Novel CCU Technologies, research and climate …...Novel CCU Technologies, research and climate...

Novel CCU Technologies, research and climate aspects.

A SAPEA Report

Marco Mazzotti, ETH Zurich

ECRA/CEMCAP/CLEANKER Workshop

Brussels – October 17th, 2018

Acknowledgements Science Advice for Policy by European Academies

https://www.sapea.info/ccu/ https://ec.europa.eu/research/sam/pdf/sam_ccu_report.pdf

https://www.sapea.info/ccu/

https://ec.europa.eu/research/sam/pdf/sam_ccu_report.pdf

https://ec.europa.eu/research/sam/pdf/sam_ccu_report.pdf

The questions by the EC

• Under what circumstances CCU for production of

fuels, chemicals and materials can deliver climate

benefits and what are their total climate mitigation

potential in the mid- and long-run?

• How can the climate mitigation potential of CO2

incorporated in products such as fuels, chemicals and

materials be accounted for considering that the CO2

will remain bound for different periods of time and

then may be released in the atmosphere?

Outline

1. The CCU system

2. RES efficiency in delivering energy services

3. Carbon balances of technology chains

4. Innovation needed

1. The CCU system

2. CO2 conversion

C-rich product

3. Product utilization

C-rich waste

1. CO2 capture

CO2 4. Disposal

of CO2

1. The CCU system

2. CO2 conversion

C-rich product


C-rich waste

1. CO2 capture

CO2 4. Disposal

of CO2

1. The CCU system

2.2. H2 synthesis

H2 2.3. CO2 +

H2 reaction 2.1. RES

harvesting power

2. CO2 conversion

C-rich product


C-rich waste

1. CO2 capture

CO2 4. Disposal

of CO2

1. The CCU system

2.2. H2 synthesis

H2 2.3. CO2 +


harvesting power

CCU POTENTIAL IN EU TO SUPPORT: • climate change objectives; • circular economy (O- vs. L-economy); • energy security and RES deployment; • evolution of CO2 capture systems.

2. CO2 conversion

C-rich product


C-rich waste

1. CO2 capture

CO2 4. Disposal

of CO2

1. The CCU system

2.2. H2 synthesis

H2 2.3. CO2 +


harvesting power


WG VIEW: SOCIETAL SERVICES • power generation and distribution; • fuels (and power) for transport; • long-term long-range RES storage; • industrial products and materials.

2. CO2 conversion

C-rich product


C-rich waste

1. CO2 capture

CO2 4. Disposal

of CO2

1. The CCU system

2.2. H2 synthesis

H2 2.3. CO2 +


harvesting power

CCU CYCLES • Energy cycle • Carbon cycle • Material cycles


WG VIEW: SOCIETAL SERVICES • power generation and distribution; • fuels (and power) for transport; • long-term long-range RES storage; • industrial products and materials.

2. RES efficiency in service delivery


100%

100%

80%

H2

100%

H2O

37%

45%


100%

100%

80%

H2

100%

H2O

37%

45%


100%

100%

80%

CH4

12%

35%

CO2 + REN

H2

100%

H2O

37%

45%

2. Energy mix

100%

100%

80%

CH4

12%

35%

CO2

CO2 + REN

H2

100%

H2O

37%

2. Road transport

100%

80%

CH4

12%

CO2

CO2 + REN

9.5 PWh 4.5 PWh 29 PWh

Road EU-28 3.5 PWh (2015)

RES EU-28 2.5 PWh (2015)

3. Carbon balances

3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

3. Carbon balances Functional unit

processing utilization C-rich product

C-free product

C-rich feedstock (reduced C)

C-free resources (materials and/or

energy)

CO2 CO2

C-free waste

C-free waste

service

3. Carbon balances Functional unit 1: C-use and centralized CO2 emissions


C-free product



energy)

CO2 CO2

C-free waste

C-free waste

service

Functionalunit1:

• fossil-fuel-firedpowerplant

• largescaleindustrialboilerforheatgeneration

• chemicalplantcoupledtoincineratorforC-richwastedisposal(polymericmaterials)

Functionalunit2:

• ureaproductionanduse

• fuels(cars,ships,planes)synthesisanduse

• chemicalplantnot-coupledtoincinerator,ortoincineratorwithoutCO2capture

3. Carbon balances Functional unit 1: C-use and centralized CO2 emissions

Functional unit 2: C-use and distributed CO2 emissions


C-free product



energy)

CO2 CO2

C-free waste

C-free waste

service

Functionalunit1:

• fossil-fuel-firedpowerplant

• largescaleindustrialboilerforheatgeneration

• chemicalplantcoupledtoincineratorforC-richwastedisposal(polymericmaterials)

Functionalunit2:

• ureaproductionanduse

• fuels(cars,ships,planes)synthesisanduse

• chemicalplantnot-coupledtoincinerator,ortoincineratorwithoutCO2capture

3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

Functional unit 1: point source CO2 emissions

Functional unit 2: distributed CO2 emissions

3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns



3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns

Fossil (reduced) carbon

Oxidized carbon (CO2)

Synthetic (reduced) carbon

Biogenic (reduced) carbon



Renewable energy source CO2 conversion plant, incl. electrolyzer for H2

Direct air capture of CO2 from the atmosphere (DAC)

Biomass treatment plant

Managed biomass growth

Post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC)

Underground CO2 storage

CO2 in the atmosphere

3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

3. L-economy w/ CCS

po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns

net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns














3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

3. L-economy w/ CCS

po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns

net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns

4. L-economy w/ DAC-CS














3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

3. L-economy w/ CCS

2. L-economy w/ CCU po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns

net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns















3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

3. L-economy w/ CCS

2. L-economy w/ CCU

5. O-economy w/ CCU

6. O-economy w/ DAC-CU

po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns

net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns















3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

3. L-economy w/ CCS

2. L-economy w/ CCU

5. O-economy w/ CCU


7. O-economy w/ bio-energy

po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns

net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns















3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

3. L-economy w/ CCS

2. L-economy w/ CCU

5. O-economy w/ CCU



8. NET-economy w/ bio- energy and CCS: BECCS

9. NET-economy w/ DAC and CS: DACCS

po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns

neg

ativ

e C

O2

emis

sio

ns

net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns















3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

3. L-economy w/ CCS

2. L-economy w/ CCU

5. O-economy w/ CCU





po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns

neg

ativ

e C

O2

emis

sio

ns

net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns


A FEW COMMENTS • C-free RES to be LCA-assessed; • CCU neither sufficient nor needed for O-

economy, while CO2 capture needed; • CO2 storage necessary for NETs; • full LCA needed to allocate CO2 emissions

to stakeholders.

3. Carbon balances

1. L-economy

3. L-economy w/ CCS

2. L-economy w/ CCU

5. O-economy w/ CCU





po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns

neg

ativ

e C

O2

emis

sio

ns

net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns


A FEW COMMENTS • C-free RES to be LCA-assessed; • CCU neither sufficient nor needed for O-

economy, while CO2 capture needed; • CO2 storage necessary for NETs; • full LCA needed to allocate CO2 emissions

to stakeholders.

SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM ANALYSIS • the whole technology chain, incl. RES,

CO2 source, product, C-waste release; • Carbon and energy balances around the

system boundaries; • infrastructure and land use needs; • deployment current and projected scale.

4. Innovation needed

1. Policy perspective – Measures, regulations and incentives should examine the energy system, including CCU, in a holistic, integrated, coordinated and transparent manner.

2. Systemic perspective – A system approach is required when evaluating the energy system and its CCU sub-systems; progress is needed, in terms both of stakeholder awareness and of consistent definitions of system boundaries and of reference datasets.

3. Technology perspective – There are scientific and technical challenges in the areas of: 1. collection and purification of CO2 from different sources; 2. synthesis of green-hydrogen via water splitting powered by RES; 3. reductive activation catalytic technologies for CO2 conversion to

fuels and chemicals.

5. Comparison of net-zero CCU loops to C-free systems

Sutter, van der Spek, Mazzotti, submitted (2018)

5. The efficiency cost of seasonal energy storage

Power-methane-power Power-methanol-propulsion


5. CCU fuels for power generation and propulsion

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Hydrogen Ammonia Methane MethanolN

et c

ycle

eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

Power-X-power Power-X-propulsion

Power-methane-power

~30% net cycle efficiency

Power-ammonia-power

efficiency > CCU fuels: ~35%


Power-methane-power


Power-ammonia-power

efficiency > CCU fuels: ~35%

Power-methanol-propulsion


Power-hydrogen-X

Highest efficiencies for power

and propulsion

Transport fuel of choice!?

5. CCU fuels for power generation and propulsion

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Hydrogen Ammonia Methane MethanolN

et c

ycle

eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

Power-X-power Power-X-propulsion


Fossil carbon

Chemical products provide services

CO2

Biogenic carbon

Use of product and provision of

service

Waste management including incinerator

Synthesis


Chemical products provide services

🏭




Today route

Use of product and provision of service 🏭

Oil & gas petrochemical route

po

siti

ve C

O2

emis

sio

ns


Chemical products in a net-zero-CO2-emissions world

🏭 CCS route

Oxidized carbon (CO2) Direct air capture of CO2 from the atmosphere (DAC)









🏭 CCS route

Oxidized carbon (CO2) Direct air capture of CO2 from the atmosphere (DAC)







net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns



🏭

CCU route

CCS route




Renewable energy source







CO2 conversion plant, incl. electrolyzer for H2




CCU route













net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns



🏭

CCU route

CCS route













net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns



🏭

Biorefinery route

CCU route

CCS route












Biorefinery





Biorefinery route












Biorefinery



net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns



🏭

Biorefinery route

CCU route

CCS route






Biorefinery








net

-zer

o C

O2

emis

sio

ns


🏭

Biorefinery route

CCU route

CCS route

• Only 15% of oil (i.e. only about 5% of all fossil-Carbon) is used for chemicals.

• CCS route seems feasible (1-2 Gt CO2/y) in terms of costs, resources and impact.

• Effective coupling of waste management and CO2 capture is a prerequisite.

• Full LCA needed to allocate CO2 emissions to stakeholders.

• CCU route requires new chemistry and possibly new products.

• Renewable energy penalty is substantial. • Land use footprint for renewables and

DAC is to be evaluated.

• Biorefinery route involves new products and requires new chemistry.

• Natural resources footprint is critical.

Novel CCU Technologies, research and climate …...Novel CCU Technologies, research and climate...

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