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Current situation in Bangladesh

With an estimated population of 162 million in 2009, Bangladesh is the seventh most populous country in the world (UN 2009). A total land area of mere 147,500 sq. kms accommodating the above population size makes it by far the most densely populated among the populous countries. The per capita GNI PPP is around 1440 dollar which is still among the lowest in the world (PRB 2009).1 Even after a considerable rise in adult literacy in recent years reaching 56 percent of male and 49 percent of female population 15 years and above, nearly half the people still cannot read and write (BBS 2009). In the face of ever shrinking agricultural land, majority of people are employed in agrarian occupation, with a quarter of population in service sector and only about a tenth in industry. A large scale unplanned rural-to-urban migration, which is mainly driven by increasing landlessness and poor sustainability in agricultural occupation, has been a significant strain on urban infra-structure resulting in a constant unintended growth of slum population, road congestion, environmental degradation and air pollution. Even after a significant decline in fertility during the decades of 1970s and 1980s, population related problems in Bangladesh remains serious. The extremely high density of population, rapid unplanned urban growth, wide-spread illiteracy and conservative socio-cultural environment, together with poor reproductive health status – characterised by as yet high maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, high incidence of communicable diseases, wide spread malnutrition and a very high teen-age fertility rate with limited access to services for adolescents – makes the problems desperately serious. On a longer term perspective, another unwelcome, but inevitable, prospect of rising sea level caused by greenhouse gas effect of climate change, would lead to large scale displacement of population from low lying coastal areas. With very little absorption capacity in the rural areas of the already crowded country, a large proportion of the excess population would likely gravitate to urban centres resulting in further growth of slum population. The above situation depicts the challenging scenario for the policy makers.

POPULATION PROBLEMS IN BANGLADESH OVER WORLD POPULATIONS.

The world’s population is now more than 7 billion and continues to grow by 82 million people per year. During the last half-century, the world’s population more than doubled. Between 1960 and 2010, the world population

rose from 3 billion to 6.8 billion. In other words, there has been more growth in population in the last fifty years than the previous 2 million years that humans have existed. Currently the rate of population increase is

1.2% per year, which means the planet’s human population is on a trajectory to double again in 58 years.

The true enormity of a “billion” is important to understand when thinking about human population. For example, if a person is fined a million dollars and ordered to pay $100 dollars per day towards the total due, it would take 27.4 years to pay off the debt. If however, the fine were a billion dollars, the time required to pay

off the debt would be 27,397 years. When discussing a billion of anything, one should take a moment to appreciate the titanic size involved.

The extreme growth in human population – now counted by an additional billion people every 12 to 13 years — is mortally taxing the Earth and its resources. Each individual person has a unique impact on the planet’s

environment. Some people may be relatively less damaging than others, but no living individual is without an ecological footprint. In other words, each person needs basic resources and almost all people aspire to utilize

significantly more resources than are required by their basic needs. As these needs and aspirations are multiplied by a factor of 7 billion, day after day and year after year, the stability of the planet’s ecosphere has

been, and will continue to be, severely compromised.

As a result, the Earth is attempting to impose its own checks on human population. We can witness these “checks” in the form of widespread disease and the emergence of new disease strains, food and water

shortages, poor harvests and violent and destructive weather caused by climate change. While it should be obvious that the Earth is a finite sphere and cannot endure infinite growth by any single species, we should also remember that Earth’s current web-of-life is the result of billions of years of complex evolution. It is

irreplaceable..

Cause of Increasing PopulationEarly marriage and early childbearing patterns in Bangladesh makes contraceptive method mix an important factor, because women on average have to spend a longer span of reproductive life requiring protection from unwanted pregnancy. As per 2007 Survey, median age at first birth was about 18 years with 51.0 percent having had the first birth by that age. By the age of 25 years women usually have 2 children when they still have about 25 years of reproductive life span remaining to be protected. Obviously, in this situation, methods with higher failure rates would disproportionately increase unwanted births. A comparative review of failure rates should make the contention clearer. For example, in theoretical term, during perfect use, oral pill would be a most effective method with a failure rate of only 0.3 percent .

(Table 1). Table 1: Incidence of unintended pregnancy per year in typical use as compared to perfect use

Method Typical use Perfect use Continuation at one year

Oral pills 8.0 0.3 68

IUD (Copper T) 0.8 0.6 78

Injectable 3 0.3 56

Implanon 0.05 0.05 64

Male sterilization 0.15 0.10 100

Female sterilization 0.5 0.5 100

Source: Hatcher et al 2007

Population: An Underlying Theme in Addressing Some of the World’s Most Challenging Problems

Population growth 1990–2011 (%)

World 28.4%

Africa 58.4%

Middle East 53.4%

Asia 36.9%

Latin America 32.0%

OECD North America 25.1%

OECD Europe 9.9%

OECD Pacific 9.5%

Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia -2.7%

Population Problem in BangladeshBangladesh is a small country on the view to its space but its population are highly increasing than its demand, as a result, govt unable to fulfill people's rights. Moreover, unemployment, illiteracy, child marriage, child labour, imbalance of environment, pollution, corruption, flood etc are highly increasing because of huge of population. Thus, population control is highly essential for Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a country where people don't take precaution and family planning policy. If you look at the rural level you will find every family has more then three child.yes, the people of a country of country is the asset of that country. But there are some important obstacles behind this like if the government can't serve her people. Developing country like Bangladesh should utilize her man power. this is the first & main key to be developed for a country .

Dramatic growth beginning in 1950 (above 1.8% per year) coincided with greatly increased food production as a result of the industrialisation of agriculture brought about by the Green Revolution. The rate of human population growth peaked in 1964, at about 2.2% per year. For example, Indonesia's population grew from 97 million in 1961 to 237.6 million in 2010,a 145% increase in 49 years. In India, the population grew from 361.1 million people in 1951 to just over 1.2 billion by 2011, a 235% increase in 60 years.

Density of population in Bangladesh , At a glance:

City:   City population (2008 estimate)   Metro population (2008 estimate) Dhaka: 7,000,940 12,797,394 Chittagong: 2,579,107 3,858,093 Khulna:

855,650 1,588,425 Narayanganj: 800,000

1,500,000 Rajshahi: 472,775 775,495 Sylhet: 463,198 – Barisal: 210,374 – Rangpur: 251,6990 –256,4679 Population:

156,118,464 (July 2010 est.)

country comparison to the world: 7 Age structure:

0-14 years: 34.6% (male 27,065,625/female 26,913,961)15-64 years: 61.4% (male 45,222,182/female 50,537,052)65 years and over: 4% (male 3,057,255/female 3,254,808) (2010 est.)Median age:

total: 22.9 yearsmale: 22.4 yearsfemale: 23.4 years (2010 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.55% (2010 est.)country comparison to the world: 79

Birth rate:

23.43 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)country comparison to the world: 71

Death rate:

5.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)country comparison to the world: 173

Net migration rate:

-2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 mirgants.

Comparison Between World Population & Population Growth Rate.

Regarding intended future use, 70 percent of non-users expressed intention to use contraception in future which also reflects on the extent of unmet needs (BDHS 2007). Conventional measures of unmet needs often does not take into account use of inappropriate and less effective methods or cases of pregnancies arising from method failure, which further emphasizes the use of long acting and permanent methods. As past experience suggest demand for fertility regulation is likely to grow with improved access to services as well as with social and economic development, which should be taken into account while assessing scopes and options. Wanted fertility measure, based on questions if births during the preceding 5 years were planned (wanted then), mistimed (wanted, but at a later time) or unwanted (wanted no more children), shows that total wanted fertility rate (TWFR) was 2.0 in 2007 and 1.9 in 2011 as compared to conventional total fertility rates (TFR) of 3.0 and 2.7 respectively

Table 2: Total wanted fertility rate and total fertility rates for Bangladesh and its divisions, 2007 and

2011

BDHS 2007 BDHS 2011TWFR TFR TWFR TFR

Khulna 1.9 2.8 1.5 2.0 Rajshahi 1.7 2.6 1.7 2.4 Barisal 1.7 2.9 1.8 2.8 Dhaka 1.9 2.9 1.9 2.8 Chitt 2.3 3.7 2.1 3.2Sylhet 2.9 4.2 2.4 3.7 Total 2.0 3.0 1.9 2.7

Source: BDHS 2007 and BDHS 2011

Population Structure and Settlement Patterns

Bangladesh's population density provided further evidence of the problems the nation faced. In 1901 an average of 216 persons inhabited one square kilometer. By 1951 that number had increased to 312 per square kilometer and, in 1988, reached 821. By the year 2000, population density was projected to exceed 1,000 persons per square kilometer. The crude birth rate per 1,000 population was 34.6 in 1981. This rate remained unchanged in 1985, following a 20-year trend of decline since 1961, when it had stood at 47 per 1,000. The rural birth rate was higher than birth rates in urban areas; in 1985 there were 36.3 births per 1,000 in the countryside versus 28 per 1,000 in urban areas. The crude death rate per 1,000 population decreased from 40.7 in 1951 to 12 per 1,000 in 1985; the urban crude death rate was 8.3, and the rural crude death rate was 12.9. The infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births was 111.9 in 1985, a distinct improvement from as recently as 1982, when the rate was 121.9. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 55.1 years in 1986. Men and women have very similar life expectancies at 55.4 and 55, respectively. With an average life expectancy of 58.8 years, urban dwellers in 1986 were likely to live longer than their rural counterparts (average life expectancy 54.8 years). The sex ratio of the population in 1981 was 106 males to 100 females. In the late 1980s, about 82 percent of the population of Bangladesh (a total of 15.1 million households) resided in rural areas. With the exception of parts of Sylhet and Rangamati regions, where settlements occurred in nucleated or clustered patterns, the villages were scattered collections of homesteads surrounded by trees. Continuous strings of settlements along the roadside were also common in the southeastern part of the country.

Until the 1980s, Bangladesh was the most rural nation in South Asia. In 1931 only 27 out of every 1,000 persons were urban dwellers in what is now Bangladesh. In 1931 Bangladesh had fifty towns; by 1951 the country had eighty-nine towns, cities, and municipalities. During the 1980s, industrial development began to have a small effect on urbanization. The 1974 census had put the urban population of Bangladesh at 8.8 percent of the total; by 1988 that proportion had reached 18 percent and was projected to rise to 30 percent by the year 2000. In 1981 only two cities, Dhaka and Chittagong, had more than 1 million residents. Seven other cities--Narayanganj, Khulna, Barisal, Saidpur, Rajshahi, Mymensingh, and Comilla--each had more than 100,000 people. Of all the expanding cities, Dhaka, the national capital and the principal seat of culture, had made the most gains in population, growing from 335,928 in 1951 to 3.4 million in 1981. In the same period, Chittagong had grown from 289,981 to 1.4 million. A majority of the other urban areas each had between 20,000 and 50,000 people. These relatively small towns had grown up in most cases as administrative centers and geographically suitable localities for inland transportation and commercial facilities. There was no particular concentration of towns in any part of the country. In fact, the only large cities close to each other were Dhaka and Narayanganj.

Census: Population of Bangladesh in Graph

Census datecensus population(thousands)

adjusted population(thousands)

1901 28 928

1911 31 555

1921 33 255

1931 35 602

1941 41 997

1951 41 932

1961 50 840

1974 71 479 76 398

1981 87 120 89 912

1991 106 313 111 455

2001 124 355 130 523

15 Mar 2011 (p) 142 319

Source YearPopulation (millions)

US State Dept 2005 144

Population Reference Bureau 2005 144

World Bank 2008 160

CIA World FactBook 2010 156

World Population Reference 2010 164

Other sources:.

According to the OECD/World Bank population in Bangladesh increased from 1990 to 2008 with 44 million and 38 % growth in population compared to 34 % growth in India and 54 % growth in Pakistan. The annual population growth 2007-2008 was 1.4 % compared to India 1.35 %, Pakistan 2.2 %, Dem. Rep. of Congo 2.9 %, Tanzania 2.9 %, Syria 3.5 % or Yemen 4.0 %. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics between 1990-2008 the world population growth was 27 % and 1,423 million persons.

Population growth rate:

Population growth rateBangladesh had high rates of population growth in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then however it has seen a marked reduction in its total fertility rate. Over a period of three decades it

dropped from almost 7 to 2.4 in 2005-2010.

Some Statistics of Pouplation GrowthGender ratioAt birth: 1.04 male(s)/female Under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15–64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.94

male(s)/female Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2009 est.)Urban and ruralThe sprawling mega-city of Dhaka has a huge population, but the majority of the people nonetheless still live in villages in rural

areas.Urban population: 27% of total population (2009 est.) Rate of urbanization: 3.5% annual rate of change (2005-2010 est.)Births and deaths :2005-20113.75-3.33

Life expectancy at birthTotal population: 60.25 Years country comparison to the world: 183 Male: 57.57 years Female: 63.03 years (2009 est.) HIV/AIDSAdult prevalence rate: less than 0.1% (2001 est.) county comparison to the world: 102 People living with HIV/AIDS: 12,000

(2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 85 Deaths: fewer than 500 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 8s Major infectious diseasesDegree of risk: high Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations Water contact disease: leptospirosis Animal contact disease: rabies (2005)

EducationLiteracyDefinition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 43.1% Male: 53.9% Female: 31.8% (2003 est.) Education

expenditures2.7% of GDP (2005) country comparison to the world: 151 GeneticsBangladesh has the world's highest frequency of the M form of mitochondrial DNA. This genetic variant spans many continents,

and is the single most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia.[20] In Bangladesh it represents about 83% of maternal lineages.

Conclusion According to the United Nations' World Population Prospects report: The world population is currently growing by approximately 74 million people per year. Current United Nations

predictions estimate that the world population will reach 9.0 billion around 2050, assuming a decrease in average fertility rate from 2.5 down to 2.0.

Almost all growth will take place in the less developed regions, where today's 5.3 billion population of underdeveloped countries is expected to increase to 7.8 billion in 2050. By contrast, the population of the more developed regions will remain mostly unchanged, at 1.2 billion. An exception is the United States population, which is expected to increase by 44% from 2008 to 2050.

In 2000–2005, the average world fertility was 2.65 children per woman, about half the level in 1950–1955 (5 children per woman). In the medium variant, global fertility is projected to decline further to 2.05 children per woman.

During 2005–2050, nine countries are expected to account for half of the world's projected population increase: India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bangladesh, Uganda, United States, Ethiopia, and China, listed according to the size of their contribution to population growth. China would be higher still in this list were it not for its one-child policy.

Global life expectancy at birth is expected to continue rising from 65 years in 2000–2005 to 75 years in 2045–2050. In the more developed regions, the projection is to 82 years by 2050. Among the least developed countries, where life expectancy today is just under 50 years, it is expected to increase to 66 years by 2045–2050.

The population of 51 countries or areas is expected to be lower in 2050 than in 2005. During 2005–2050, the net number of international migrants to more developed regions is projected to be 98 million.

Because deaths are projected to exceed births in the more developed regions by 73 million during 2005–2050, population growth in those regions will largely be due to international migration.

In 2000–2005, net migration in 28 countries either prevented population decline or doubled at least the contribution of natural increase (births minus deaths) to population growth.

Birth rates are now falling in a small percentage of developing countries, while the actual populations in many developed countries would fall without immigration.

Reference

Chowdhury SNM et al (1995), A Study to Determine the Prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infections Among Health Care Users of a Bangladesh Women’s Health Coalition Clinic, BWHC, Dhaka 1995.

Rahman S et al (1999), Prevention and Management of Reproductive Tract Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Review, Operations Research Project, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, 1999.