NEXT The World in 1500, Beginnings–1500 The nation underwent social reform, economic development,...
-
Upload
alvin-merritt -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of NEXT The World in 1500, Beginnings–1500 The nation underwent social reform, economic development,...
NEXT
The World in 1500, Beginnings–1500
The nation underwent social reform, economic development, and territorial expansion.
A Native American chief from Cuba greets Christopher Columbus in 1492. Engraving (19th century).
NEXT
The World in 1500, Beginnings–1500
Crossing to the Americas
Societies of North America
Societies of West Africa
Societies of Europe
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
SECTION 5 Early European Explorers
NEXT
Section 1
Crossing to the Americas
Ancient peoples came from Asia to the Americas and over time developed complex civilizations.
The First People in America
NEXT
Crossing to the Americas
• First people migrate, or move, to Americasfrom Asia
1SECTION
• Others believe they come by many routes, starting 30,000 years ago
• Some believe they cross land bridge—Beringia—about 12,000 years ago
Map
Agriculture Leads to Civilization
NEXT
1SECTION
• Some cultures grow complex and become civilizations
• About 5,000 years ago, begin domestication—grow plants, tame animals
• Culture—way of life shared by people, similar arts, beliefs, customs
• Also have organized government and religion, record keeping
• Civilizations have cities, specialized jobs for people, advanced tools
• First Americans’ culture is huntingand gathering
Early Mesoamerican Civilizations
NEXT
1SECTION
• Olmec set up trade routes; build pyramid mounds, cities
• About 1,200 B.C. Olmec civilization thrivesin mesoamerica
• Around 400 B.C., abandon cities forunknown reasons
• Build cities, pyramid mounds; developyearly calendar
• By A.D. 250, Maya develop civilization in southern Mexico, Guatemala
• By 900, Maya abandon cities forunknown reasons
Image
The Hohokam and the Anasazi
NEXT
1SECTION
• Farmers who use irrigation—bring waterto crops
• From about 300 B.C. to A.D. 1400, Hohokam live in American Southwest
• By about A.D. 100, Anasazi live in American Southwest; mainly farmers
• Around 1300, drought or warfare cause Anasazi to leave homes
• Build pueblos, or many-storied houses, against canyon walls
Image
The Mound Builders
NEXT
1SECTION
• Build large earthen structures
• Mound Builders—early Native Americans in eastern U.S.
• Two oldest are Hopewell (400 B.C.—A.D. 400) and Adena
• Last Mound Builders—Mississippians—build first cities in North America
• Hopewell are farmers; large trade network; mounds are burial sites
• By 1700s, most Mississippians die of diseases brought by Europeans
NEXT
Section 2
Societies of NorthAmericaBy 1500, a variety of Native American groups—each with a distinct culture—lived in North America.
Native American Diversity
NEXT
Societies of North America 2SECTION
• Environment shapes each group’s economy, technology, religion
• By 1500, hundreds of Native Americancultural groups
• Technology—use of tools, knowledge to meet human needs
• Environment affects religion; groups believe certain places sacred
• Environment causes groups’ economies and technologies to vary
• Trade links Native Americans
Map
Peoples of the North and Northwest Coast
NEXT
2SECTION
• Inuit live on tundra—treeless, frozen plain • They use kayaks, or small boats, to hunt
sea mammals
• They make wooden houses, boats, carved objects
• Northwest Coast people, such as Kwakiutl and Haida, fish salmon
• Kwakiutl and Haida potlatch ceremonies; give away objects to mark status
• Aleut live on islands off Alaska
Image
Peoples of the West
NEXT
2SECTION
• Men hunt game; women gather wild foods, some are expert weavers
• Native Americans in West are huntersand gatherers
• Western groups have spiritual beliefs linkedto nature
Peoples of Mexico
NEXT
2SECTION
• Begin building capital city, Tenochtitlán,in 1325
• Irrigation helps them grow many crops
• Complex society with upper, middle,lower classes
• Conquer peoples who give food, resourcesto them
• Aztecs have great civilization in central Mexico
Peoples of the Southwest
NEXT
2SECTION
• Build many-storied, adobe houses
• In American Southwest, Pueblo people use irrigation to farm
• Men hunt, farm, weave, build; women cook, repair houses, craft pottery
• Later, Navajo become farmers
• Navajo, Apache arrive later; hunters and gatherers; trade with Pueblo
Peoples of the Great Plains
NEXT
2SECTION
• Some Plains tribes are nomads; others live in villages by rivers
• Great Plains extend from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains
• Hunt bison; use its hide for clothes, bones for tools
• Spiritual beliefs vary; some honor sacred places
• Mandans and Pawnee live in large circular lodges
Image
Peoples of the Southeast
NEXT
2SECTION
• Women farm; men hunt, fish, clear land • Society is matrilineal—trace ancestry through
the mother • In villages, people gather at central square for
meetings, ceremonies
• Choctaw and Chickasaw are farmers
Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
NEXT
2SECTION
• Use slash-and-burn agriculture—chop, burn trees; use ash to enrich soil
• Most Eastern Woodland peoples speak Iroquoian or Algonquian language
• Iroquois live in longhouses; Algonquin live in wigwams
• Form 5-tribe alliance—Iroquois League, brings period of peace to Iroquois
• Warlike Iroquois take advice from Deganawida, make peace
Image
NEXT
Section 3
Societies of West Africa
The peoples of West Africa developed sophisticated kingdoms, trade networks, and artistic achievements.
African Geography and World Trade
NEXT
Societies of West Africa 3SECTION
• By A.D. 1500, trade routes link African coastal ports with rest of world
• Africa is second largest continent; variety of land forms and climate
• West Africa has rain forest and savanna; the Sahara borders the north
Map
Ghana Grows Wealthy
NEXT
3SECTION
• First West African kingdom, Ghana, grows rich from gold and salt trade
• Camel caravans cross Sahara; connect West Africa with rest of world
• Controls this trade from 700s to mid-1000s • Kings impose taxes, use wealth for army, build
empire
Islam Enters Ghana
NEXT
3SECTION
• Islam—founded by prophet Muhammad; teaches that there is one God, Allah
• Muslims—followers of the religion Islam
• Muslim traders bring Islam from North Africa to West Africa
• In 1076, Muslim army conquers Ghana city and weakens Ghana’s power
Mali Replaces Ghana
NEXT
3SECTION
• Its wealth also comes from gold-salt trade
• By 1200s, kingdom of Mali conquers most of Ghana
• Mali’s ruler, Sundiata, increases Mali’s power, prosperity
• Shows off wealth to rest of world; spreads Islamic culture in Mali
• Other great leader, Mansa Musa (1312—1337), is Muslim
• After Mansa Musa’s death, Mali slowly weakens
The Empire of Songhai
NEXT
3SECTION
• Led by Sunni Ali, they capture Timbuktu, set up governmental system
• Songhai people break away from Mali, begin own empire
• Sunni Ali dies (1492); led by Askia Muhammad, Muslims take over
• After his death, Songhai weakens; Moroccan army defeats Songhai (1591)
• Askia Muhammad expands trade, sets up tax system, builds Mosques
Other West African Kingdoms
NEXT
3SECTION
• Yoruba live southwest of Niger River, mostly farmers, have gifted artists
• Hausa states emerge after A.D. 1000 in northern Nigeria; trade thrives
• Kingdom of Benin in delta of Niger River prospers through trade
• Europeans also trade for enslaved Africans
• In late 1400s, Portuguese and other Europeans trade goods with Benin
• Use enslaved laborers to work on large farms, called plantations
Image
NEXT
Section 4
Societies of Europe
By 1500, Europe was going through a period of social change that sparked interest in learning and exploration.
Feudalism in Europe
NEXT
Societies of Europe 4SECTION
• Feudalism—a king allows lords to use land; lords owe loyalty to king
• Feudalism, manor system in European Middle Ages (late 400s—1300s)
• Manor system:- Lords divide land into manors, or large estates, farmed by serfs - In return for serfs’ work, lords protect the serfs
• Roman Catholic Church gains power during the Middle Ages
Image
Revival of Trade and Towns
NEXT
4SECTION
• New farming methods create food surplus, increase population
• By 1000s, feudalism brings more stability to European society
• More people demand more goods; spurs trade; new towns arise
• Serfs go to towns; become craftspeople, merchants; form middle class
Trade with the East
NEXT
4SECTION
• Italian cities trade with port cities, including Constantinople
• Trade increases within and outside Europe
• Crusades—wars in which European Christians try to recapture Holy Land
• Italian Marco Polo travels in Asia, increases European interest in Asia
• Crusades spur trade with the Middle East
The Decline of Feudalism
4SECTION
• In 1347, bubonic plague kills many, reduces workers, weakens feudalism
• Trade and towns grow; serfs leave manors for towns; feudalism weakens
Image
• As feudal lords lose power, kings gain power
• In return, townspeople support kings by paying taxes
• Kings help townspeople by enforcing order with large armies
NEXT
The Renaissance and Reformation
4SECTION
• European Renaissance (1300—1600) questions old ideas
• Renaissance—time of increased interest in art, learning
• Stresses human achievement, classical education, art, the sciences
• Reformation—movement to correct problems in Church, splits Church
• Printing press produces more books; more people read; ideas spread
NEXT
Changes in Trade
NEXT
4SECTION
• Make huge profits trading with Asia, control Mediterranean trade
• Italian merchants determine profit by subtracting cost from income
• Other European countries want profits by trading with Asia
• Look for other trade routes besides the ones controlled by Italians
Chart
NEXT
Section 5
Early European Explorers
As Europeans searched for sea routes to Asia, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas.
A Water Route to Asia
NEXT
Early European Explorers 5SECTION
• Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias reaches south tip of Africa (1488)
• Caravel—Portuguese ship that improves sailing
• Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama finds all-water route to Asia (1498)
• Portugal grows rich from spice trade
• Portugal can now trade with Asia without Italian-Muslim interference
• European rivals want part of this trade, search for water routes to Asia
Columbus’s Plan
NEXT
5SECTION
• Columbus overestimates size of Asia; underestimates size of globe
• Italian sailor Christopher Columbus claims sailing west is faster to Asia
• Portugal turns down Columbus’s request to finance voyage
Help from Spain’s Rulers
NEXT
5SECTION
• After Muslim wars, Spain agrees to support Columbus
• Columbus assembles his ships: Niña, Pinta, Santa María
• Spain’s rulers, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella:- want lucrative Asian trade and to spread
Christianity - doubt Columbus’s calculations - are low on money because of Muslim wars- are hesitant to pay the high expense for Columbus’s services
Setting Sail
NEXT
5SECTION
• He keeps two logs: one for sailors, other tells truth about voyage
• Columbus sets sail with 90 crew members on August 3, 1492
• After 10 weeks, crew wants to turn back; agree to sail 3 more days
• Two days later, on October 12, 1492, they see land
Reaching the Americas
NEXT
5SECTION
• Islanders, the Taino people, greet him; he calls them Indians
• Columbus believes he has landed in Indies, islands in Southeast Asia
• He calls island San Salvador, takes possession of it for Spain
• For 3 months, tours other Caribbean islands; finds some gold, pearls
• Convinced he found Asia, he returns to Spain and informs Spanish rulers
• Leaves 39 men on Hispaniola; they steal from Taino, who kill them
Image
An Expanding Horizon
NEXT
5SECTION
• Disappoints Ferdinand, Isabella; mistreatment of islanders angers queen
• Columbus makes 3 more voyages to Americas, never brings back treasures
• Rulers refuse to finance another voyage; Columbus dies a bitter man
• In time, Europeans realize Columbus found continents unknown to them
• Atlantic Ocean now seen as bridge connecting Europeans to America
Interactive
NEXT
This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.
Print TextPrint Text
BACK
Print Slide Show1. On the File menu, select Print2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint
If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4
3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline
4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation
Print Text Version1. Click the Print Text button below; a text file will open
in Adobe Acrobat2. On the File menu, select Print3. Click the Print button to print the entire document, or
select the pages you want to print