Ncc Provisions

8/10/2019 Ncc Provisions

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Title. I

OBLIGATIONSCHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 1156. An obligation i a !"ri#i$al ne$eit% to gi&e' to #o or notto #o. (n)

Art. 115*. Obligation arie +ro,

(1) La/

(0) Contra$t/

() 2"ai-$ontra$t/La$enter.34

() A$t or o,iion 3"ni4e# b% la/ an#

(5) 2"ai-#eli$t. (178a)

Art. 1157. Obligation #eri&e# +ro, la are not 3re",e#. Onl%t4oe e93rel% #eter,ine# in t4i Co#e or in 3e$ial la are#e,an#able' an# 4all be reg"late# b% t4e 3re$e3t o+ t4e la4i$4 etabli4e t4e,/ an# a to 4at 4a not been +oreeen' b%t4e 3ro&iion o+ t4i Boo:. (18)

Art. 1158. Obligation ariing +ro, $ontra$t 4a&e t4e +or$e o+ labeteen t4e $ontra$ting 3artie an# 4o"l# be $o,3lie# it4 ingoo# +ait4. (181a)

Art. 116. Obligation #eri&e# +ro, ;"ai-$ontra$t 4all be "b!e$tto t4e 3ro&iion o+ C4a3ter 1' Title RE AN? E@@ECT O@ OBLIGATIONS


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Art. 116. E&er% 3eron oblige# to gi&e o,et4ing i alo oblige# tota:e $are o+ it it4 t4e 3ro3er #iligen$e o+ a goo# +at4er o+ a +a,il%'"nle t4e la or t4e ti3"lation o+ t4e 3artie re;"ire anot4ertan#ar# o+ $are. (18a)

Art. 116. T4e $re#itor 4a a rig4t to t4e +r"it o+ t4e t4ing +ro, t4eti,e t4e obligation to #eli&er it arie. Hoe&er' 4e 4all a$;"ire noreal rig4t o&er it "ntil t4e a,e 4a been #eli&ere# to 4i,. (185)

Art. 1165. 4en 4at i to be #eli&ere# i a #eter,inate t4ing' t4e$re#itor' in a##ition to t4e rig4t grante# 4i, b% Arti$le 11*' ,a%$o,3el t4e #ebtor to ,a:e t4e #eli&er%.

I+ t4e t4ing i in#eter,inate or generi$' 4e ,a% a: t4at t4eobligation be $o,3lie# it4 at t4e e93ene o+ t4e #ebtor.

I+ t4e obligor #ela%' or 4a 3ro,ie# to #eli&er t4e a,e t4ing toto or ,ore 3eron 4o #o not 4a&e t4e a,e interet' 4e 4all bere3onible +or an% +ort"ito" e&ent "ntil 4e 4a e=e$te# t4e#eli&er%. (186)

Art. 1166. T4e obligation to gi&e a #eter,inate t4ing in$l"#e t4at o+#eli&ering all it a$$eion an# a$$eorie' e&en t4o"g4 t4e% ,a%not 4a&e been ,entione#. (18*a)

Art. 116*. I+ a 3eron oblige# to #o o,et4ing +ail to #o it' t4e

a,e 4all be e9e$"te# at 4i $ot.

T4i a,e r"le 4all be ober&e# i+ 4e #oe it in $ontra&ention o+ t4etenor o+ t4e obligation. @"rt4er,ore' it ,a% be #e$ree# t4at 4at4a been 3oorl% #one be "n#one. (187)

Art. 1167. 4en t4e obligation $onit in not #oing' an# t4e obligor#oe 4at 4a been +orbi##en 4i,' it 4all alo be "n#one at 4ie93ene. (188a)

Art. 1168. T4oe oblige# to #eli&er or to #o o,et4ing in$"r in #ela%

+ro, t4e ti,e t4e obligee !"#i$iall% or e9tra!"#i$iall% #e,an# +ro,t4e, t4e +"lll,ent o+ t4eir obligation.

Hoe&er' t4e #e,an# b% t4e $re#itor 4all not be ne$ear% in or#ert4at #ela% ,a% e9it

(1) 4en t4e obligation or t4e la e93rel% o #e$lare/ or

(0) 4en +ro, t4e nat"re an# t4e $ir$",tan$e o+ t4e obligation ita33ear t4at t4e #eignation o+ t4e ti,e 4en t4e t4ing i to be

#eli&ere# or t4e er&i$e i to be ren#ere# a a $ontrolling ,oti&e+or t4e etabli4,ent o+ t4e $ontra$t/ or


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() 4en #e,an# o"l# be "ele' a 4en t4e obligor 4aren#ere# it be%on# 4i 3oer to 3er+or,.

In re$i3ro$al obligation' neit4er 3art% in$"r in #ela% i+ t4e ot4er

#oe not $o,3l% or i not rea#% to $o,3l% in a 3ro3er ,anner it44at i in$",bent "3on 4i,. @ro, t4e ,o,ent one o+ t4e 3artie+"lll 4i obligation' #ela% b% t4e ot4er begin. (11a)

Art. 11*. T4oe 4o in t4e 3er+or,an$e o+ t4eir obligation areg"ilt% o+ +ra"#' negligen$e' or #ela%' an# t4oe 4o in an% ,anner$ontra&ene t4e tenor t4ereo+' are liable +or #a,age. (111)

Art. 11*1. Re3onibilit% ariing +ro, +ra"# i #e,an#able in allobligation. An% ai&er o+ an a$tion +or +"t"re +ra"# i &oi#. (110a)

Art. 11*0. Re3onibilit% ariing +ro, negligen$e in t4e 3er+or,an$eo+ e&er% :in# o+ obligation i alo #e,an#able' b"t "$4 liabilit% ,a%be reg"late# b% t4e $o"rt' a$$or#ing to t4e $ir$",tan$e. (11)

Art. 11*. T4e +a"lt or negligen$e o+ t4e obligor $onit in t4eo,iion o+ t4at #iligen$e 4i$4 i re;"ire# b% t4e nat"re o+ t4eobligation an# $orre3on# it4 t4e $ir$",tan$e o+ t4e 3eron'o+ t4e ti,e an# o+ t4e 3la$e. 4en negligen$e 4o ba# +ait4' t4e3ro&iion o+ Arti$le 11*1 an# 001' 3aragra34 0' 4all a33l%.

I+ t4e la or $ontra$t #oe not tate t4e #iligen$e 4i$4 i to beober&e# in t4e 3er+or,an$e' t4at 4i$4 i e93e$te# o+ a goo#+at4er o+ a +a,il% 4all be re;"ire#. (11a)

Art. 11*. E9$e3t in $ae e93rel% 3e$ie# b% t4e la' or 4en iti ot4erie #e$lare# b% ti3"lation' or 4en t4e nat"re o+ t4eobligation re;"ire t4e a",3tion o+ ri:' no 3eron 4all bere3onible +or t4oe e&ent 4i$4 $o"l# not be +oreeen' or 4i$4't4o"g4 +oreeen' ere ine&itable. (115a)

Art. 11*5. >"rio" trana$tion 4all be go&erne# b% 3e$ial la.

(n)

Art. 11*6. T4e re$ei3t o+ t4e 3rin$i3al b% t4e $re#itor it4o"treer&ation it4 re3e$t to t4e interet' 4all gi&e rie to t4e3re",3tion t4at ai# interet 4a been 3ai#.

T4e re$ei3t o+ a later intall,ent o+ a #ebt it4o"t reer&ation a to3rior intall,ent' 4all li:eie raie t4e 3re",3tion t4at "$4intall,ent 4a&e been 3ai#. (111a)

Art. 11**. T4e $re#itor' a+ter 4a&ing 3"r"e# t4e 3ro3ert% in3oeion o+ t4e #ebtor to ati+% t4eir $lai,' ,a% e9er$ie all t4e


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rig4t an# bring all t4e a$tion o+ t4e latter +or t4e a,e 3"r3oe'a&e t4oe 4i$4 are in4erent in 4i 3eron/ t4e% ,a% alo i,3"gnt4e a$t 4i$4 t4e #ebtor ,a% 4a&e #one to #e+ra"# t4e,. (1111)

Art. 11*7. S"b!e$t to t4e la' all rig4t a$;"ire# in &irt"e o+ an

obligation are tran,iible' i+ t4ere 4a been no ti3"lation to t4e$ontrar%. (1110)

CHAPTER b - ?I@@ERENT IN?S O@ OBLIGATIONS

SECTION 1. D P"re an# Con#itional Obligation

Art. 11*8. E&er% obligation 4oe 3er+or,an$e #oe not #e3en#"3on a +"t"re or "n$ertain e&ent' or "3on a 3at e&ent "n:non tot4e 3artie' i #e,an#able at on$e.

E&er% obligation 4i$4 $ontain a reol"tor% $on#ition 4all alo be#e,an#able' it4o"t 3re!"#i$e to t4e e=e$t o+ t4e 4a33ening o+t4e e&ent. (111)

Art. 117. 4en t4e #ebtor bin# 4i,el+ to 3a% 4en 4i ,ean3er,it 4i, to #o o' t4e obligation 4all be #ee,e# to be one it4 a3erio#' "b!e$t to t4e 3ro&iion o+ Arti$le 118*. (n)

Art. 1171. In $on#itional obligation' t4e a$;"iition o+ rig4t' a ell

a t4e e9ting"i4,ent or lo o+ t4oe alrea#% a$;"ire#' 4all#e3en# "3on t4e 4a33ening o+ t4e e&ent 4i$4 $ontit"te t4e$on#ition. (111)

Art. 1170. 4en t4e +"lll,ent o+ t4e $on#ition #e3en# "3on t4eole ill o+ t4e #ebtor' t4e $on#itional obligation 4all be &oi#. I+ it#e3en# "3on $4an$e or "3on t4e ill o+ a t4ir# 3eron' t4eobligation 4all ta:e e=e$t in $on+or,it% it4 t4e 3ro&iion o+ t4iCo#e. (1115)

Art. 117. I,3oible $on#ition' t4oe $ontrar% to goo# $"to, or

3"bli$ 3oli$% an# t4oe 3ro4ibite# b% la 4all ann"l t4e obligation4i$4 #e3en# "3on t4e,. I+ t4e obligation i #i&iible' t4at 3artt4ereo+ 4i$4 i not a=e$te# b% t4e i,3oible or "nla+"l $on#ition4all be &ali#.

T4e $on#ition not to #o an i,3oible t4ing 4all be $oni#ere# anot 4a&ing been agree# "3on. (1116a)

Art. 117. T4e $on#ition t4at o,e e&ent 4a33en at a #eter,inateti,e 4all e9ting"i4 t4e obligation a oon a t4e ti,e e93ire or i+

it 4a be$o,e in#"bitable t4at t4e e&ent ill not ta:e 3la$e. (111*)


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Art. 1175. T4e $on#ition t4at o,e e&ent ill not 4a33en at a#eter,inate ti,e 4all ren#er t4e obligation e=e$ti&e +ro, t4e,o,ent t4e ti,e in#i$ate# 4a ela3e#' or i+ it 4a be$o,e e&i#entt4at t4e e&ent $annot o$$"r.

I+ no ti,e 4a been 9e#' t4e $on#ition 4all be #ee,e# +"llle# at"$4 ti,e a ,a% 4a&e 3robabl% been $onte,3late#' bearing in,in# t4e nat"re o+ t4e obligation. (1117)

Art. 1176. T4e $on#ition 4all be #ee,e# +"llle# 4en t4e obligor&ol"ntaril% 3re&ent it +"lll,ent. (1118)

Art. 117*. T4e e=e$t o+ a $on#itional obligation to gi&e' on$e t4e$on#ition 4a been +"llle#' 4all retroa$t to t4e #a% o+ t4e$ontit"tion o+ t4e obligation. Ne&ert4ele' 4en t4e obligationi,3oe re$i3ro$al 3retation "3on t4e 3artie' t4e +r"it an#interet #"ring t4e 3en#en$% o+ t4e $on#ition 4all be #ee,e# to4a&e been ,"t"all% $o,3enate#. I+ t4e obligation i "nilateral' t4e#ebtor 4all a33ro3riate t4e +r"it an# interet re$ei&e#' "nle+ro, t4e nat"re an# $ir$",tan$e o+ t4e obligation it 4o"l# bein+erre# t4at t4e intention o+ t4e 3eron $ontit"ting t4e a,e a#i=erent.

In obligation to #o an# not to #o' t4e $o"rt 4all #eter,ine' inea$4 $ae' t4e retroa$ti&e e=e$t o+ t4e $on#ition t4at 4a been$o,3lie# it4. (110)

Art. 1177. T4e $re#itor ,a%' be+ore t4e +"lll,ent o+ t4e $on#ition'bring t4e a33ro3riate a$tion +or t4e 3reer&ation o+ 4i rig4t.

T4e #ebtor ,a% re$o&er 4at #"ring t4e a,e ti,e 4e 4a 3ai# b%,ita:e in $ae o+ a "3eni&e $on#ition. (1101a)

Art. 1178. 4en t4e $on#ition 4a&e been i,3oe# it4 t4eintention o+ "3en#ing t4e e$a$% o+ an obligation to gi&e' t4e+olloing r"le 4all be ober&e# in $ae o+ t4e i,3ro&e,ent' lo or#eterioration o+ t4e t4ing #"ring t4e 3en#en$% o+ t4e $on#ition

(1) I+ t4e t4ing i lot it4o"t t4e +a"lt o+ t4e #ebtor' t4e obligation4all be e9ting"i4e#/

(0) I+ t4e t4ing i lot t4ro"g4 t4e +a"lt o+ t4e #ebtor' 4e 4all beoblige# to 3a% #a,age/ it i "n#ertoo# t4at t4e t4ing i lot 4enit 3eri4e' or goe o"t o+ $o,,er$e' or #ia33ear in "$4 a a%t4at it e9iten$e i "n:non or it $annot be re$o&ere#/

() 4en t4e t4ing #eteriorate it4o"t t4e +a"lt o+ t4e #ebtor' t4e

i,3air,ent i to be borne b% t4e $re#itor/


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() I+ it #eteriorate t4ro"g4 t4e +a"lt o+ t4e #ebtor' t4e $re#itor ,a%$4ooe beteen t4e re$iion o+ t4e obligation an# it +"lll,ent'it4 in#e,nit% +or #a,age in eit4er $ae/

(5) I+ t4e t4ing i i,3ro&e# b% it nat"re' or b% ti,e' t4e

i,3ro&e,ent 4all in"re to t4e benet o+ t4e $re#itor/

(6) I+ it i i,3ro&e# at t4e e93ene o+ t4e #ebtor' 4e 4all 4a&e noot4er rig4t t4an t4at grante# to t4e ""+r"$t"ar%. (1100)

Art. 118. 4en t4e $on#ition 4a&e +or t4eir 3"r3oe t4ee9ting"i4,ent o+ an obligation to gi&e' t4e 3artie' "3on t4e+"lll,ent o+ ai# $on#ition' 4all ret"rn to ea$4 ot4er 4at t4e%4a&e re$ei&e#.

In $ae o+ t4e lo' #eterioration or i,3ro&e,ent o+ t4e t4ing' t4e3ro&iion 4i$4' it4 re3e$t to t4e #ebtor' are lai# #on in t4e3re$e#ing arti$le 4all be a33lie# to t4e 3art% 4o i bo"n# toret"rn.

A +or t4e obligation to #o an# not to #o' t4e 3ro&iion o+ t4ee$on# 3aragra34 o+ Arti$le 117* 4all be ober&e# a regar# t4ee=e$t o+ t4e e9ting"i4,ent o+ t4e obligation. (110)

Art. 1181. T4e 3oer to re$in# obligation i i,3lie# in re$i3ro$alone' in $ae one o+ t4e obligor 4o"l# not $o,3l% it4 4at i

in$",bent "3on 4i,.

T4e in!"re# 3art% ,a% $4ooe beteen t4e +"lll,ent an# t4ere$iion o+ t4e obligation' it4 t4e 3a%,ent o+ #a,age in eit4er$ae. He ,a% alo ee: re$iion' e&en a+ter 4e 4a $4oen+"lll,ent' i+ t4e latter 4o"l# be$o,e i,3oible.

T4e $o"rt 4all #e$ree t4e re$iion $lai,e#' "nle t4ere be !"t$a"e a"t4oriFing t4e 9ing o+ a 3erio#.

T4i i "n#ertoo# to be it4o"t 3re!"#i$e to t4e rig4t o+ t4ir#

3eron 4o 4a&e a$;"ire# t4e t4ing' in a$$or#an$e it4 Arti$le175 an# 177 an# t4e ortgage La. (110)

Art. 1180. In $ae bot4 3artie 4a&e $o,,itte# a brea$4 o+ t4eobligation' t4e liabilit% o+ t4e rt in+ra$tor 4all be e;"itabl%te,3ere# b% t4e $o"rt. I+ it $annot be #eter,ine# 4i$4 o+ t4e3artie rt &iolate# t4e $ontra$t' t4e a,e 4all be #ee,e#e9ting"i4e#' an# ea$4 4all bear 4i on #a,age. (n)

SECTION 0. D Obligation it4 a Perio#


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Art. 118. Obligation +or 4oe +"lll,ent a #a% $ertain 4a been9e#' 4all be #e,an#able onl% 4en t4at #a% $o,e.

Obligation it4 a reol"tor% 3erio# ta:e e=e$t at on$e' b"tter,inate "3on arri&al o+ t4e #a% $ertain.

A #a% $ertain i "n#ertoo# to be t4at 4i$4 ,"t ne$earil% $o,e'alt4o"g4 it ,a% not be :non 4en.

I+ t4e "n$ertaint% $onit in 4et4er t4e #a% ill $o,e or not' t4eobligation i $on#itional' an# it 4all be reg"late# b% t4e r"le o+ t4e3re$e#ing Se$tion. (1105a)

Art. 118. In $ae o+ lo' #eterioration or i,3ro&e,ent o+ t4e t4ingbe+ore t4e arri&al o+ t4e #a% $ertain' t4e r"le in Arti$le 1178 4allbe ober&e#. (n)

Art. 1185. An%t4ing 3ai# or #eli&ere# be+ore t4e arri&al o+ t4e3erio#' t4e obligor being "naare o+ t4e 3erio# or belie&ing t4at t4eobligation 4a be$o,e #"e an# #e,an#able' ,a% be re$o&ere#'it4 t4e +r"it an# interet. (1106a)

Art. 1186. 4ene&er in an obligation a 3erio# i #eignate#' it i3re",e# to 4a&e been etabli4e# +or t4e benet o+ bot4 t4e$re#itor an# t4e #ebtor' "nle +ro, t4e tenor o+ t4e a,e or ot4er$ir$",tan$e it 4o"l# a33ear t4at t4e 3erio# 4a been etabli4e#

in +a&or o+ one or o+ t4e ot4er. (110*)

Art. 118*. I+ t4e obligation #oe not 9 a 3erio#' b"t +ro, it nat"rean# t4e $ir$",tan$e it $an be in+erre# t4at a 3erio# a inten#e#'t4e $o"rt ,a% 9 t4e #"ration t4ereo+.

T4e $o"rt 4all alo 9 t4e #"ration o+ t4e 3erio# 4en it #e3en#"3on t4e ill o+ t4e #ebtor.

In e&er% $ae' t4e $o"rt 4all #eter,ine "$4 3erio# a ,a% "n#ert4e $ir$",tan$e 4a&e been 3robabl% $onte,3late# b% t4e 3artie.

On$e 9e# b% t4e $o"rt' t4e 3erio# $annot be $4ange# b% t4e,.(1107a)

Art. 1187. T4e #ebtor 4all loe e&er% rig4t to ,a:e "e o+ t4e3erio#

(1) 4en a+ter t4e obligation 4a been $ontra$te#' 4e be$o,einol&ent' "nle 4e gi&e a g"arant% or e$"rit% +or t4e #ebt/

(0) 4en 4e #oe not +"rni4 to t4e $re#itor t4e g"arantie or

e$"ritie 4i$4 4e 4a 3ro,ie#/


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() 4en b% 4i on a$t 4e 4a i,3aire# ai# g"arantie ore$"ritie a+ter t4eir etabli4,ent' an# 4en t4ro"g4 a +ort"ito"e&ent t4e% #ia33ear' "nle 4e i,,e#iatel% gi&e ne onee;"all% ati+a$tor%/

() 4en t4e #ebtor &iolate an% "n#erta:ing' in $oni#eration o+4i$4 t4e $re#itor agree# to t4e 3erio#/

(5) 4en t4e #ebtor atte,3t to ab$on#. (1108a)

SECTION . D Alternati&e Obligation

Art. 1188. A 3eron alternati&el% bo"n# b% #i=erent 3retation 4all$o,3letel% 3er+or, one o+ t4e,.

T4e $re#itor $annot be $o,3elle# to re$ei&e 3art o+ one an# 3art o+t4e ot4er "n#erta:ing. (111)

Art. 10. T4e rig4t o+ $4oi$e belong to t4e #ebtor' "nle it 4abeen e93rel% grante# to t4e $re#itor.

T4e #ebtor 4all 4a&e no rig4t to $4ooe t4oe 3retation 4i$4 arei,3oible' "nla+"l or 4i$4 $o"l# not 4a&e been t4e ob!e$t o+ t4eobligation. (110)

Art. 101. T4e $4oi$e 4all 3ro#"$e no e=e$t e9$e3t +ro, t4e ti,e it4a been $o,,"ni$ate#. (11)

Art. 100. T4e #ebtor 4all loe t4e rig4t o+ $4oi$e 4en a,ong t4e3retation 4ereb% 4e i alternati&el% bo"n#' onl% one i3ra$ti$able. (11)

Art. 10. I+ t4ro"g4 t4e $re#itor a$t t4e #ebtor $annot ,a:e a$4oi$e a$$or#ing to t4e ter, o+ t4e obligation' t4e latter ,a%re$in# t4e $ontra$t it4 #a,age. (n)

Art. 10. T4e $re#itor 4all 4a&e a rig4t to in#e,nit% +or #a,age4en' t4ro"g4 t4e +a"lt o+ t4e #ebtor' all t4e t4ing 4i$4 arealternati&el% t4e ob!e$t o+ t4e obligation 4a&e been lot' or t4e$o,3lian$e o+ t4e obligation 4a be$o,e i,3oible.

T4e in#e,nit% 4all be 9e# ta:ing a a bai t4e &al"e o+ t4e latt4ing 4i$4 #ia33eare#' or t4at o+ t4e er&i$e 4i$4 lat be$a,ei,3oible.

?a,age ot4er t4an t4e &al"e o+ t4e lat t4ing or er&i$e ,a% alo

be aar#e#. (115a)


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Art. 105. 4en t4e $4oi$e 4a been e93rel% gi&en to t4e $re#itor't4e obligation 4all $eae to be alternati&e +ro, t4e #a% 4en t4eele$tion 4a been $o,,"ni$ate# to t4e #ebtor.

>ntil t4en t4e re3onibilit% o+ t4e #ebtor 4all be go&erne# b% t4e

+olloing r"le

(1) I+ one o+ t4e t4ing i lot t4ro"g4 a +ort"ito" e&ent' 4e 4all3er+or, t4e obligation b% #eli&ering t4at 4i$4 t4e $re#itor 4o"l#$4ooe +ro, a,ong t4e re,ain#er' or t4at 4i$4 re,ain i+ onl% one"bit/

(0) I+ t4e lo o+ one o+ t4e t4ing o$$"r t4ro"g4 t4e +a"lt o+ t4e#ebtor' t4e $re#itor ,a% $lai, an% o+ t4oe "biting' or t4e 3ri$eo+ t4at 4i$4' t4ro"g4 t4e +a"lt o+ t4e +or,er' 4a #ia33eare#' it4a rig4t to #a,age/

() I+ all t4e t4ing are lot t4ro"g4 t4e +a"lt o+ t4e #ebtor' t4e$4oi$e b% t4e $re#itor 4all +all "3on t4e 3ri$e o+ an% one o+ t4e,'alo it4 in#e,nit% +or #a,age.

T4e a,e r"le 4all be a33lie# to obligation to #o or not to #o in$ae one' o,e or all o+ t4e 3retation 4o"l# be$o,e i,3oible.(116a)

Art. 106. 4en onl% one 3retation 4a been agree# "3on' b"t t4e

obligor ,a% ren#er anot4er in "btit"tion' t4e obligation i $alle#+a$"ltati&e.

T4e lo or #eterioration o+ t4e t4ing inten#e# a a "btit"te't4ro"g4 t4e negligen$e o+ t4e obligor' #oe not ren#er 4i, liable.B"t on$e t4e "btit"tion 4a been ,a#e' t4e obligor i liable +or t4elo o+ t4e "btit"te on a$$o"nt o+ 4i #ela%' negligen$e or +ra"#.(n)

SECTION . D oint an# Soli#ar% Obligation

Art. 10*. T4e $on$"rren$e o+ to or ,ore $re#itor or o+ to or,ore #ebtor in one an# t4e a,e obligation #oe not i,3l% t4atea$4 one o+ t4e +or,er 4a a rig4t to #e,an#' or t4at ea$4 one o+t4e latter i bo"n# to ren#er' entire $o,3lian$e it4 t4e 3retation.T4ere i a oli#ar% liabilit% onl% 4en t4e obligation e93rel% otate' or 4en t4e la or t4e nat"re o+ t4e obligation re;"ireoli#arit%. (11*a)

Art. 107. I+ +ro, t4e la' or t4e nat"re or t4e or#ing o+ t4eobligation to 4i$4 t4e 3re$e#ing arti$le re+er t4e $ontrar% #oe

not a33ear' t4e $re#it or #ebt 4all be 3re",e# to be #i&i#e# intoa ,an% 4are a t4ere are $re#itor or #ebtor' t4e $re#it or


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#ebt being $oni#ere# #itin$t +ro, one anot4er' "b!e$t to t4eR"le o+ Co"rt go&erning t4e ,"lti3li$it% o+ "it. (117a)

Art. 108. I+ t4e #i&iion i i,3oible' t4e rig4t o+ t4e $re#itor ,a%be 3re!"#i$e# onl% b% t4eir $olle$ti&e a$t' an# t4e #ebt $an be

en+or$e# onl% b% 3ro$ee#ing againt all t4e #ebtor. I+ one o+ t4elatter 4o"l# be inol&ent' t4e ot4er 4all not be liable +or 4i 4are.(118)

Art. 101. T4e in#i&iibilit% o+ an obligation #oe not ne$earil% gi&erie to oli#arit%. Nor #oe oli#arit% o+ itel+ i,3l% in#i&iibilit%. (n)

Art. 1011. Soli#arit% ,a% e9it alt4o"g4 t4e $re#itor an# t4e#ebtor ,a% not be bo"n# in t4e a,e ,anner an# b% t4e a,e3erio# an# $on#ition. (11)

Art. 1010. Ea$4 one o+ t4e oli#ar% $re#itor ,a% #o 4ate&er ,a%be "e+"l to t4e ot4er' b"t not an%t4ing 4i$4 ,a% be 3re!"#i$ial tot4e latter. (111a)

Art. 101. A oli#ar% $re#itor $annot aign 4i rig4t it4o"t t4e$onent o+ t4e ot4er. (n)

Art. 101. T4e #ebtor ,a% 3a% an% one o+ t4e oli#ar% $re#itor/ b"ti+ an% #e,an#' !"#i$ial or e9tra!"#i$ial' 4a been ,a#e b% one o+t4e,' 3a%,ent 4o"l# be ,a#e to 4i,. (110a)

Art. 1015. No&ation' $o,3enation' $on+"ion or re,iion o+ t4e#ebt' ,a#e b% an% o+ t4e oli#ar% $re#itor or it4 an% o+ t4eoli#ar% #ebtor' 4all e9ting"i4 t4e obligation' it4o"t 3re!"#i$e tot4e 3ro&iion o+ Arti$le 1018.

T4e $re#itor 4o ,a% 4a&e e9e$"te# an% o+ t4ee a$t' a ell a4e 4o $olle$t t4e #ebt' 4all be liable to t4e ot4er +or t4e 4are int4e obligation $orre3on#ing to t4e,. (11)

Art. 1016. T4e $re#itor ,a% 3ro$ee# againt an% one o+ t4e oli#ar%

#ebtor or o,e or all o+ t4e, i,"ltaneo"l%. T4e #e,an# ,a#eagaint one o+ t4e, 4all not be an obta$le to t4oe 4i$4 ,a%"be;"entl% be #ire$te# againt t4e ot4er' o long a t4e #ebt 4anot been +"ll% $olle$te#. (11a)

Art. 101*. Pa%,ent ,a#e b% one o+ t4e oli#ar% #ebtore9ting"i4e t4e obligation. I+ to or ,ore oli#ar% #ebtor o=er to3a%' t4e $re#itor ,a% $4ooe 4i$4 o=er to a$$e3t.

He 4o ,a#e t4e 3a%,ent ,a% $lai, +ro, 4i $o-#ebtor onl% t4e

4are 4i$4 $orre3on# to ea$4' it4 t4e interet +or t4e 3a%,ent


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alrea#% ,a#e. I+ t4e 3a%,ent i ,a#e be+ore t4e #ebt i #"e' nointeret +or t4e inter&ening 3erio# ,a% be #e,an#e#.

4en one o+ t4e oli#ar% #ebtor $annot' be$a"e o+ 4i inol&en$%'rei,b"re 4i 4are to t4e #ebtor 3a%ing t4e obligation' "$4 4are

4all be borne b% all 4i $o-#ebtor' in 3ro3ortion to t4e #ebt o+ea$4. (115a)

Art. 1017. Pa%,ent b% a oli#ar% #ebtor 4all not entitle 4i, torei,b"re,ent +ro, 4i $o-#ebtor i+ "$4 3a%,ent i ,a#e a+tert4e obligation 4a 3re$ribe# or be$o,e illegal. (n)

Art. 1018. T4e re,iion ,a#e b% t4e $re#itor o+ t4e 4are 4i$4a=e$t one o+ t4e oli#ar% #ebtor #oe not releae t4e latter +ro,4i re3onibilit% toar# t4e $o-#ebtor' in $ae t4e #ebt 4a# beentotall% 3ai# b% an%one o+ t4e, be+ore t4e re,iion a e=e$te#.(116a)

Art. 100. T4e re,iion o+ t4e 4ole obligation' obtaine# b% one o+t4e oli#ar% #ebtor' #oe not entitle 4i, to rei,b"re,ent +ro, 4i$o-#ebtor. (n)

Art. 1001. I+ t4e t4ing 4a been lot or i+ t4e 3retation 4a be$o,ei,3oible it4o"t t4e +a"lt o+ t4e oli#ar% #ebtor' t4e obligation4all be e9ting"i4e#.

I+ t4ere a +a"lt on t4e 3art o+ an% one o+ t4e,' all 4all bere3onible to t4e $re#itor' +or t4e 3ri$e an# t4e 3a%,ent o+#a,age an# interet' it4o"t 3re!"#i$e to t4eir a$tion againt t4eg"ilt% or negligent #ebtor.

I+ t4ro"g4 a +ort"ito" e&ent' t4e t4ing i lot or t4e 3er+or,an$e4a be$o,e i,3oible a+ter one o+ t4e oli#ar% #ebtor 4ain$"rre# in #ela% t4ro"g4 t4e !"#i$ial or e9tra!"#i$ial #e,an# "3on4i, b% t4e $re#itor' t4e 3ro&iion o+ t4e 3re$e#ing 3aragra34 4alla33l%. (11*a)

Art. 1000. A oli#ar% #ebtor ,a%' in a$tion le# b% t4e $re#itor'a&ail 4i,el+ o+ all #e+ene 4i$4 are #eri&e# +ro, t4e nat"re o+t4e obligation an# o+ t4oe 4i$4 are 3eronal to 4i,' or 3ertain to4i on 4are. it4 re3e$t to t4oe 4i$4 3eronall% belong to t4eot4er' 4e ,a% a&ail 4i,el+ t4ereo+ onl% a regar# t4at 3art o+ t4e#ebt +or 4i$4 t4e latter are re3onible. (117a)

SECTION 5. D ?i&iible an# In#i&iible Obligation

Art. 100. T4e #i&iibilit% or in#i&iibilit% o+ t4e t4ing t4at are t4e

ob!e$t o+ obligation in 4i$4 t4ere i onl% one #ebtor an# onl% one


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$re#itor #oe not alter or ,o#i+% t4e 3ro&iion o+ C4a3ter 0 o+ t4iTitle. (118)

Art. 100. A !oint in#i&iible obligation gi&e rie to in#e,nit% +or#a,age +ro, t4e ti,e an%one o+ t4e #ebtor #oe not $o,3l% it4

4i "n#erta:ing. T4e #ebtor 4o ,a% 4a&e been rea#% to +"lllt4eir 3ro,ie 4all not $ontrib"te to t4e in#e,nit% be%on# t4e$orre3on#ing 3ortion o+ t4e 3ri$e o+ t4e t4ing or o+ t4e &al"e o+ t4eer&i$e in 4i$4 t4e obligation $onit. (115)

Art. 1005. @or t4e 3"r3oe o+ t4e 3re$e#ing arti$le' obligation togi&e #enite t4ing an# t4oe 4i$4 are not "$e3tible o+ 3artial3er+or,an$e 4all be #ee,e# to be in#i&iible.

4en t4e obligation 4a +or it ob!e$t t4e e9e$"tion o+ a $ertainn",ber o+ #a% o+ or:' t4e a$$o,3li4,ent o+ or: b% ,etri$al"nit' or analogo" t4ing 4i$4 b% t4eir nat"re are "$e3tible o+3artial 3er+or,an$e' it 4all be #i&iible.

Hoe&er' e&en t4o"g4 t4e ob!e$t or er&i$e ,a% be 34%i$all%#i&iible' an obligation i in#i&iible i+ o 3ro&i#e# b% la or inten#e#b% t4e 3artie.

In obligation not to #o' #i&iibilit% or in#i&iibilit% 4all be#eter,ine# b% t4e $4ara$ter o+ t4e 3retation in ea$4 3arti$"lar$ae. (1151a)

SECTION 6. D Obligation it4 a Penal Cla"e

Art. 1006. In obligation it4 a 3enal $la"e' t4e 3enalt% 4all"btit"te t4e in#e,nit% +or #a,age an# t4e 3a%,ent o+ interetin $ae o+ non$o,3lian$e' i+ t4ere i no ti3"lation to t4e $ontrar%.Ne&ert4ele' #a,age 4all be 3ai# i+ t4e obligor re+"e to 3a% t4e3enalt% or i g"ilt% o+ +ra"# in t4e +"lll,ent o+ t4e obligation.

T4e 3enalt% ,a% be en+or$e# onl% 4en it i #e,an#able ina$$or#an$e it4 t4e 3ro&iion o+ t4i Co#e. (1150a)

Art. 100*. T4e #ebtor $annot e9e,3t 4i,el+ +ro, t4e 3er+or,an$eo+ t4e obligation b% 3a%ing t4e 3enalt%' a&e in t4e $ae 4ere t4irig4t 4a been e93rel% reer&e# +or 4i,. Neit4er $an t4e $re#itor#e,an# t4e +"lll,ent o+ t4e obligation an# t4e ati+a$tion o+ t4e3enalt% at t4e a,e ti,e' "nle t4i rig4t 4a been $learl% grante#4i,. Hoe&er' i+ a+ter t4e $re#itor 4a #e$i#e# to re;"ire t4e+"lll,ent o+ t4e obligation' t4e 3er+or,an$e t4ereo+ 4o"l# be$o,ei,3oible it4o"t 4i +a"lt' t4e 3enalt% ,a% be en+or$e#. (115a)

Art. 1007. Proo+ o+ a$t"al #a,age "=ere# b% t4e $re#itor i notne$ear% in or#er t4at t4e 3enalt% ,a% be #e,an#e#. (n)


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Art. 1008. T4e !"#ge 4all e;"itabl% re#"$e t4e 3enalt% 4en t4e3rin$i3al obligation 4a been 3artl% or irreg"larl% $o,3lie# it4 b%t4e #ebtor. E&en i+ t4ere 4a been no 3er+or,an$e' t4e 3enalt% ,a%alo be re#"$e# b% t4e $o"rt i+ it i ini;"ito" or "n$on$ionable.

(115a)

Art. 10. T4e n"llit% o+ t4e 3enal $la"e #oe not $arr% it4 it t4ato+ t4e 3rin$i3al obligation.

T4e n"llit% o+ t4e 3rin$i3al obligation $arrie it4 it t4at o+ t4e 3enal$la"e. (1155)

CHAPTER b - EISHENT O@ OBLIGATIONS

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 101. Obligation are e9ting"i4e#

(1) B% 3a%,ent or 3er+or,an$e

(0) B% t4e lo o+ t4e t4ing #"e

() B% t4e $on#onation or re,iion o+ t4e #ebt/

() B% t4e $on+"ion or ,erger o+ t4e rig4t o+ $re#itor an# #ebtor/

(5) B% $o,3enation/

(6) B% no&ation.

Ot4er $a"e o+ e9ting"i4,ent o+ obligation' "$4 a ann"l,ent're$iion' +"lll,ent o+ a reol"tor% $on#ition' an# 3re$ri3tion' arego&erne# ele4ere in t4i Co#e. (1156a)

SECTION 1. D Pa%,ent or Per+or,an$e

Art. 100. Pa%,ent ,ean not onl% t4e #eli&er% o+ ,one% b"t alot4e 3er+or,an$e' in an% ot4er ,anner' o+ an obligation. (n)

Art. 10. A #ebt 4all not be "n#ertoo# to 4a&e been 3ai# "nlet4e t4ing or er&i$e in 4i$4 t4e obligation $onit 4a been$o,3letel% #eli&ere# or ren#ere#' a t4e $ae ,a% be. (115*)

Art. 10. I+ t4e obligation 4a been "btantiall% 3er+or,e# in goo#+ait4' t4e obligor ,a% re$o&er a t4o"g4 t4ere 4a# been a tri$t an#

$o,3lete +"lll,ent' le #a,age "=ere# b% t4e obligee. (n)


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Art. 105. 4en t4e obligee a$$e3t t4e 3er+or,an$e' :noing itin$o,3letene or irreg"larit%' an# it4o"t e93reing an% 3rotetor ob!e$tion' t4e obligation i #ee,e# +"ll% $o,3lie# it4. (n)

Art. 106. T4e $re#itor i not bo"n# to a$$e3t 3a%,ent or

3er+or,an$e b% a t4ir# 3eron 4o 4a no interet in t4e +"lll,ento+ t4e obligation' "nle t4ere i a ti3"lation to t4e $ontrar%.

4oe&er 3a% +or anot4er ,a% #e,an# +ro, t4e #ebtor 4at 4e4a 3ai#' e9$e3t t4at i+ 4e 3ai# it4o"t t4e :nole#ge or againtt4e ill o+ t4e #ebtor' 4e $an re$o&er onl% ino+ar a t4e 3a%,ent4a been bene$ial to t4e #ebtor. (1157a)

Art. 10*. 4oe&er 3a% on be4al+ o+ t4e #ebtor it4o"t t4e:nole#ge or againt t4e ill o+ t4e latter' $annot $o,3el t4e$re#itor to "brogate 4i, in 4i rig4t' "$4 a t4oe ariing +ro, a,ortgage' g"arant%' or 3enalt%. (1158a)

Art. 107. Pa%,ent ,a#e b% a t4ir# 3eron 4o #oe not inten# tobe rei,b"re# b% t4e #ebtor i #ee,e# to be a #onation' 4i$4re;"ire t4e #ebtor $onent. B"t t4e 3a%,ent i in an% $ae &ali#a to t4e $re#itor 4o 4a a$$e3te# it. (n)

Art. 108. In obligation to gi&e' 3a%,ent ,a#e b% one 4o #oenot 4a&e t4e +ree #i3oal o+ t4e t4ing #"e an# $a3a$it% to alienateit 4all not be &ali#' it4o"t 3re!"#i$e to t4e 3ro&iion o+ Arti$le

10* "n#er t4e Title on JNat"ral Obligation.K (116a)

Art. 10. Pa%,ent 4all be ,a#e to t4e 3eron in 4oe +a&or t4eobligation 4a been $ontit"te#' or 4i "$$eor in interet' or an%3eron a"t4oriFe# to re$ei&e it. (1160a)

Art. 101. Pa%,ent to a 3eron 4o i in$a3a$itate# to a#,initer4i 3ro3ert% 4all be &ali# i+ 4e 4a :e3t t4e t4ing #eli&ere#' orino+ar a t4e 3a%,ent 4a been bene$ial to 4i,.

Pa%,ent ,a#e to a t4ir# 3eron 4all alo be &ali# ino+ar a it 4a

re#o"n#e# to t4e benet o+ t4e $re#itor. S"$4 benet to t4e $re#itornee# not be 3ro&e# in t4e +olloing $ae

(1) I+ a+ter t4e 3a%,ent' t4e t4ir# 3eron a$;"ire t4e $re#itorrig4t/

(0) I+ t4e $re#itor ratie t4e 3a%,ent to t4e t4ir# 3eron/

() I+ b% t4e $re#itor $on#"$t' t4e #ebtor 4a been le# to belie&et4at t4e t4ir# 3eron 4a# a"t4orit% to re$ei&e t4e 3a%,ent. (116a)


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Art. 100. Pa%,ent ,a#e in goo# +ait4 to an% 3eron in 3oeiono+ t4e $re#it 4all releae t4e #ebtor. (116)

Art. 10. Pa%,ent ,a#e to t4e $re#itor b% t4e #ebtor a+ter t4elatter 4a been !"#i$iall% or#ere# to retain t4e #ebt 4all not be

&ali#. (1165)

Art. 10. T4e #ebtor o+ a t4ing $annot $o,3el t4e $re#itor tore$ei&e a #i=erent one' alt4o"g4 t4e latter ,a% be o+ t4e a,e&al"e a' or ,ore &al"able t4an t4at 4i$4 i #"e.

In obligation to #o or not to #o' an a$t or +orbearan$e $annot be"btit"te# b% anot4er a$t or +orbearan$e againt t4e obligee ill.(1166a)

Art. 105. ?ation in 3a%,ent' 4ereb% 3ro3ert% i alienate# to t4e$re#itor in ati+a$tion o+ a #ebt in ,one%' 4all be go&erne# b% t4ela o+ ale. (n)

Art. 106. 4en t4e obligation $onit in t4e #eli&er% o+ anin#eter,inate or generi$ t4ing' 4oe ;"alit% an# $ir$",tan$e4a&e not been tate#' t4e $re#itor $annot #e,an# a t4ing o+"3erior ;"alit%. Neit4er $an t4e #ebtor #eli&er a t4ing o+ in+erior;"alit%. T4e 3"r3oe o+ t4e obligation an# ot4er $ir$",tan$e 4allbe ta:en into $oni#eration. (116*a)

Art. 10*. >nle it i ot4erie ti3"late#' t4e e9tra!"#i$iale93ene re;"ire# b% t4e 3a%,ent 4all be +or t4e a$$o"nt o+ t4e#ebtor. it4 regar# to !"#i$ial $ot' t4e R"le o+ Co"rt 4all go&ern.(1167a)

Art. 107. >nle t4ere i an e93re ti3"lation to t4at e=e$t' t4e$re#itor $annot be $o,3elle# 3artiall% to re$ei&e t4e 3retation in4i$4 t4e obligation $onit. Neit4er ,a% t4e #ebtor be re;"ire# to,a:e 3artial 3a%,ent.

Hoe&er' 4en t4e #ebt i in 3art li;"i#ate# an# in 3art

"nli;"i#ate#' t4e $re#itor ,a% #e,an# an# t4e #ebtor ,a% e=e$tt4e 3a%,ent o+ t4e +or,er it4o"t aiting +or t4e li;"i#ation o+ t4elatter. (1168a)

Art. 108. T4e 3a%,ent o+ #ebt in ,one% 4all be ,a#e in t4e$"rren$% ti3"late#' an# i+ it i not 3oible to #eli&er "$4 $"rren$%'t4en in t4e $"rren$% 4i$4 i legal ten#er in t4e P4ili33ine.

T4e #eli&er% o+ 3ro,ior% note 3a%able to or#er' or bill o+e9$4ange or ot4er ,er$antile #o$",ent 4all 3ro#"$e t4e e=e$t o+

3a%,ent onl% 4en t4e% 4a&e been $a4e#' or 4en t4ro"g4 t4e+a"lt o+ t4e $re#itor t4e% 4a&e been i,3aire#.


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In t4e ,eanti,e' t4e a$tion #eri&e# +ro, t4e original obligation4all be 4el# in t4e abe%an$e. (11*)

Art. 105. In $ae an e9traor#inar% ination or #eation o+ t4e

$"rren$% ti3"late# 4o"l# "3er&ene' t4e &al"e o+ t4e $"rren$% att4e ti,e o+ t4e etabli4,ent o+ t4e obligation 4all be t4e bai o+3a%,ent' "nle t4ere i an agree,ent to t4e $ontrar%. (n)

Art. 1051. Pa%,ent 4all be ,a#e in t4e 3la$e #eignate# in t4eobligation.

T4ere being no e93re ti3"lation an# i+ t4e "n#erta:ing i to#eli&er a #eter,inate t4ing' t4e 3a%,ent 4all be ,a#e 4ere&ert4e t4ing ,ig4t be at t4e ,o,ent t4e obligation a $ontit"te#.

In an% ot4er $ae t4e 3la$e o+ 3a%,ent 4all be t4e #o,i$ile o+ t4e#ebtor.

I+ t4e #ebtor $4ange 4i #o,i$ile in ba# +ait4 or a+ter 4e 4ain$"rre# in #ela%' t4e a##itional e93ene 4all be borne b% 4i,.

T4ee 3ro&iion are it4o"t 3re!"#i$e to &en"e "n#er t4e R"le o+Co"rt. (11*1a)La$enter.34

S>BSECTION 1. D A33li$ation o+ Pa%,ent

Art. 1050. He 4o 4a &ario" #ebt o+ t4e a,e :in# in +a&or o+ onean# t4e a,e $re#itor' ,a% #e$lare at t4e ti,e o+ ,a:ing t4e3a%,ent' to 4i$4 o+ t4e, t4e a,e ,"t be a33lie#. >nle t4e3artie o ti3"late' or 4en t4e a33li$ation o+ 3a%,ent i ,a#e b%t4e 3art% +or 4oe benet t4e ter, 4a been $ontit"te#'a33li$ation 4all not be ,a#e a to #ebt 4i$4 are not %et #"e.

I+ t4e #ebtor a$$e3t +ro, t4e $re#itor a re$ei3t in 4i$4 an

a33li$ation o+ t4e 3a%,ent i ,a#e' t4e +or,er $annot $o,3lain o+t4e a,e' "nle t4ere i a $a"e +or in&ali#ating t4e $ontra$t.(11*0a)

Art. 105. I+ t4e #ebt 3ro#"$e interet' 3a%,ent o+ t4e 3rin$i3al4all not be #ee,e# to 4a&e been ,a#e "ntil t4e interet 4a&ebeen $o&ere#. (11*)

Art. 105. 4en t4e 3a%,ent $annot be a33lie# in a$$or#an$e it4t4e 3re$e#ing r"le' or i+ a33li$ation $an not be in+erre# +ro, ot4er

$ir$",tan$e' t4e #ebt 4i$4 i ,ot onero" to t4e #ebtor' a,ongt4oe #"e' 4all be #ee,e# to 4a&e been atie#.


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I+ t4e #ebt #"e are o+ t4e a,e nat"re an# b"r#en' t4e 3a%,ent4all be a33lie# to all o+ t4e, 3ro3ortionatel%. (11*a)

S>BSECTION 0. D Pa%,ent b% Ceion

Art. 1055. T4e #ebtor ,a% $e#e or aign 4i 3ro3ert% to 4i$re#itor in 3a%,ent o+ 4i #ebt. T4i $eion' "nle t4ere iti3"lation to t4e $ontrar%' 4all onl% releae t4e #ebtor +ro,re3onibilit% +or t4e net 3ro$ee# o+ t4e t4ing aigne#. T4eagree,ent 4i$4' on t4e e=e$t o+ t4e $eion' are ,a#e beteent4e #ebtor an# 4i $re#itor 4all be go&erne# b% 3e$ial la.(11*5a)

S>BSECTION . D Ten#er o+ Pa%,ent an# Conignation

Art. 1056. I+ t4e $re#itor to 4o, ten#er o+ 3a%,ent 4a been ,a#ere+"e it4o"t !"t $a"e to a$$e3t it' t4e #ebtor 4all be releae#+ro, re3onibilit% b% t4e $onignation o+ t4e t4ing or ", #"e.

Conignation alone 4all 3ro#"$e t4e a,e e=e$t in t4e +olloing$ae

(1) 4en t4e $re#itor i abent or "n:non' or #oe not a33ear at

t4e 3la$e o+ 3a%,ent/

(0) 4en 4e i in$a3a$itate# to re$ei&e t4e 3a%,ent at t4e ti,e it i#"e/

() 4en' it4o"t !"t $a"e' 4e re+"e to gi&e a re$ei3t/

() 4en to or ,ore 3eron $lai, t4e a,e rig4t to $olle$t/

(5) 4en t4e title o+ t4e obligation 4a been lot. (11*6a)

Art. 105*. In or#er t4at t4e $onignation o+ t4e t4ing #"e ,a%releae t4e obligor' it ,"t rt be anno"n$e# to t4e 3eroninterete# in t4e +"lll,ent o+ t4e obligation.

T4e $onignation 4all be ine=e$t"al i+ it i not ,a#e tri$tl% in$ononan$e it4 t4e 3ro&iion 4i$4 reg"late 3a%,ent. (11**)

Art. 1057. Conignation 4all be ,a#e b% #e3oiting t4e t4ing #"eat t4e #i3oal o+ !"#i$ial a"t4orit%' be+ore 4o, t4e ten#er o+3a%,ent 4all be 3ro&e#' in a 3ro3er $ae' an# t4e anno"n$e,ent

o+ t4e $onignation in ot4er $ae.


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T4e $onignation 4a&ing been ,a#e' t4e interete# 3artie 4allalo be notie# t4ereo+. (11*7)

Art. 1058. T4e e93ene o+ $onignation' 4en 3ro3erl% ,a#e' 4allbe $4arge# againt t4e $re#itor. (11*7)

Art. 106. On$e t4e $onignation 4a been #"l% ,a#e' t4e #ebtor,a% a: t4e !"#ge to or#er t4e $an$ellation o+ t4e obligation.

Be+ore t4e $re#itor 4a a$$e3te# t4e $onignation' or be+ore a!"#i$ial #e$laration t4at t4e $onignation 4a been 3ro3erl% ,a#e't4e #ebtor ,a% it4#ra t4e t4ing or t4e ", #e3oite#' alloingt4e obligation to re,ain in +or$e. (117)

Art. 1061. I+' t4e $onignation 4a&ing been ,a#e' t4e $re#itor4o"l# a"t4oriFe t4e #ebtor to it4#ra t4e a,e' 4e 4all loee&er% 3re+eren$e 4i$4 4e ,a% 4a&e o&er t4e t4ing. T4e $o-#ebtor'g"arantor an# "retie 4all be releae#. (1171a)

SECTION 0. D Lo o+ t4e T4ing ?"e

Art. 1060. An obligation 4i$4 $onit in t4e #eli&er% o+ a#eter,inate t4ing 4all be e9ting"i4e# i+ it 4o"l# be lot or#etro%e# it4o"t t4e +a"lt o+ t4e #ebtor' an# be+ore 4e 4ain$"rre# in #ela%.

4en b% la or ti3"lation' t4e obligor i liable e&en +or +ort"ito"e&ent' t4e lo o+ t4e t4ing #oe not e9ting"i4 t4e obligation' an#4e 4all be re3onible +or #a,age. T4e a,e r"le a33lie 4ent4e nat"re o+ t4e obligation re;"ire t4e a",3tion o+ ri:. (1170a)

Art. 106. In an obligation to #eli&er a generi$ t4ing' t4e lo or#etr"$tion o+ an%t4ing o+ t4e a,e :in# #oe not e9ting"i4 t4eobligation. (n)

Art. 106. T4e $o"rt 4all #eter,ine 4et4er' "n#er t4e$ir$",tan$e' t4e 3artial lo o+ t4e ob!e$t o+ t4e obligation i o

i,3ortant a to e9ting"i4 t4e obligation. (n)

Art. 1065. 4ene&er t4e t4ing i lot in t4e 3oeion o+ t4e#ebtor' it 4all be 3re",e# t4at t4e lo a #"e to 4i +a"lt'"nle t4ere i 3roo+ to t4e $ontrar%' an# it4o"t 3re!"#i$e to t4e3ro&iion o+ arti$le 1165. T4i 3re",3tion #oe not a33l% in $aeo+ eart4;"a:e' oo#' tor,' or ot4er nat"ral $ala,it%. (117a)

Art. 1066. T4e #ebtor in obligation to #o 4all alo be releae#4en t4e 3retation be$o,e legall% or 34%i$all% i,3oible

it4o"t t4e +a"lt o+ t4e obligor. (117a)


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Art. 106*. 4en t4e er&i$e 4a be$o,e o #i$"lt a to be,ani+etl% be%on# t4e $onte,3lation o+ t4e 3artie' t4e obligor ,a%alo be releae# t4ere+ro,' in 4ole or in 3art. (n)

Art. 1067. 4en t4e #ebt o+ a t4ing $ertain an# #eter,inate

3ro$ee# +ro, a $ri,inal o=ene' t4e #ebtor 4all not be e9e,3te#+ro, t4e 3a%,ent o+ it 3ri$e' 4ate&er ,a% be t4e $a"e +or t4elo' "nle t4e t4ing 4a&ing been o=ere# b% 4i, to t4e 3eron 4o4o"l# re$ei&e it' t4e latter re+"e# it4o"t !"ti$ation to a$$e3t it.(1175)

Art. 1068. T4e obligation 4a&ing been e9ting"i4e# b% t4e lo o+t4e t4ing' t4e $re#itor 4all 4a&e all t4e rig4t o+ a$tion 4i$4 t4e#ebtor ,a% 4a&e againt t4ir# 3eron b% reaon o+ t4e lo. (1176)

SECTION . D Con#onation or Re,iion o+ t4e ?ebt

Art. 10*. Con#onation or re,iion i eentiall% grat"ito"' an#re;"ire t4e a$$e3tan$e b% t4e obligor. It ,a% be ,a#e e93rel% ori,3lie#l%.

One an# t4e ot4er :in# 4all be "b!e$t to t4e r"le 4i$4 go&ernino$io" #onation. E93re $on#onation 4all' +"rt4er,ore'$o,3l% it4 t4e +or, o+ #onation. (117*)

Art. 10*1. T4e #eli&er% o+ a 3ri&ate #o$",ent e&i#en$ing a $re#it',a#e &ol"ntaril% b% t4e $re#itor to t4e #ebtor' i,3lie t4eren"n$iation o+ t4e a$tion 4i$4 t4e +or,er 4a# againt t4e latter.

I+ in or#er to n"lli+% t4i ai&er it 4o"l# be $lai,e# to be ino$io"'t4e #ebtor an# 4i 4eir ,a% "34ol# it b% 3ro&ing t4at t4e #eli&er%o+ t4e #o$",ent a ,a#e in &irt"e o+ 3a%,ent o+ t4e #ebt. (1177)

Art. 10*0. 4ene&er t4e 3ri&ate #o$",ent in 4i$4 t4e #ebta33ear i +o"n# in t4e 3oeion o+ t4e #ebtor' it 4all be

3re",e# t4at t4e $re#itor #eli&ere# it &ol"ntaril%' "nle t4e$ontrar% i 3ro&e#. (1178)

Art. 10*. T4e ren"n$iation o+ t4e 3rin$i3al #ebt 4all e9ting"i4 t4ea$$eor% obligation/ b"t t4e ai&er o+ t4e latter 4all lea&e t4e+or,er in +or$e. (118)

Art. 10*. It i 3re",e# t4at t4e a$$eor% obligation o+ 3le#ge 4abeen re,itte# 4en t4e t4ing 3le#ge#' a+ter it #eli&er% to t4e$re#itor' i +o"n# in t4e 3oeion o+ t4e #ebtor' or o+ a t4ir# 3eron

4o on t4e t4ing. (1181a)


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SECTION . D Con+"ion or erger o+ Rig4t

Art. 10*5. T4e obligation i e9ting"i4e# +ro, t4e ti,e t4e$4ara$ter o+ $re#itor an# #ebtor are ,erge# in t4e a,e 3eron.(1180a)

Art. 10*6. erger 4i$4 ta:e 3la$e in t4e 3eron o+ t4e 3rin$i3al#ebtor or $re#itor benet t4e g"arantor. Con+"ion 4i$4 ta:e3la$e in t4e 3eron o+ an% o+ t4e latter #oe not e9ting"i4 t4eobligation. (118)

Art. 10**. Con+"ion #oe not e9ting"i4 a !oint obligation e9$e3t aregar# t4e 4are $orre3on#ing to t4e $re#itor or #ebtor in 4o,t4e to $4ara$ter $on$"r. (118)

SECTION 5. D Co,3enation

Art. 10*7. Co,3enation 4all ta:e 3la$e 4en to 3eron' in t4eir

on rig4t' are $re#itor an# #ebtor o+ ea$4 ot4er. (1185)

Art. 10*8. In or#er t4at $o,3enation ,a% be 3ro3er' it ine$ear%

(1) T4at ea$4 one o+ t4e obligor be bo"n# 3rin$i3all%' an# t4at 4ebe at t4e a,e ti,e a 3rin$i3al $re#itor o+ t4e ot4er/

(0) T4at bot4 #ebt $onit in a ", o+ ,one%' or i+ t4e t4ing #"eare $on",able' t4e% be o+ t4e a,e :in#' an# alo o+ t4e a,e;"alit% i+ t4e latter 4a been tate#/

() T4at t4e to #ebt be #"e/

() T4at t4e% be li;"i#ate# an# #e,an#able/

(5) T4at o&er neit4er o+ t4e, t4ere be an% retention or $ontro&er%'$o,,en$e# b% t4ir# 3eron an# $o,,"ni$ate# in #"e ti,e to t4e#ebtor. (1186)

Art. 107. Notit4tan#ing t4e 3ro&iion o+ t4e 3re$e#ing arti$le'

t4e g"arantor ,a% et "3 $o,3enation a regar# 4at t4e$re#itor ,a% oe t4e 3rin$i3al #ebtor. (118*)


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Art. 1071. Co,3enation ,a% be total or 3artial. 4en t4e to#ebt are o+ t4e a,e a,o"nt' t4ere i a total $o,3enation. (n)

Art. 1070. T4e 3artie ,a% agree "3on t4e $o,3enation o+ #ebt

4i$4 are not %et #"e. (n)

Art. 107. I+ one o+ t4e 3artie to a "it o&er an obligation 4a a$lai, +or #a,age againt t4e ot4er' t4e +or,er ,a% et it o= b%3ro&ing 4i rig4t to ai# #a,age an# t4e a,o"nt t4ereo+. (n)

Art. 107. 4en one or bot4 #ebt are re$iible or &oi#able' t4e%,a% be $o,3enate# againt ea$4 ot4er be+ore t4e% are !"#i$iall%re$in#e# or a&oi#e#. (n)

Art. 1075. T4e #ebtor 4o 4a $onente# to t4e aign,ent o+rig4t ,a#e b% a $re#itor in +a&or o+ a t4ir# 3eron' $annot et "3againt t4e aignee t4e $o,3enation 4i$4 o"l# 3ertain to 4i,againt t4e aignor' "nle t4e aignor a notie# b% t4e #ebtorat t4e ti,e 4e ga&e 4i $onent' t4at 4e reer&e# 4i rig4t to t4e$o,3enation.

I+ t4e $re#itor $o,,"ni$ate# t4e $eion to 4i, b"t t4e #ebtor #i#not $onent t4ereto' t4e latter ,a% et "3 t4e $o,3enation o+#ebt 3re&io" to t4e $eion' b"t not o+ "be;"ent one.

I+ t4e aign,ent i ,a#e it4o"t t4e :nole#ge o+ t4e #ebtor' 4e,a% et "3 t4e $o,3enation o+ all $re#it 3rior to t4e a,e an#alo later one "ntil 4e 4a# :nole#ge o+ t4e aign,ent. (1187a)

Art. 1076. Co,3enation ta:e 3la$e b% o3eration o+ la' e&ent4o"g4 t4e #ebt ,a% be 3a%able at #i=erent 3la$e' b"t t4ere 4allbe an in#e,nit% +or e93ene o+ e9$4ange or tran3ortation to t4e3la$e o+ 3a%,ent. (1188a)

Art. 107*. Co,3enation 4all not be 3ro3er 4en one o+ t4e #ebtarie +ro, a #e3oit", or +ro, t4e obligation o+ a #e3oitar% or o+

a bailee in $o,,o#at",.

Neit4er $an $o,3enation be et "3 againt a $re#itor 4o 4a a$lai, +or "33ort #"e b% grat"ito" title' it4o"t 3re!"#i$e to t4e3ro&iion o+ 3aragra34 0 o+ Arti$le 1. (10a)

Art. 1077. Neit4er 4all t4ere be $o,3enation i+ one o+ t4e #ebt$onit in $i&il liabilit% ariing +ro, a 3enal o=ene. (n)

Art. 1078. I+ a 3eron 4o"l# 4a&e againt 4i, e&eral #ebt 4i$4

are "$e3tible o+ $o,3enation' t4e r"le on t4e a33li$ation o+3a%,ent 4all a33l% to t4e or#er o+ t4e $o,3enation. (101)


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Art. 108. 4en all t4e re;"iite ,entione# in Arti$le 10*8 are3reent' $o,3enation ta:e e=e$t b% o3eration o+ la' an#e9ting"i4e bot4 #ebt to t4e $on$"rrent a,o"nt' e&en t4o"g4 t4e$re#itor an# #ebtor are not aare o+ t4e $o,3enation. (100a)

SECTION 6. D No&ation

Art. 1081. Obligation ,a% be ,o#ie# b%

(1) C4anging t4eir ob!e$t or 3rin$i3al $on#ition/

(0) S"btit"ting t4e 3eron o+ t4e #ebtor/

() S"brogating a t4ir# 3eron in t4e rig4t o+ t4e $re#itor. (10)

Art. 1080. In or#er t4at an obligation ,a% be e9ting"i4e# b%anot4er 4i$4 "btit"te t4e a,e' it i i,3erati&e t4at it be o#e$lare# in "ne;"i&o$al ter,' or t4at t4e ol# an# t4e neobligation be on e&er% 3oint in$o,3atible it4 ea$4 ot4er. (10)

Art. 108. No&ation 4i$4 $onit in "btit"ting a ne #ebtor int4e 3la$e o+ t4e original one' ,a% be ,a#e e&en it4o"t t4e:nole#ge or againt t4e ill o+ t4e latter' b"t not it4o"t t4e$onent o+ t4e $re#itor. Pa%,ent b% t4e ne #ebtor gi&e 4i, t4erig4t ,entione# in Arti$le 106 an# 10*. (105a)

Art. 108. I+ t4e "btit"tion i it4o"t t4e :nole#ge or againt t4eill o+ t4e #ebtor' t4e ne #ebtor inol&en$% or non-+"lll,ent o+t4e obligation 4all not gi&e rie to an% liabilit% on t4e 3art o+ t4eoriginal #ebtor. (n)

Art. 1085. T4e inol&en$% o+ t4e ne #ebtor' 4o 4a been 3ro3oe#b% t4e original #ebtor an# a$$e3te# b% t4e $re#itor' 4all not re&i&et4e a$tion o+ t4e latter againt t4e original obligor' e9$e3t 4en ai#inol&en$% a alrea#% e9iting an# o+ 3"bli$ :nole#ge' or :nonto t4e #ebtor' 4en t4e #elegate# 4i #ebt. (106a)

Art. 1086. 4en t4e 3rin$i3al obligation i e9ting"i4e# in$one;"en$e o+ a no&ation' a$$eor% obligation ,a% "bit onl%ino+ar a t4e% ,a% benet t4ir# 3eron 4o #i# not gi&e t4eir$onent. (10*)


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Art. 108*. I+ t4e ne obligation i &oi#' t4e original one 4all "bit'"nle t4e 3artie inten#e# t4at t4e +or,er relation 4o"l# bee9ting"i4e# in an% e&ent. (n)

Art. 1087. T4e no&ation i &oi# i+ t4e original obligation a &oi#'

e9$e3t 4en ann"l,ent ,a% be $lai,e# onl% b% t4e #ebtor or 4enrati$ation &ali#ate a$t 4i$4 are &oi#able. (107a)

Art. 1088. I+ t4e original obligation a "b!e$t to a "3eni&e orreol"tor% $on#ition' t4e ne obligation 4all be "n#er t4e a,e$on#ition' "nle it i ot4erie ti3"late#. (n)

Art. 1. S"brogation o+ a t4ir# 3eron in t4e rig4t o+ t4e $re#itori eit4er legal or $on&entional. T4e +or,er i not 3re",e#' e9$e3tin $ae e93rel% ,entione# in t4i Co#e/ t4e latter ,"t be $learl%etabli4e# in or#er t4at it ,a% ta:e e=e$t. (108a)

Art. 11. Con&entional "brogation o+ a t4ir# 3eron re;"ire t4e$onent o+ t4e original 3artie an# o+ t4e t4ir# 3eron. (n)

Art. 10. It i 3re",e# t4at t4ere i legal "brogation

(1) 4en a $re#itor 3a% anot4er $re#itor 4o i 3re+erre#' e&enit4o"t t4e #ebtor :nole#ge/

(0) 4en a t4ir# 3eron' not interete# in t4e obligation' 3a% it4

t4e e93re or ta$it a33ro&al o+ t4e #ebtor/

() 4en' e&en it4o"t t4e :nole#ge o+ t4e #ebtor' a 3eroninterete# in t4e +"lll,ent o+ t4e obligation 3a%' it4o"t 3re!"#i$eto t4e e=e$t o+ $on+"ion a to t4e latter 4are. (101a)

Art. 1. S"brogation tran+er to t4e 3eron "brogate# t4e$re#it it4 all t4e rig4t t4ereto a33ertaining' eit4er againt t4e#ebtor or againt t4ir# 3eron' be t4e% g"arantor or 3oeor o+,ortgage' "b!e$t to ti3"lation in a $on&entional "brogation.(1010a)

Art. 1. A $re#itor' to 4o, 3artial 3a%,ent 4a been ,a#e' ,a%e9er$ie 4i rig4t +or t4e re,ain#er' an# 4e 4all be 3re+erre# to t4e3eron 4o 4a been "brogate# in 4i 3la$e in &irt"e o+ t4e 3artial3a%,ent o+ t4e a,e $re#it. (101)

Title II

CONTRACTS


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CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 15. A $ontra$t i a ,eeting o+ ,in# beteen to 3eron4ereb% one bin# 4i,el+' it4 re3e$t to t4e ot4er' to gi&eo,et4ing or to ren#er o,e er&i$e. (105a)

Art. 16. T4e $ontra$ting 3artie ,a% etabli4 "$4 ti3"lation'$la"e' ter, an# $on#ition a t4e% ,a% #ee, $on&enient'3ro&i#e# t4e% are not $ontrar% to la' ,oral' goo# $"to,' 3"bli$or#er' or 3"bli$ 3oli$%. (1055a)

Art. 1*. Inno,inate $ontra$t 4all be reg"late# b% t4eti3"lation o+ t4e 3artie' b% t4e 3ro&iion o+ Title I an# II o+ t4iBoo:' b% t4e r"le go&erning t4e ,ot analogo" no,inate$ontra$t' an# b% t4e $"to, o+ t4e 3la$e. (n)

Art. 17. T4e $ontra$t ,"t bin# bot4 $ontra$ting 3artie/ it&ali#it% or $o,3lian$e $annot be le+t to t4e ill o+ one o+ t4e,.(1056a)

Art. 18. T4e #eter,ination o+ t4e 3er+or,an$e ,a% be le+t to at4ir# 3eron' 4oe #e$iion 4all not be bin#ing "ntil it 4a been

,a#e :non to bot4 $ontra$ting 3artie. (n)

Art. 11. T4e #eter,ination 4all not be obligator% i+ it i e&i#entl%ine;"itable. In "$4 $ae' t4e $o"rt 4all #e$i#e 4at i e;"itable"n#er t4e $ir$",tan$e. (n)

Art. 111. Contra$t ta:e e=e$t onl% beteen t4e 3artie' t4eiraign an# 4eir' e9$e3t in $ae 4ere t4e rig4t an# obligationariing +ro, t4e $ontra$t are not tran,iible b% t4eir nat"re' or b%ti3"lation or b% 3ro&iion o+ la. T4e 4eir i not liable be%on# t4e&al"e o+ t4e 3ro3ert% 4e re$ei&e# +ro, t4e #e$e#ent.

I+ a $ontra$t 4o"l# $ontain o,e ti3"lation in +a&or o+ a t4ir#3eron' 4e ,a% #e,an# it +"lll,ent 3ro&i#e# 4e $o,,"ni$ate#4i a$$e3tan$e to t4e obligor be+ore it re&o$ation. A ,erein$i#ental benet or interet o+ a 3eron i not "$ient. T4e$ontra$ting 3artie ,"t 4a&e $learl% an# #eliberatel% $on+erre# a+a&or "3on a t4ir# 3eron. (105*a)

Art. 110. In $ontra$t $reating real rig4t' t4ir# 3eron 4o $o,einto 3oeion o+ t4e ob!e$t o+ t4e $ontra$t are bo"n# t4ereb%'

"b!e$t to t4e 3ro&iion o+ t4e ortgage La an# t4e Lan#Regitration La. (n)


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Art. 11. Cre#itor are 3rote$te# in $ae o+ $ontra$t inten#e# to#e+ra"# t4e,. (n)

Art. 11. An% t4ir# 3eron 4o in#"$e anot4er to &iolate 4i

$ontra$t 4all be liable +or #a,age to t4e ot4er $ontra$ting 3art%.(n)

Art. 115. Contra$t are 3er+e$te# b% ,ere $onent' an# +ro, t4at,o,ent t4e 3artie are bo"n# not onl% to t4e +"lll,ent o+ 4at 4abeen e93rel% ti3"late# b"t alo to all t4e $one;"en$e 4i$4'a$$or#ing to t4eir nat"re' ,a% be in :ee3ing it4 goo# +ait4' "agean# la. (1057)

Art. 116. Real $ontra$t' "$4 a #e3oit' 3le#ge an#Co,,o#at",' are not 3er+e$te# "ntil t4e #eli&er% o+ t4e ob!e$t o+t4e obligation. (n)

Art. 11*. No one ,a% $ontra$t in t4e na,e o+ anot4er it4o"tbeing a"t4oriFe# b% t4e latter' or "nle 4e 4a b% la a rig4t tore3reent 4i,.

A $ontra$t entere# into in t4e na,e o+ anot4er b% one 4o 4a noa"t4orit% or legal re3reentation' or 4o 4a a$te# be%on# 4i3oer' 4all be "nen+or$eable' "nle it i ratie#' e93rel% ori,3lie#l%' b% t4e 3eron on 4oe be4al+ it 4a been e9e$"te#'

be+ore it i re&o:e# b% t4e ot4er $ontra$ting 3art%. (1058a)

CHAPTER 0 - ESSENTIAL RE2>ISITES O@ CONTRACTS

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 117. T4ere i no $ontra$t "nle t4e +olloing re;"iite$on$"r

(1) Conent o+ t4e $ontra$ting 3artie/

(0) Ob!e$t $ertain 4i$4 i t4e "b!e$t ,atter o+ t4e $ontra$t/

() Ca"e o+ t4e obligation 4i$4 i etabli4e#. (1061)


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SECTION 1. D Conent

Art. 118. Conent i ,ani+ete# b% t4e ,eeting o+ t4e o=er an# t4e

a$$e3tan$e "3on t4e t4ing an# t4e $a"e 4i$4 are to $ontit"tet4e $ontra$t. T4e o=er ,"t be $ertain an# t4e a$$e3tan$eabol"te. A ;"alie# a$$e3tan$e $ontit"te a $o"nter-o=er.

A$$e3tan$e ,a#e b% letter or telegra, #oe not bin# t4e o=erere9$e3t +ro, t4e ti,e it $a,e to 4i :nole#ge. T4e $ontra$t' in "$4a $ae' i 3re",e# to 4a&e been entere# into in t4e 3la$e 4eret4e o=er a ,a#e. (1060a)

Art. 10. An a$$e3tan$e ,a% be e93re or i,3lie#. (n)

Art. 101. T4e 3eron ,a:ing t4e o=er ,a% 9 t4e ti,e' 3la$e' an#,anner o+ a$$e3tan$e' all o+ 4i$4 ,"t be $o,3lie# it4. (n)

Art. 100. An o=er ,a#e t4ro"g4 an agent i a$$e3te# +ro, t4eti,e a$$e3tan$e i $o,,"ni$ate# to 4i,. (n)

Art. 10. An o=er be$o,e ine=e$ti&e "3on t4e #eat4' $i&ilinter#i$tion' inanit%' or inol&en$% o+ eit4er 3art% be+orea$$e3tan$e i $on&e%e#. (n)

Art. 10. 4en t4e o=erer 4a alloe# t4e o=eree a $ertain 3erio#to a$$e3t' t4e o=er ,a% be it4#ran at an% ti,e be+orea$$e3tan$e b% $o,,"ni$ating "$4 it4#raal' e9$e3t 4en t4eo3tion i +o"n#e# "3on a $oni#eration' a o,et4ing 3ai# or3ro,ie#. (n)

Art. 105. >nle it a33ear ot4erie' b"ine a#&ertie,ent o+t4ing +or ale are not #enite o=er' b"t ,ere in&itation to ,a:ean o=er. (n)

Art. 106. A#&ertie,ent +or bi##er are i,3l% in&itation to ,a:e

3ro3oal' an# t4e a#&ertier i not bo"n# to a$$e3t t4e 4ig4et orloet bi##er' "nle t4e $ontrar% a33ear. (n)

Art. 10*. T4e +olloing $annot gi&e $onent to a $ontra$t

(1) >ne,an$i3ate# ,inor/

(0) Inane or #e,ente# 3eron' an# #ea+-,"te 4o #o not :no4o to rite. (106a)


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Art. 107. Contra$t entere# into #"ring a l"$i# inter&al are &ali#.Contra$t agree# to in a tate o+ #r"n:enne or #"ring a 4%3noti$3ell are &oi#able. (n)

Art. 108. T4e in$a3a$it% #e$lare# in Arti$le 10* i "b!e$t to t4e

,o#i$ation #eter,ine# b% la' an# i "n#ertoo# to be it4o"t3re!"#i$e to 3e$ial #i;"ali$ation etabli4e# in t4e la. (106)

Art. 1. A $ontra$t 4ere $onent i gi&en t4ro"g4 ,ita:e'&iolen$e' inti,i#ation' "n#"e in"en$e' or +ra"# i &oi#able. (1065a)

Art. 11. In or#er t4at ,ita:e ,a% in&ali#ate $onent' it 4o"l#re+er to t4e "btan$e o+ t4e t4ing 4i$4 i t4e ob!e$t o+ t4e$ontra$t' or to t4oe $on#ition 4i$4 4a&e 3rin$i3all% ,o&e# one orbot4 3artie to enter into t4e $ontra$t.

ita:e a to t4e i#entit% or ;"ali$ation o+ one o+ t4e 3artie ill&itiate $onent onl% 4en "$4 i#entit% or ;"ali$ation 4a&e beent4e 3rin$i3al $a"e o+ t4e $ontra$t.

A i,3le ,ita:e o+ a$$o"nt 4all gi&e rie to it $orre$tion. (1066a)

Art. 10. 4en one o+ t4e 3artie i "nable to rea#' or i+ t4e$ontra$t i in a lang"age not "n#ertoo# b% 4i,' an# ,ita:e or+ra"# i allege#' t4e 3eron en+or$ing t4e $ontra$t ,"t 4o t4att4e ter, t4ereo+ 4a&e been +"ll% e93laine# to t4e +or,er. (n)

Art. 1. T4ere i no ,ita:e i+ t4e 3art% alleging it :ne t4e#o"bt' $ontingen$% or ri: a=e$ting t4e ob!e$t o+ t4e $ontra$t. (n)

Art. 1. "t"al error a to t4e legal e=e$t o+ an agree,ent 4ent4e real 3"r3oe o+ t4e 3artie i +r"trate#' ,a% &itiate $onent. (n)

Art. 15. T4ere i &iolen$e 4en in or#er to ret $onent' erio"or irreitible +or$e i e,3lo%e#.

T4ere i inti,i#ation 4en one o+ t4e $ontra$ting 3artie i

$o,3elle# b% a reaonable an# ell-gro"n#e# +ear o+ an i,,inentan# gra&e e&il "3on 4i 3eron or 3ro3ert%' or "3on t4e 3eron or3ro3ert% o+ 4i 3o"e' #e$en#ant or a$en#ant' to gi&e 4i$onent.

To #eter,ine t4e #egree o+ inti,i#ation' t4e age' e9 an# $on#itiono+ t4e 3eron 4all be borne in ,in#.

A t4reat to en+or$e one $lai, t4ro"g4 $o,3etent a"t4orit%' i+ t4e$lai, i !"t or legal' #oe not &itiate $onent. (106*a)


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Art. 16. Violen$e or inti,i#ation 4all ann"l t4e obligation'alt4o"g4 it ,a% 4a&e been e,3lo%e# b% a t4ir# 3eron 4o #i# notta:e 3art in t4e $ontra$t. (1067)

Art. 1*. T4ere i "n#"e in"en$e 4en a 3eron ta:e i,3ro3er

a#&antage o+ 4i 3oer o&er t4e ill o+ anot4er' #e3ri&ing t4e lattero+ a reaonable +ree#o, o+ $4oi$e. T4e +olloing $ir$",tan$e 4allbe $oni#ere# t4e $on#ential' +a,il%' 3irit"al an# ot4er relationbeteen t4e 3artie' or t4e +a$t t4at t4e 3eron allege# to 4a&ebeen "n#"l% in"en$e# a "=ering +ro, ,ental ea:ne' or aignorant or in nan$ial #itre. (n)

Art. 17. T4ere i +ra"# 4en' t4ro"g4 ini#io" or# or,a$4ination o+ one o+ t4e $ontra$ting 3artie' t4e ot4er i in#"$e#to enter into a $ontra$t 4i$4' it4o"t t4e,' 4e o"l# not 4a&eagree# to. (1068)

Art. 18. @ail"re to #i$loe +a$t' 4en t4ere i a #"t% to re&ealt4e,' a 4en t4e 3artie are bo"n# b% $on#ential relation'$ontit"te +ra"#. (n)

Art. 1. T4e ""al e9aggeration in tra#e' 4en t4e ot4er 3art%4a# an o33ort"nit% to :no t4e +a$t' are not in t4e,el&e+ra"#"lent. (n)

Art. 11. A ,ere e93reion o+ an o3inion #oe not igni+% +ra"#'

"nle ,a#e b% an e93ert an# t4e ot4er 3art% 4a relie# on t4e+or,er 3e$ial :nole#ge. (n)

Art. 10. ire3reentation b% a t4ir# 3eron #oe not &itiate$onent' "nle "$4 ,ire3reentation 4a $reate# "btantial,ita:e an# t4e a,e i ,"t"al. (n)

Art. 1. ire3reentation ,a#e in goo# +ait4 i not +ra"#"lentb"t ,a% $ontit"te error. (n)

Art. 1. In or#er t4at +ra"# ,a% ,a:e a $ontra$t &oi#able' it

4o"l# be erio" an# 4o"l# not 4a&e been e,3lo%e# b% bot4$ontra$ting 3artie.

In$i#ental +ra"# onl% oblige t4e 3eron e,3lo%ing it to 3a%#a,age. (10*)

Art. 15. Si,"lation o+ a $ontra$t ,a% be abol"te or relati&e. T4e+or,er ta:e 3la$e 4en t4e 3artie #o not inten# to be bo"n# atall/ t4e latter' 4en t4e 3artie $on$eal t4eir tr"e agree,ent. (n)

Art. 16. An abol"tel% i,"late# or $titio" $ontra$t i &oi#. Arelati&e i,"lation' 4en it #oe not 3re!"#i$e a t4ir# 3eron an# i


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not inten#e# +or an% 3"r3oe $ontrar% to la' ,oral' goo# $"to,'3"bli$ or#er or 3"bli$ 3oli$% bin# t4e 3artie to t4eir realagree,ent. (n)

SECTION 0. D Ob!e$t o+ Contra$t

Art. 1*. All t4ing 4i$4 are not o"ti#e t4e $o,,er$e o+ ,en'in$l"#ing +"t"re t4ing' ,a% be t4e ob!e$t o+ a $ontra$t. All rig4t4i$4 are not intran,iible ,a% alo be t4e ob!e$t o+ $ontra$t.

No $ontra$t ,a% be entere# into "3on +"t"re in4eritan$e e9$e3t in$ae e93rel% a"t4oriFe# b% la.

All er&i$e 4i$4 are not $ontrar% to la' ,oral' goo# $"to,'3"bli$ or#er or 3"bli$ 3oli$% ,a% li:eie be t4e ob!e$t o+ a$ontra$t. (10*1a)

Art. 17. I,3oible t4ing or er&i$e $annot be t4e ob!e$t o+$ontra$t. (10*0)

Art. 18. T4e ob!e$t o+ e&er% $ontra$t ,"t be #eter,inate a toit :in#. T4e +a$t t4at t4e ;"antit% i not #eter,inate 4all not be an

obta$le to t4e e9iten$e o+ t4e $ontra$t' 3ro&i#e# it i 3oible to#eter,ine t4e a,e' it4o"t t4e nee# o+ a ne $ontra$t beteent4e 3artie. (10*)

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