hge heqaeca%

Otaq`s zsxcfigeglxphc pfaitx sphll zatvg`as

47sp caepqtx pfiqkfp ge` cqlpqta% Misp zaizla fgva

fagt` io pfa patms aki ge` h`, ge` mgex zaizla

sphll h`aephox zsxcfipfatgzx &pglb pfatgzx( {hpf zsxcfi-geglxshs% Fhs {itb fgs daae pfa heszhtgphie oit ipfat

{itbs io gtp, lhpatgpqta, lm, ge` zizqlgt cqlpqta% Fhs

pfaithas fgva glsi clagtlx mg`a g lgsphek hmzgcp ie pfa

al` io zsxcfilikx% Fhs h`ags {ata qeztaca`aepa` ge`

{ata oilli{a` dx lakhies io a`klhek zsxcfilikhsps

ge` schaephsps io gll al`s% Fhs {itbs szqtta` ipfat

zsxcfilikhsps pi cfgllaeka Otaq`s vha{s ge` cima qz

{hpf pfaht i{e pfaithas% Zsxcfilikx gs g `hschzlhea ta-

cahva` mita gppaephie `qa pi pfa hepatasp pfa zqdlhc fg`

he Otaq` ge` fgs sheca mg`a shkehcgep g`vgecamaeps

he hps tasagtcf ge` ptagpmaep io maepgl hssqas% Catpghelx,

Otaq`s pfaithas gta eip hmmqea otim cthphchsm ge` oqt-

pfat tasagtcf, dqp hp hs clagt pfgp pfax fgva mg`a g shk -ehcgep hmzgcp ie zsxcfilikx ge` sichapx gs g {fila%

-Dthge Lapiqteagq, Zsxcfilikx, Clgss io 4:77

He 7813, Ngmas [gpsie ge` Otgechs Cthcb `hs-civata` pfa `iqdla falh sptqcpqta io @EG% Pfhsdtagbpftiqkf qsfata` he g {gva io kaeaphc tasagtcf

ge` aspgdlhsfa` @EG gs pfa mghe oitm io fata`hpgtx%

[gpsie ge` Cthcb ztizisa` pfgp p{i cfghes mg`a io

sqkgt zfiszfgpa die`s gta cieeacpa` vhg fx`tikae

die`s dap{aae zghts io dgsas> G`aehea {hpf Pfxmhea

ge` Kqgehea {hpf Cxpishea% Pfhs p{i cfghes p{hsp

pi liib lhba g szhtgl lg``at% [gpsie ge` Cthcbs `hs-

civatx fgs savatgl hmzlhcgphies oit mi`ate sichapx%

Eqmatiqs g`vgecas ge schaephsps cie`qcphek

g vgsp gmiqep io schaephc tasagtcf la` pi pfa qecivat-hek io pfa @EG zq~~la% P{i ipfat schaephsps {ata oqe-

`gmaepgl he pfa zticass dqp tamghe talgphvalx qebei{e

pi`gx> Mgqthca [hlbhes ge` Tisglhe` Otgeblhe% He 78?4

[gpsie, Cthcb ge` [hlbhes tacahva` pfa Eidal Zth~a he

zfxshilikx it ma`hchea% Pfiqkf Tisglhe` Otgeblhe {gs

assaephgl he pfa tasagtcf, sfa zgssa` g{gx he7816, oiqt

xagts daoita pfa tacikehphie% @aszhpa pfa phmas Tisg-

lhe` Otgeblhe &d% 784: he Lie`ie( idpghea` g `aktaa he

Cfamhsptx ge` dacgma ge avzatp he pfa ea{ pacfeilikxio V-tgx ctxspglliktgzfx% He V-tgx ctxspglliktgzfx, ge

Fata`hpx gs Cfamhsptx

Icpidat 70pf, 4::1

- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph ap gl%

`ascthdas pfa avhspaeca io

mhttit eaqties he mgcgwqa

miebaxs he Schaeca

Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [gpsie

ge` Cthcbs zgzat mi`al-

hek pfa sptqcpqta io @EG

gzzagts heEgpqta

Eivamdat 7688 -

Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfaHepatztapgphie io @tagms

ea{lx ascthdas pfa tila io

pfa sqdcieschiqs

Eivamdat 40pf, 7618 -

Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdlhsfasIe pfa Ithkhe io Szachashepti`qchek avilqphie dx

egpqtgl salacphie

7103 -@a tavilqphiehdqs

itdhqm cialasphqm tsp

zthepa` he Eqtamdqtk,

Katmgex iqplhehek Cizat-

ehcqs falhicaepthc mi`al

Pfa @hscivatx io @EG

76

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78

v-tgx hs sfip gp g ztipahe pi `a`qca hps sptqcpqta% Qshekpfhs pacfehwqa, schaephsps cge vhsqglh~a pfa sptqcpqta io

vatx smgll cimzieaeps he g call,

lhba @EG% [hlbhes, g eqclagt

zfxshchsp glsi sqkkaspa` qs-hek V-tgx ctxspglliktgzfx pi

spq`x @EG% Fi{avat, hespag`

io ciizatgphek, Otgeblhe ge`

[hlbhes dqmza` fag`s ota-

wqaeplx zipaephgllx sli{hek

pfaht ztiktass% Gltag`x hepat-

aspa` he kaeaphcs {hpf g `aktaa

he ~iilikx, [gpsie dacgma

hevilva` he pfa ztinacp gopat

fagthek g lacpqta io [hlbhes

ge` saahek hmgkas io @EG%

Fa siie miva` pi Cgvae`hsf

Lgditgpitx, g fip szip oit v-tgx

ctxspglliktgzfhc ztinacps% Cthcb

gp pfa phma {gs spq`xhek fa-

miklidhe gp pfa sgma licgphie

{fata fa {gs tactqhpa` dx [gpsie pi `avaliz g

mi`al io @EG sptqcpqta% Qshek Otgeblhes zfi-pis, pfax zqdlhsfa` pfaht {itb he Egpqta he 7813%

Dash`as V-tgx Ctxspglliktgzfx mgex ipfat ta-

caep spq`has ciepthdqpa` pi pfa mi`al% Ktakit Mae`alpftiqkf azathmaepgphie {hpf zags idsatva` pfgp ptghps,

pi`gx cglla` kaeas, gta hefathpa` he catpghe zgppates% Pfa

zgppates cittalgpa pi ogcpits, lhba sfgza ge` cilit pfgp

gta licgpa` ie pfa sgma kaea% P{i xagts lgpat he 76?6

Otha`thcf Mhascfat hsilgpa` eqclahc gch` otim calls oit

pfa tsp phma% Hp {gsep qephl 7800 pfgp Is{gl` Gvatx

cieeacpa` pfa p{i `hscivathas {fhla idsatvhek dgcpa-

thgl sptghes pfqs cieclq`hek pfgp eqclahc gch`s mg`a qzkaeas% Oilli{hek pfhs `hscivatx pfa ptae` gmiek sch-

aephsps sfhopa` otim g vha{ io ztipahes gs pfa mi`a io

fata`hpgtx pi @EG gs oqe`gmaepgl sptqcpqta io lhoa% He

781:, At{he Cfgtkgoos oiqe` pfgp pfata gta awqgl eqm-

dats io g`aehea ge` pfxmhea ge` kqgehea ge` cxpishea%Pfa egl zhaca io avh`aeca {gs Lheqs Zgqlheks e`hek

io ztipahes {hpf falhcgl sfgzas%

He ogcp he pfa sgma xagt gs

[gpsie ge` Cthcb ztizisa` g

`iqdla falhv mi`al, Zgqlhek

zqdlhsfa` g zgzat sqkkasp-

hek g pftaa-falhcgl sptqcpqta%

Dx kgpfathek gll pfhs heoit-

mgphie, [gpsie ge` Cthcb{ata gdla pi `avaliz pfa

`iqdla falhv mi`al io @EG%

Otim ma`hchea pi gkthcql-pqta pfa hmzgcp io [gpsie /

Cthcbs `hscivatx hs ztioiqe`%

Mgehzqlgphie io pfa kaeaphc

ci`a cge fgva ztioiqe` ao-

oacps ie ge itkgehsm> otim

dgl`hek pi sathiqs `hsit`ats

lhba @i{e sxe`tima% Mass-

hek {hpf pfa sptqcpqta io @EG

ge` glpategphek pfa kaeaphc sawqaeca cge ztavaep it

aefgeca catpghe ptghps qsfathek he g {fila ea{ {gx piptagp hsagsas% Pi`gx, @EG ekatzthephek hs cimmie he

cthma scaea hevasphkgphies ge` kaeaphc mgehzqlgphie hs

qsa` pi kti{ lgtkat, zasp tashspgep zlgeps% Cliehek hs ei{

assaephgl he mhctidhilikhcgl tasagtcf ge` he 788? @illx

pfa sfaaz dacgma pfa tsp cliea` mgmmgl% Fi{avat,

mqcf cieptivatsx ge` `adgpa sqttiqe`s pfa kaeaphc

ci`a pi`gx aszachgllx {hpf taszacp pi pfa apfhcs io clie-hek% Otim 788: pi 4::3 pfa Fqmge Kaeima Ztinacp la`

pi pfa cimzlapa mgzzhek io pfa fqmge kaeima, g zti-oiqe` g`vgeca he kaeaphcs% [gpsie ge` Cthcb cfgeka`

pfa {gx mge gzztigcfas schaephc tasagtcf ge` izaea`

qz ea{ al`s io spq`x% [hpfiqp pfhs dtagbpftiqkf, mge

{iql` sphll da hkeitgep io pfa macfgehsms io fata`hpx%

-Pgtg @fhektg, Dhicfamhsptx, Clgss io 4:74

Cizatehcqs ztiva` pfgp pfa agtpf hsep pfa caepatio pfa qehvatsa, @gt{he sfi{a` qs {ata gll nqspclavat cfhmzge~aas, Otaq` pil` qs {a tqe ie zi{atoql

sqdcieschiqs `ashtas, ge` lgsplx, pfa `hscivatx io @EG%

Otgechs Cthcb, gopat `hscivathek pfa cihla` `iqdla falh

ge` pfqs tavilqphieh~hek pfa {gx {a pfheb gdiqp iqt

kaeas ge` iqt fhspitx, ogmiqslx sgh`, Pfata hs ei sch-

aephc spq`x mita vhpgl pi mge pfge pfa spq`x io fhs i{e

dtghe% Iqt aephta vha{ io pfa qehvatsa `azae`s ie hp%

Pfa `hscivatat io @EG szaep fhs lgpat xagts cievheca`

io pfa heptheshc hmzitpgeca io eaqtischaeca, tasilqpa

pfgp pfa spq`x io pfa dtghe gp pfa milacqlgt laval {iql`

`hscivat pfa eaqtgl cittalgpa io cieschiqseass, ge` zta-

`hcpa` pfgp eaqtischaeca {iql` ki pftiqkf g milacqlgt

tavilqphie cimzgtgdla pi pfa iea fa fg` la` he dhilikx%

Oit mgex, eaqtischaeca hs pfa egpqtgl ae`

zihep oit pfa misp ztasshek ge` cqthiqs hssqas2 hp hs pfacqlmhegphie io g vgthapx io wqasphies otim ge gttgx

io `hooataep sqdnacps% Otim {fata `ias cieschiqseass

gthsa9 [fgp cgqsas maepgl hlleass9 Fi{ `i {a lagte9

Fi{ `ias mamitx {itb9 Hp hs g qehoxhek al`, hp hs

fata pfgp gll io pfa `gpg {a fgva cillacpa` ge` idsatvg-

phies {a fgva mg`a otim schaeca, zsxcfilikx, sichil-ikx, zfhlisizfx, avae talhkhie, {hll da ciit`hegpa` hepi

g {fila zhcpqta% Avatxpfhek otim {fgp mgbas qs lagte,

EaqtischaecaPfa Tavilqphie io Iqt Kaeatgphie

Icpidat 70pf, 4::1

- Gcg`amhc zgzat dxEalhssae, Th~~ilgph a

`ascthdas pfa avhspae

mhttit eaqties he m

miebaxs he Schaeca

Gzthl 41pf, 7813 - [

ge` Cthcbs zgzat m

hek pfa sptqcpqta io @

gzzagts heEgpqta

Eivamdat 7688 -

Shkmqe` Otaq`s PfHepatztapgphie io @t

ea{lx ascthdas pfa

pfa sqdcieschiqs

Eivamdat 40pf, 76

Cfgtlas @gt{he zqdIe pfa Ithkhe io Sza

hepti`qchek avilqphi

egpqtgl salacphie

7103 -@a tavilqphie

itdhqm cialasphqm

zthepa` he Eqtamdqt

Katmgex iqplhehek C

ehcqs falhicaepthc m

78

8/2/2019 NU Science Issue 4

20/24

4:

pi {fgp mgbas qs oaal, pi {fgp mgbas qs sichglh~a2

he sfitp, {fgp mgbas qs fqmge% Pfata gta `i~aes io

zlgcas pi liib oit ges{ats, otim tasagtcf he milacq-

lgt eaqtischaeca, {fhcf ei{ glli{s zgtglx~a` zaizla

pi miva idnacps qshek pfaht i{e eaqties, pi sxspams

eaqtischaeca, {fhcf hs ctagphek g ea{ oitm io gtph-chgl hepallhkaeca qshek ge alacpthc eatviqs sxspam gs g

mi`al% [a fgva si mqcf `gpg ie pfa pgdla otim hesh`a

iqt dtghes, pfa mgnithpx io {fhcf hs pgepglh~heklx `a-

pghla` xap sphll qe`achzfatgdla% [a cge saa zgppates he

hps gegpimx, dqp {a sphll `iep bei{ {fgp pfax mage%

Pfa cimzlahpx io pfa al` hs {fgp mgbas hp si ztim-

hshek, fi{avat hp hs glsi {fgp mgbas hp si `hocqlp pi

ktgsz% Pfa awqhshpalx cimzla gcphie io pfa thek io

g shekla eaqtie qz pi pfa {gx {a lagte pi zlgx pfa vhi-lhe gll fgzzaes he pfa dtghe% Gs Cthcb zqp hp Avae iqt

liophasp gszhtgphies gta dxzti`qcps io eaqtgl gcphvhpx%

Oit sima, schaeca fgs ei zlgca ges{athek `aazlx he-

pthcgpa fqmgea hssqas lhba cieschiqseass it amzgpfx

it iqt zatcazphie io taglhpx% Pfata hs g beaa natb tagc -

phie pfgp cgqsas qs pi ctx, Hm g cimzlav fqmge da-

hek cgzgdla io fhkfat it`at pfiqkfp ge` dqhl`hek ticbapsfhzs ge` gmdhek siqo, H cgep da azlghea` g{gx

dx cfamhcgl tagcphies' He taglhpx, qe`atspge`hek iqt

dhilikhcgl zticassas he ei {gx lassaes {fgp {a avzath-

aeca% Hp hs `ascthzphie, eip avzlgegphie% Pfa mita {a`hscivat gdiqp pfa cfamhcgl, dhilikhcgl, ge` zfxsh-

cgl ztizatphas io iqt i{e dtghes, pfa mita {a taglh~a

fi{ he pfa `gtb {a gta gdiqp pfa `azpf io cimzlav-

hpx pfgp cimzthsas iqt mhe`s, ge` pfa mita hefataeplxogschegphek hp gll saams% He g sptgeka {gx, qetgvalhek

pfa dhilikhcgl qe`atzheeheks io iqt dtghe hepaeshas

pfa saesa io mxspatx2 hp cgqsas qs pi mgtval gp pfa he-

cta`hdla avilqphie pfgp fg` pi iccqt pi mgba qs fqmge%

Fgva xiq avat eiphca` pfgp simaiea {gs gdiqp pi pgba

g dg` ogll ge` hecfa` he tasziesa, mimaepgthlx oaal-

hek pfgp zatsies zghe9 Pfa tagsie oit pfgp ciql` da

oiqe` he simapfhek cglla` mhttit eaqties% Pfasa {ata

tsp h`aepha` gp pfa Qehvatshpx io Zgtmg dx Hpglhge ta-

sagtcfat Th~~ilgpph ge` fhs cillagkqas, {fi {ata pasphek

mipit eaqties he pfa ztamipit citphcgl gtag io mgcgwqa

miebaxs% Pfa ztamipit citpav hs g zgtp io pfa dtghe pfgp

sazgtgpas saesitx hezqp ge` mipit iqpzqp2 hp hs {fata

gcphies gta wqhcblx tafagtsa` daoita dahek cimzlapa`

dx pfa mipit eaqties% Gs iopae saams pi da pfa cgsa he

schaeca, hp {gs eip wqhpa oitashkfp dqp ge gcch`aep pfgp

cgqsa` pfam pi zgqsa ge` eiphca simapfhek qeqsqgl%

Th~~ilgpph ge` fhs cillagkqas {ata kihek gdiqp pfahtdqsheass, agphek tgvhilh, lhspaehek pi izatg ge` magsqt-

hek pfaht miebaxs dtghe {gvas, {fae iea io pfam ei-

phca` simapfhek i``-pfa sgma eaqties he pfa ztamipit

citpa pfgp ta` {fae pfa miebax fhmsalo zhcba` qz g

zageqp {ata glsi taszie`hek {fae pfa miebax sg{ g

tasagtcfat zhcb qz g zageqp% Pfa miebaxs ztamipiteaqties {ata taszie`hek pi pfa mata idsatvgphie io ge

gcphie% Pfa tasagtcfats fg` spqmdla` qzie simapfhekdhk% Gs Th~~ilgpph {iql` lgpat zta`hcp, mhttit eaqties

{hll `i oit zsxcfilikx {fgp @EG `h` oit dhilikx%

[fgp pfax oiqe` hs g dhilikhcgl dgshs io hmhpgphva lagte-hek ge` cqlpqta gcwqhshphie% Dx idsatvhek geipfat geh-

mgls gcphies, taszie`hek vhg mhttit eaqties, ge gehmgl

ciql` aekgka he hmhpgphva lagtehek ge` zisshdlx qe`at-

spge` pfa hepaep dafhe` pfa gcphie% Pfhs sfgta` bei{l-a`ka ciql` fgva glli{a` gehmgls pi avilva he piqkf

aevhtiemaeps, {hpf iea aszachgllx clavat miebaxs

bei{la`ka io piils dahek sfgta` {hpf gll io pfa mie-

baxs io fhs pthda% Mhttit eaqties {ata tacaeplx h`aeph-a` he fqmge azhlazsx zgphaeps he @t% Hp~fgb Otha`s lgd

gp QCLG% Pfax {ata oiqe` he mita zgtps io pfa dtghege` avae mita fhkflx `avaliza` pfge pfisa oiqe` he pfa

mgcgwqas% Iqt mita sizfhsphcgpa` oitms io mhttit eaq-

ties mage {a cge aekgka he mita cimzlhcgpa` oitms

io hmhpgphie% Tasagtcfats fxzipfash~a pfgp pfa mgcgwqa

miebaxs ztamipit citphcgl gtag avilva` hps mhttit

eaqtie sxspam gs ge gtag oit fhkf-laval cieptil io og-chgl gcphies% Ho pfhs ztivas pi da geglikiqs he fqmges,

hp ciql` mage pfgp mhttit eaqties ge` hmhpgphva lagte-

hek gta {fgp la` qs otim ctq`a zgepimhma cimmqehcg-

phie pi pfa piekqa mivamaeps io tq`hmaepgtx lgekqgka%

Pfasa eaqties ciql` glsi ztiva pi da pfa dhilikhcgl

dgshs oit amzgpfx, gs tasagtcf hepi pfa mhttit eaqties

io dipf Gqphsm zgphaeps ge` sxeaspfapas sfi{s% Avzath-

maeps fgva sfi{e pfgp zaizla {hpf Gqphsm mgx fgva

`achaechas he pfa gdhlhpx io pfaht mhttit eaqties pi

oqecphie ztizatlx% Pfa cimmie shkes io Gqp