NATURAL AND OTHER DISASTERS RISK ASSESSMENT i... · 2017-01-27 · 4 NA FOREWORD The Risk...

NATURAL AND OTHER DISASTERS RISK ASSESSMENT


Prishtina July, 2016

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Contents

FOREWORD ...........................................................................................................................4

DECISION ...............................................................................................................................4

I. RISK ASSESSMENT AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE PROTECTION AND RESCUE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO ............................................................6

II. THE PROFILE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO .......................................................7

2.1.DefinitionofState .................................................................................................7

2.2.Geographicposition,features .............................................................................8

2.3.Relief .......................................................................................................................9

2.4.Kosovoclimate ......................................................................................................10

2.5.Precipitation ...........................................................................................................10

2.6.Hydrograph ...........................................................................................................12

2.7.Pedologicalfeatures ..............................................................................................14

2.8.Geologic-tectonicstructureofKosovo ..............................................................15

2.9.Lithostratigraphicfeatures ..................................................................................15

2.10.Floraandfauna ...................................................................................................17

III. KOSOVO ECONOMY .....................................................................................................18

3.1.Economicindicators .............................................................................................18

3.2.Incomesandsocialdevelopment .......................................................................18

3.3.Agriculture .............................................................................................................20

3.4.Energy .....................................................................................................................21

3.5.Economicintegrationandexternaltrade ..........................................................21

3.6.Transportandtraffic .............................................................................................22

3.7.Telecommunication ..............................................................................................22

IV. DEMOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................23

4.1.Statistics ..................................................................................................................23

4.2.Education ...............................................................................................................25

V. RISK ASSESSMENT ..........................................................................................................27

5.1.Riskprofileestablishment ..................................................................................27

VI. NATURAL RISKS ............................................................................................................30

6.1. Fires .........................................................................................................................30

6.2.Floods .....................................................................................................................34

6.3. Earthquakes ...........................................................................................................40

6.4. Landslides ..............................................................................................................47

6.5.RollingofrockmassesintheterritoryofKosovo ............................................50

6.6. Other natural risks ................................................................................................52


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VII. RISKS FROM OTHER DISASTERS ..............................................................................54

7.1.Landfillsoftheminingindustry .........................................................................54

7.2.Setbacksandsteepslopezones (Geo-hazardsinactiveandabandonedmines) ................................................57

7.3.Failureofdams ......................................................................................................58

VIII. RISKS IN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ...............................................................61

8.1InformationTechnology .......................................................................................62

IX. RISKS IN COLLECTIVE BUILDINGS .........................................................................65

9.1.Riskprofile .............................................................................................................65

X. RISKS IN VULNERABLE TECHNICAL FACILITES-TECHNICALINFRASTRUCTURE ..........................................................68

10.1.Riskprofile ...........................................................................................................68

XI. RISKS DURING THE TRANSPORTATION ...............................................................72

11.1.Roadtransport .....................................................................................................72

11.2.Transportihekurudhor ......................................................................................73

11.3Roadtransportofhazardouscompounds ........................................................75

11.4AirTransport ........................................................................................................78

XII. INDUSTRIAL RISKS ......................................................................................................82

12.1Energy ....................................................................................................................82

12.2IndustrialAccidents ............................................................................................95

12.3.Industrialandhazardouswaste .......................................................................96

XIII. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RISKS .......................................................................................99

13.1Riskofwatercontamination(dumping) ..........................................................99

13.2Waterpoisoning ...................................................................................................100

13.3Foodpoisoning .....................................................................................................102

13.4Pandemicflu .........................................................................................................104

13.5.CrimeanCongo-Hemorrhagicfever ..............................................................105

13.6.Brucellosis ............................................................................................................106

13.7.Tularemia .............................................................................................................107

XIV. CULTURAL HERITAGE ..............................................................................................110

14.1Stateofplay ..........................................................................................................110

XV. STRUCTURES FOR PROTECTION, RESCUE AND AID ........................................112

15.1CategorizationofPRAS ......................................................................................112

XVI. FINAL ASSESSMENTS ................................................................................................113

XVII. MAPS .............................................................................................................................115

Legislation ...............................................................................................................................145

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FOREWORD

TheRiskAssessment ofNatural andotherDisasters in theRepublic ofKosovodraftedpursuanttotheLawNo.04/L-027,aswellastheRegulationNo.28/2012ontheMethodologyfor Risk AssessmentDevelopment.

ThispapermapsoutthreatsfromrisksintheRepublicofKosovoandassessestheirrisklevel.Thisassessment,also,mapsoutopportunitiesandneedsforprevention,reductionofrisks,response,recoveryandavoidingconsequencesfromnaturalotherdisasters.ThisriskassessmentservesasbasisfordraftingofNationalResponsePlanatthecentrallevel,andRiskAssessmentatthelocallevel,includinghuman,technical,stateandprivateresources,NGOresources,aimingatprotectionandrescueoflifeofcitizensoftheRepublicofKosovofromnatural,technical-technologicalandhumanfactor.

SecretaryGeneraloftheMinistryofInternalAffairs,pursuanttotheArticle145(paragraph2)oftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofKosovo,Article38oftheLawNo.03/L-189ontheStateAdministrationofKosovo(OfficialGazetteNo.82,21October2010)andArticle17(5and6)oftheRegulationno.02/2011ontheAreasofAdministrativeResponsibilityoftheOfficeofthePrimeMinisterandMinistries(OfficialGazetteNo.1/18April2011),aswellaspursuanttotheArticle44(paragraph2)oftheLawno.04/L-027forProtectionagainstNaturalandotherDisasters,(OfficialGazetteNo.22/19October2011),issuesthis:

DECISION

1.WorkingGroupforreviewingtheNaturalandotherDisastersRiskAssessmentPaper,aswellasemergencysituationatthecountrylevel.

2.WorkingGroupreferredtoinpoint1ofthisDecisioniscomposedasfollows: 2.1.NijaziMiftari–EMA/MIA/Chairman; 2.2.HajrizSejdiu–EMA/MIA/member; 2.3.MuhametPllana-EMA/MIA/member; 2.4.HavaZeqiri-EMA/MIA/member; 2.5RepresentativeoftheMinistryofLocalGovernmentAdministration/member; 2.6.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofEconomicDevelopment/member; 2.7.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofInfrastructure/member; 2.8.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofHealth/member; 2.9.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandRuralDevelopment/member; 2.10.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanning/member; 2.11.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofPublicAdministration/member; 2.12.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofEducation,ScienceandTechnology/member; 2.13.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofCulture,YouthandSport/member; 2.14.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofJustice/member; 2.15.RepresentativeoftheMinistryforCommunityandReturns/member; 2.16.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofTradeandIndustry/member; 2.17.RepresentativeoftheMinistryofLabourandSocialWelfare/member; 2.18.RepresentativeoftheKosovoEnergyCorporation/member; 2.19.RepresentativeofRedCrossofKosovo/member; 2.20.RepresentativeofKosovoPolice; 2.21.RepresentativeoftheWaterDepartment;


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2.22.RepresentativeoftheKosovoHydro-meteorologicalInstitute; 2.23.RepresentativeoftheNationalInstituteofPublicHealth; 2.24.RepresentativeoftheFoodandVeterinaryAgency; 2.25.RepresentativeofKosovoCustoms; 2.26.RepresentativeofKosovoSeismologicalInstitute; 2.27.RepresentativeoftheKosovoInternationalAirport“AdemJashari”; 2.28.RepresentativeoftheAgencyonProtectionfromRadiation; 2.29.RepresentativeofFacultyofPhysics; 2.30.RepresentativeoftheInstituteofOccupationalMedicine; 2.31.RepresentativeoftheOncologyInstitute.

3.Pursuanttotherelevantapplicablelegislation,theWorkingGroupisobligedtoelaboratetheriskassessmentpaperreferredtoinItem1ofthisDecisionandotheraccompanyingdocuments.

4.DutiesandresponsibilitiesoftheWorkingGroupare:

a.Preparationoftheworkschedule,

b.Preparationofpresentationsandtheirpresentationatthecentralandlocallevel,

c.Establishmentofinclusiveinter-governmentalgroupforRiskAssessmentDevelopment,

d.Distributionoffinaldocumentsandrelevantdepartments,aswellas

e.OthertasksarisingfromthisAdministrativeInstruction.

5.Decisionshallenterintoforceuponitssignature.

Prishtina,on12.06.2014,no.391

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I. RISK ASSESSMENT AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE PROTECTION AND RESCUE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO

Introduction

Naturalandotherdisasters(NODs)causedbynaturalphenomenaorhumanfactormayputtoriskthelivesofhumans,animals,materialgoods,environment,crucialinfrastruc-tureandculturalheritage.Naturalorhumanfactorphenomenamanifestsrisksandposechallengesthathumansface.Therefore,riskassessmentandmanagement,undertakingofmeasures,actionsandactivitiesfortheirprevention,isoneoftheprioritiesoftheGovern-mentoftheRepublicofKosovo.Allcountriesaroundtheworldareexposedtoriskswhichatvariouslevelsanddimensionsrepresentthreattophysicalsecurity,propertyandcountryinterests.

Manycountries and regions throughouthumandevelopmentperiodshave experiencedvariousdisasterssuchas;earthquakes,volcanoes,storms,thunderstorms,cyclones,floods,avalanches,landslides,mudslides,explosions,etc...,manifestedwithvarioussizesandcon-sequences.Awareoftheeffectsandconsequencesoftheserisks,thecommunitymoreandmore is paying a special attention to theNODs assessment andmanagement and theircontrol.

Basedon itsmission,duties and responsibilities and theRegulationNo28/2012on theMethodologyforRiskAssessmentDevelopment,EmergencyManagementAgencyincol-laborationwithcentralandlocalinstitutions,NGOsandotherstakeholders,havedraftedthedraft-document“Natural andotherDisastersRiskAssessment”, aimingatmappingandassessingrisks,andundertakingofpreventionmeasuresandtheirreduction/mitiga-tion.Therevisingandsupplementingofriskassessmentpaperwasdonepursuanttorec-ommendationsofthepreviouspaper,draftedin2009.


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II. THE PROFILE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO

2.1. Definition of StateRepublicofKosovoisanindependent,sovereign,democratic,uniqueandindivisiblestate.RepublicofKosovoexercisesitsauthoritybasedonrespectforhumanrightsandfreedomsofitscitizensandallindividualswithinitsborders.

Form of Government

KosovoisademocraticRepublicbasedontheprincipleofseparationofpowersandthechecksandbalancesamongthem.

Assembly of the Republic –exercisesthelegislativepower.

President of the Republic ofKosovorepresentstheunityofthepeople.

ThePresidentof theRepublicofKosovo is the legitimate representativeof the country,internally and externally, and it is the guarantor of the democratic functioning of theinstitutionsoftheRepublicofKosovo,asprovidedintheConstitution.

Government of the Republic of Kosovo is responsible for implementationof lawsandstatepoliciesandissubjecttoparliamentarycontrol.

Judicial powerisunique,independentandisexercisedbycourts.

Constitutional CourtisanindependentorganinprotectingtheconstitutionalityandisthefinalinterpreteroftheConstitution.

The Republic of Kosovo has institutions for the protection of the constitutional orderand territorial integrity,publicorderandsafety,whichoperateunder theconstitutionalauthorityofthedemocraticinstitutionsoftheRepublicofKosovo.

Security Sector

TheRepublicofKosovohasauthorityoverlawenforcement,security,justice,publicsafety,intelligence,civilemergencyresponseandbordercontrolwithinitsterritory.

Kosovo Security Force

TheKosovoSecurityForceshallserveasanationalsecurityforcefortheRepublicofKosovoandmaysenditsmembersabroadinfullconformitywithitsinternationalresponsibilities.

Kosovo Security Council

TheSecurityCounciloftheRepublicofKosovoincooperationwiththePresidentoftheRepublicofKosovoandtheGovernmentdevelopsthesecuritystrategyfortheRepublicofKosovo.

The SecurityCouncil of theRepublic ofKosovo shall also have an advisory role on allmattersrelatingtosecurityintheRepublicofKosovo.

Kosovo Police

ThePoliceof theRepublicofKosovoshallbe responsible for thepreservationofpublicorderandsafetythroughouttheterritoryoftheRepublicofKosovo.

ThePoliceoftheRepublicofKosovoshallbeprofessionalandreflecttheethnicdiversityofthepopulationoftheRepublicofKosovo.

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Kosovo Intelligence Agency

TheKosovoIntelligenceAgencyshallidentify,investigateandmonitorthreatstosecurityintheRepublicofKosovo.

The Kosovo Intelligence Agency shall be professional, politically impartial, andmulti-ethnicandshallbesubjecttoAssemblyoversight.

International Military Presence

InternationalMilitaryPresencehasthemandateandpowerssetforthundertherelevantinternationalinstruments.

KFOR asintegralpartofthemilitaryallyofNATOhasthemandateandresponsibilityforthedefenceandsecurityofKosovo.

EULEX: EuropeanUnionRuleofLawMission(EULEX)inKosovowithintheEuropeanDefenceandSecurityPolicy.

Local Government and Territorial Organization

Municipalities are the basic territorial unit of local self-governance in the Republic ofKosovo.Municipalitiesenjoyahighdegreeof localself-governance,andencourageandensuretheactiveparticipationofallcitizens.

Ndarjet Administrative

GovernancepowersintheRepublicofKosovoaredividedintotwolevels,namelycentralandlocal,whereasitisexercisedby38municipalunits,concentratedincitiesandtowns.1

2.2. Geographic position, featuresRepublicofKosovoislocatedintheSoutheastofEurope,namelyinthecentreofBalkanPeninsula (Western Balkans). It is located in the northern geographic hemispherewithwidthrangingfrom41°50’58’’to42°15’42’’,andeasterngeographicheightrangingfrom20°01’02’’to21°48’02’’(SpatialPlanofKosovo2010-2020+).Ithasanareaof10908km²,andisborderedwith:Albania,Macedonia,SerbiaandMontenegro.1.739.825inhabitantsliveintheRepublicofKosovowithadensityof159inhabitants/km²;itsborderwithneighbouringcountrieslargelypassesthroughthemountainsandhasanaturalcharacter.

Table 1: Length of Kosovo borders with neighbouring countries

Neighbouring countries

Length in km

Albania 112 km

Macedonia 161 km

Montenegro 77 km

Serbia 352 km

Total 702 km

RepublicofKosovoisconnectedtotheregionthroughtheroad,railandairtransport.FiveroadswithSerbia,twowithMacedoniaandthreewithAlbania.

1 SeeAnnex,mapno.1.AdministrativedivisionofthemunicipalitiesoftheRepublicofKosovo


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Thedistance of the capital city ofKosovowith other capitals of BalkanPeninsula is asfollows:90kmfromSkopje,120kmfromNish,over200kmfromSofia,around300kmfromTiranaandaround350kmfromBelgrade.

2.3. Relief Kosovoreliefiscomprisedofridges,mountains,hollowsandvalleys(createdbytectonicmovements,erosiveandaccumulativeform),etc.Around63%oftheterritoryoftherepublicofKosovo is coveredbymountains,whicharedivided in severalgroupsasperipheral,central,high,mediumandlowmountains,whereasfieldsandvalleyscover37%.

Map no. 2. Relief of Kosovo

Peripheralmountainshaveadistalpositionintheformofridges,groupofmountainsandseparatedmountains,whicharelocated,internallyandexternally,intheterritoryofKosovo.Inthegroupofperipheralmountainsareincluded:AlbanianAlps(BjeshketeNemuna),MountainsofHaswithPashtrik,MountainsofSharrwithKoritnik,MountainsofKaradak,EastMountainsofGallap(Gollak),KopaonikandRogozna.

Centralmountainsarelowmountains,whichareseparatedoringroups,andarelocatedwithintheterritoryofKosovo,betweenKosovoPlainandDukagjinPlain.Insouthernandnorthernpart,thesemountainsarelinkedtheSharrMountainsandMalineThatë,whereasaredividedbyDrenicaPlain.CentralmountainsofKosovoarecomprisedof:Caraleva,Lipovica,Golesh,Berisha,Kosmaçi,DrenicaandÇiçavica,whicharelocatedinthealtitudefrom800mto1200m.CanyonofMirushaRiverdividesthegroupofmountains,whichare

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located insouthwestofcentralmountainst,andwhicharecomprisedof:Gajrak,Zatriq,BajrakandGremnik,withanaltitudewhichrangesfrom706mto1039m.

Table 2. Main peaks in the mountains of Kosovo.

Peak Region Height in meters (m)

Gjeravica Peja 2656

Bistra Ferizaj 2640

Marjash Peja 2530

Luboten Ferizaj 2496

Strellc Mountain Peja 2377

Lumbardh Mountain Peja 2335

Fieldsandvalleysconsistsarelief,whichhashollows,rivervalleys,glacialvalleys,moraines,plains,gorgesandotherforms.

Most typical hollows are: Hollow of Dukagjin, Kosovo Plain, Llap Plain, Drenica andAnamorava.

Land–around53%isagriculturalland,41,8%forestlandsand5.2%areother(constructedandwater).

2.4. Kosovo climateKosovo is located in the southernpart of the geographicmiddle belt of northern semi-sphere and is subject to the Continental-Mediterranean and the Continental-Europeanclimate effects.Themain climaticmacro-factors that affect the climate inKosovoare asfollows: itsposition into landmasses (EurasiaandAfrica),watermasses (AtlanticOceanandMediterraneanSea),airmasses(tropicalandarctic-maritimeorcontinental),positionofbaricsystems(maximumoftheAzoresandtheminimumofIceland).ThemainlocalfactorsthataffecttheclimateofKosovoareasfollows:relief,water,landandvegetation.

EastpartofKosovo,asKosovo,Llap,DrenicaandAna-Moravahollows,iscolderthanthewesternpart(DukagjinPlain).AverageannualtemperatureofKosovois9.5°C.Warmestmonth is July (19.2°C),whereas the coldestmonth is January (-1.3°C).Highest averageannualtemperatureisinPrizren(12°C),whereasthelowestisinPodujeva(9°C).

2.5. Precipitation Kosovohasallformsofprecipitation.Themostimportantformofprecipitationincludesrainfallinthevalleysandsnowfallinhighmountainousareas.

Intheeasternpart,theaverageannualprecipitationis600mm,whereasinwesternpartover700mm.Theaveragelengthofsnowfallis26daysinlowerparts,whereasinmountainousareasover100days.


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Table 3: Average precipitation in few settlements across Kosovo 1948-1978

No Location I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII average/annual

1 Prishtina 35 35 34 51 72 73 47 43 48 54 62 51 598

2 Prizren 65 56 59 61 72 59 58 38 65 62 79 73 747

3 Peja 97 71 71 64 76 63 53 42 53 85 114 101 886

4 Mitrovica 42 40 40 46 60 68 48 41 44 54 67 58 608

5 Gjilan 39 36 36 45 73 63 47 41 43 55 64 51

6 Gjakova 108 90 78 74 75 47 52 43 75 90 123 127 981

7 Kamenica 44 40 40 39 58 61 49 38 43 51 58 49 570

8 Podujeva 39 42 37 51 70 68 52 40 49 56 67 51 632

9 Lipjan 44 40 41 52 71 72 50 45 51 54 62 55 633

10 Rahovec 59 58 53 58 69 65 54 40 67 68 84 77 753

11 Skenderaj 45 43 35 47 60 49 52 42 43 54 71 59 600

12 Suhareka 49 47 50 57 76 66 48 41 59 59 67 65 687

13 Ferizaj 49 45 49 52 80 71 62 49 52 60 68 55 688

14 Vushtrri 45 41 35 45 61 62 50 48 48 65 67 57 615

15 Kaçanik 80 66 69 68 94 70 63 43 59 77 90 79 858

Winds

AveragewindspeedinKosovovariesbetween1.3m/s(Peja)to2.4m/s(Ferizaj).Maximumwindspeedreaches31m/sandusuallyinMarchandApril.InmanylocalitiesinKosovo,windshavelocaldenomination.

Table 4. Wind direction, monthly and annual average speed (2005).

Months Direction Monthly Annual

January NW 1.1

February NW 1.5

March SW 1.7

April SW 2.3

May NW 1.8

June SW 1.2 1.4m/s

July VRB 1.2

August VRB 1.3

September NW 1.1

October NW 1.4

November NW 1.6

December NW 1.4

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Sunshine/Sunny days

Basedontheobservationsofsunshineinfourmeteorologicalstations(Prishtina,Ferizaj,Prizren,Peja),Kosovohas an averageof 2066hoursof sunshineduring theyear, or anaverageof5,7hoursperday.ThehighestamountofsunshineregisteredinPrishtinais2140hours/year(h/y)andthelowestisinPeja,with1958hours/year(h/y).Duringtheyear,Julyisthesunniestmonth,whereasDecemberisthecloudiestmonth.

2.6. HydrographMostofKosovo’sterritorybelongstotheBlackSeacatchment(50,7%),theotherpart(43,5%)belongstotheAdriaticSeacatchmentandasmallpartor5.8%belongstotheAegeanSeacatchment. Sitnica, Ibri,Drenica, Llap,Morava e Binçes andKrivareka rivers belong toBlackSeacatchment.DriniiBardheriverwithitstributaries,asIstogriver,Pejariver,Deçanriver,Erenikriver,Prizrenriver,Toplluhariver,Mirushariver,Klinariver,PllavariverandRestelica inOpojaandGora,belongtotheAdriaticSeacatchment,whereasLepencandNerodimebelongtotheAegeanSea.

Five surfacewater accumulationsarebuiltwithin the territoryofKosovo, as:Gazivoda(Ujëmani),Batllava,Badovci,Perlepnica,LivoqiiEpërmandRadoniq.Mineralandthermo-mineralwatersarelocatedintheentireterritoryofthecountry,butthemostknownare:thermo-mineralwaterinKllokot,Spa/Peja,Runik,VelekincaandMiresh/Gjilan.Tableno.5presentsriversbylengthandsurfacesarea2,whereasaccumulatinglakesinKosovoarepresentedintableno.6.3

2 Reference:KEPA,2010.ReportontheStateofWaterinKosovo,Prishtina.3 Reference:KosovoWaterMasterPlan1983-2000.Book1Accumulation,journal1Surfaceaccumulation,MESP– WD, Prishtina.


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Table 5. Characteristics of water flows and catchments in Kosovo

(Report on the state of waters 2015, KEPA, MESP).

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Table 6. Accumulating lakes in Kosovo.

(Report on the state of waters 2015, KEPA, MESP).

2.7. Pedological features MostoftheterritoryofKosovo(56%)iscoveredbylowqualitysoil,(29%)moderatequalitysoil,whereasthesmallestpart(15%)ofgoodqualitysoil.

Soilsofpoorqualityarelocatedinthehilly-mountainousreliefandarecreatedwiththeprocessofalteration,erosionandaccumulationofthelayersofskeletalmaterial-sandstoneandstony.ModerateandgoodqualitysoilsrelatestotheprocessofaccumulatingthetinymaterialofNeogeneLakeandriverinrivervalleys,especiallyintheirmiddleandlowerstreams.IntheplainpartofKosovoarelocatedthemostqualitativesoils,especiallyatthebottomoftheNeogeneLake,alluvialplainsofrivers.

Soilsofgoodandmoderatequalityconsistofabout44%ofthesoilfundandarecomposedofhumus-11%,mainlyintheDukagjinPlain,browncarbonatesoils-8,4%,alluvial7,8%,smonica,rendzinaandblacksoilinserpentinerocks.Mostoftheareaswithsoilofpoorqualityconsistofbrownsoil,alluvialskeletalsoils,wetlandsandotherinfertilesoils.

Goodqualitysoils,whichservetotheagriculturalproduction,areincreasinglycoveredbysettlements,roads,economicandservicefacilities.Basedontheassessments,itisconsideredthat2000haagriculturallandislosteveryyear.Around1000haagriculturalareasarelostforeverduetoerosion.MostoftheterritoryofKosovohasasmall,mediumandlargeslopevulnerabletoerosion.Everyyear,1.9millionm3matter`saretransmittedfromKosovotothe seas.


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2.8. Geologic-tectonic structure of Kosovo TheterritoryofKosovoischaracterizedbyaverycomplicatedgeologicalconstruction,builtofrocksofdifferentgeologicalcompositionandage,aswellasvarioustectonicstructures,asdissociativeandcreased.ThemostancientrocksareofPrecambrian,Palaeozoic,Mesozoic,Cainozoic era,whereasQuaternary rocksare the latest.Thevarietyof rocks inKosovo,whichhasregisteredthemostimportantmomentsofgeodynamicdevelopment,representsagoodbasisofinterpretationsongeologicaldevelopmentsinBalkans.

BasedonthestudiesonthegeologicalstructureofKosovo,differentauthorsrecognizethefollowingregionaltectonicdivisionofKosovo:

1.DardanianMassif(Serbian-Kosovar-MacedonianMassif).

2.VardarArea:

-Internalsub-areaofVardar,

-Centralsub-areaofVardar,

-Externalsub-areaofVardar.

3.SharrArea:

-Drino-IvanicaUnit.

4.CentralOphioliticArea.

5.DurmitorArea.

2.9. Lithostratigraphic featuresKosovo’s geological structure includes a large number of litological structures, startingfromthePrecambriantoQuaternary.

Proterozoic formationsareKosovo’smostancientrocks,suchasthecrystalschistoftheDardanmassif,locatedintheeastofKamenicaandKaraçeva.Thisformationbelongs to the period of Rifej-Camberian, composed of gneiss and litosol, mikashist,leutogneiss,amphibolites,quartziteandmigmatites.

Paleozoic formations, are rather dispersed throughout Kosovo and have beendiscovered in the SharrMountains, Bjeshket eNemuna,MoknaMountains, and in thesurroundingsofTrepça.

Palezoic formations of the Sharri Mountains belong to the lower Palaeozoic.Thisformationincludesthefollowing:crystalschistwithdifferentcomposition(epidote-actinolite, chlorine-sericitike, albit-chlorine-sericitike and phyllites), with sub-layers oflimestonewithortocertide,crinoids,andcorals,aswellasquartzite,meta-conglomerats,basicmetaphorizing rocks,granitoids,gneiss etc.)Palezoic rangeofBjeshket eNemunaisdevelopedinthesurfaceofbasic-metamorphosedandgreensericitikeschist,chlorine-sericitineandchlorite,ofpeltikesurfaceswithlowermetamorphism,psefitsandpsamitswithcrystallimestone.ThepalesoicofBjeshketeThataandMoknaMountainswasdiscoveredundertherocksofearlyTriassic,representedbyclay-schist,filits,metamorphosedsandstone,marbledlimestone,conglomerates,gabbroids,diabase,quartzkeratophyre,quartzporfireandPyroclastic.InthesurroundingofTrepça,upperPalezoicformationsarerepresentedwithgreenschist’s,clayphyllites,claywithflints,marblesandquartzite`s.

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Mesozoic formations have a considerable spread in Kosovo territory wherebyCretaceousandTriassicareprevailingcomparedtoJurassic.

Triassicisspreadinthreeareas:AreaofVardar,AreaofCetralOphioliticsandSharrArea.Triassic in theVardar is spread in threebeltsextendingNW-SE.Thefirstbelt is thatofArtana(Novobrdo),extendingfromArtanatoPresheva.

ThesecondbeltliesthroughouttheVardarAreaandthethirdbeltliesinthewesternpartoftheVardarArea,throughoutthewesternsideofFusheKosova.Triassicinthisareaisrepresented by schist composed of quartzite`s, marbles, metamorphying limestones,quartzite`sandmagmaticrocks.TriassicisfoundinthesurroundingsofTrepça.Triassichas a large spread in the area of central Ophiolitics (Bjeshket e Nemuna, Bjeshket eThata, andMoknaMountains). Lower Triassic is represented by quartz conglomerates,sandstone, clays, riverbank limestone rich in fauna, laminate clay sandstones, black-colourmetamorphosedlimestoneschist’s.MiddleTriassicinthisterritoryisrepresentedbyvolcanogenic-sedimentaryseries,limestoneanddolomite,whiletheUpperTriassicisrepresentedbylimestone,dolomitelimestoneanddolomites.

Triassiciswide-spreadintheAreaofSharr,whichisidentifiedintheKoritnik,Cvilena,LumbardhofPrizrenandOshlanpart,inanisolatedpartofDragashandaroundtheDriniiBardhriver.Inthispart,Triassicisrepresentedbylimestoneofdifferentnuances.ContactwithJurassicsedimentsistectonic.

Jurassic formationsaremainlyspreadintheVardarArea,expressedintheformoftwobelts, which are separated from formations of Cretaceous with tectonic dissociation.Paleontological studies identified only Upper Jurassic, represented by limestone,sandstones, flint and diabase formation, metamorphites and serpentinites. JurassicproductsarediscoveredalongthestreamoftheDriniiBardh(nearPrizren),representedbyolistostromemelange(clayoflow-grademetamorphism,phylliteclay,schistclay,flint,diabase,spiliteandceraphyres).InBrezovicaregion,Jurassicisrepresentedbyultramaficrocks,metamorphicrocksandolistostromemelange.

MagmaticrocksoftheJurassicarerepresentedbyultrabasicrocks,granite,diabase,spiliteandgabbro,whoarefoundintheregionMushtisht-Korishe,Ostrovice,MassifofGjakovaandRahovec,representedbydunite,harcburgite,serpentiniteandserpentinisedperidotitesandthepresenceofpyroxeniteandgabbroicdykes.

Cretaceous formations are widespread in the territory of Kosovo. In terms ofpalaeogeography,CretaceoussedimentsareformedwithintheVardarAreaandCentralOphioliticArea.AbroadbeltofCretaceousformationsliesthroughouttheVardarArea,rangingfromRogozna,westernpartofMitrovica,throughÇiçavica,Drenica,GoleshandCarraleva,whereareputtedunder sedimentsofNeogeneBasinofKosovo, fromwhereit continues toGrykaeKaçanikut toMacedonia.These formationsbelong to theUpperCretaceousandarefoundinatransgressivemannerontheJurassicultramaficrocksandare represented by conglomerates, sandstone, limestone, marlstone and flysch. MiddlebeltliesfromKopaonik,intheeasternpartofPrishtina,Hajvalia,JanjevaandsoutheastofMoravaeBinçës.ThethirdbeltliesfromArtana,throughPodujeva,towardsnorth.ThesebeltsarerepresentedbyformationsoftheLowerandUpperCretaceous.RegardingCentralOphiolites,UpperCretaceoussedimentsbuildthesidesoftheDukagjinandPashtrikBasin.Thesesedimentsarerepresentedbyvariousrocksandfall ina transgressivemanneronultramaficrocksoronnewPaleozoicformations.

Tertiary formations fill the tectonic plains of Dukagjin, Kosovo, Drenica, LlapandGjilan,wherepaleontologicalstudieshavefoundOligocene,Miocene,andPliocene.


17

VolcanogenicproductsbuildtheregionofStanterg,Kishnica-Janjeva,MoravaeBinçësandStrezovc-Artana.

Oligocene formations have been discovered in the region of Morava e Binçës,representedbynummuliticlimestone,marls,carbonaticclay,sandstones,conglomerates,volcanic breccias, leucite and trahite. In Strezovc Basin, Oligocene is represented bylacustrinesediments(sandstones,clay,marls,limestoneandconglomerates)andvolcanicproducts(andesitic,volcanictuffsandbreccias).TheseproductslayalsointhedistrictofTrepca,Dubovci(magnesiteseries)andDrenica.

Neogene formationsarerepresentedbyMioceneandPliocenesediments,with layersofcoalandvolcanogenicproducts.

Deposits ofMiocene fill the Basin of Dukagjin, Gjilan,Morava e Binçës andKrivarekaandarerepresentedbyalevroliticclay,sandandmarlclay,heterogeneousconglomerates,claywithdiabaseinterlayer,clay-marllimestone,andtorfsandrarelyofpyroclasticsandvolcanogenicproducts.

PliocenedepositsoflakesandsweetwaterscoverinatrangressivemannertheMioceneformations and fill the basins of Dukagjin, Kosovo and Drenica. These sediments arerepresentedbyconglomerates,sandclaywithcarbonateconcretionsandrarelysandy(thefloorofcoal),thenmarlclay,sandy-clayeysedimentsandrarelywithinterlayerofsilicoro-bigrorlimestone(coalcoverage),aswellaslayersofcoalofgreaterthickness.Quaternarydeposits cover plains and river beds of theWhite Drin, Sitnica and Morava e Binçës,representedbyfluvial terracessediments,andalluvial,proluvial,deluvialproductsandmoraines4.

2.10. Flora and fauna Flora

Meadowplantcommunityisveryrich,especiallyinthewest,wheretherearemoremeadowsandpasturesdue tomore rainfalls and thepossibility of irrigating areas.Endemic trees oftertiaryperiodare:pine,whitepine,blackpineandcypress.Asparagus(typeofoak),beech,oak,oak/lisi,wildpear,hawthorn,cornel,wildrose,etc.,growinuncultivatedareasinplainsandslopes.Inriparianareas,beechcommunityismorespread.InKopaonik,insomesmallcommunityforests,isfoundjuniperandtatarianmaple.Inthetransitionalareafromthefieldtoriparianareasisfoundtheacaciacommunity,thenthewhitemulberry,blackmulberry,blackoak,maple,Canadianpoplar,laurel,ash,etc.

FaunaEasthedgehogs,undergroundfieldmouse,andhousemouseliveintheplainsandhillyarea.Inthisforestarealiveroedeer,wildboar,deerandrabbit.Regardingbirds,intheplain-hillyareaareencountered:brown-neckedravens,magpies,starling,fieldsparrow,woodpecker,pigeon,turtledove,fieldpartridge,quail,etc.Intheforestsinmountainousarealivebrownbear,chamois,wildboar,wolf,goldenmarten,whitemarten,fox,roedeer,wildbigandsmallchicken,forestchicken,partridge,squirrel,etc.Moreover,bearisfoundinthemountainousareaoftheAlbanian Alps, in Sharr, Mokna,etc.

4 SeeAnnex,mapno.3.KosovoGeology.

18


III. KOSOVO ECONOMY

3.1. Economic indicatorsKosovoGovernmentputeffortstobuildamarketeconomy;however,despitetheprogressinrecentyears,Kosovoremainsoneofthepoorestcountries inEurope.GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)ofKosovoamountsto5billionUSdollars(withpurchasingpowerparity),whereaswith2.300$GDPpercapita,KosovoisrankedthelastinEurope.Unemployment,which according to the official estimations includes 40% of theworkforce, is themainconcernfortheRepublicofKosovo.

Financialrevenuesforre-constructingthecountryafterthewarleadtoaneconomicgrowthduringthefirstthreeyears,whereason2003-04,therewasadecreaseduetotheinternalresource scarcity and reduction of international aids. Inflation is low,whereas frequentbudget surpluseswere criticised as the lack of attempts of the government to pull thecountryoutofpoverty.However, therewasabudgetdeficit in2007,where1.22billionUSdollarswere spent,whereas revenues amounted to 1.19billion.Ores extracting andprocessingindustryisalmostnon-operational.

Inordertoopentheroadforeconomicdevelopment,halfofthestateownedenterpriseshave beenprivatized according to thenumber,whereas according to the value, 90%ofthethemhavebeenprivatized.Unlikedevelopedcountries,includingtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Kosovomarkedaneconomicgrowthduringtherecentyears,butnotinadesirableleveltoalleviatetheplightofthepopulation.(Seetableno.7).

Table 7 Economic indicators

Economic indicators

Unemployment5 33.1%vl. 2014

Economic growth 5.1%vl. 2007

Inflation 5.3%vl. 2007

National debt 1,2 billion $ 2007

Poverty6 29,3%vl. 2014

3.2. Incomes and social developmentHighunemploymentinKosovoresultedinconcentrationof60%ofGDPinservicesector,whereas theotherpart is equallydividedbetween theagriculture and industry.Unlikedevelopedcountries,wheretheservicesectorhasahighpercentageofemployeesinlargefinancial,informativetechnologyandhealthcorporations,servicesinKosovoincludemainlysmallprivateactivities,focusedinretailandconstruction.Only0,25%oftheemployeesin2006workedinthemediumandlarge-sizedenterpriseswithmorethan49employees.In2007,74.366personswereemployeesinthebudgetsector.

In 2014, the unemployment rate wasaround35.3%,i.e.asmalldecreasefrom2007wheretheunemployment ratewas40%. In2014, therewere83323 jobseekers.Outof the totalnumberofregisteredjobseekers,7741persons,or9.3%belongtotheagegroupbetween15-24years,where3803werefemalesand3938weremales.41231jobseekersbetween25to

5 LabourmarketindicatorsfromtheKASReport6 ReportofrecentmeasurementoftheWorldBank,KASandotherrelevantworldorganizations.


19

39years,where18409werefemalesand22822weremales.Expressedinpercentage,theseagegroupsconsistof49.5%ofthetotalnumberofjobseekers.Outofthetotalnumberoftheregisteredjobseekers,26561,or31.9%belongtotheagegroupbetween40-54years,where11152werefemalesand15409weremales.While7790,or9.3%,wereregisteredjobseekersagedover55years,where3206werefemalesand4584weremales.Numberofjobseekerswithuniversitydiplomawas2511persons,or3.0%,where1422werefemalesand1089weremales,whereas320persons,or0.4%withhigherschool,where107werefemalesand213weremales.

Percentage of jobseekers by ethnicity for 2014: 1. Outof the totalnumber,72908persons,or87,5%,wereAlbanians,where

31929werefemalesand40979weremales,2. 3395persons,or4.1%,wereSerbs,where1560werefemalesand1835were

males,3. 7020persons,or8.4%,werefromotherminorities,where3081werefemales

and3939weremales,and4. 10415persons,or 12.5%,were fromother communities,where 4641were

femalesand5774weremales.7

Poverty rateremainssevere,where29.3%ofthepopulationliveinpovertywithlessthan1.72€/day,whereas10.2%liveinextremepovertywithlessthan1.20€/day.Povertyisexpressedmostlyathouseholdsasfollows:

o Female-headedhouseholds;o Multi-memberhouseholds,especiallywithmorethan7members;o Householdswithmanychildren;o Householdswithelderly;o Householdswithdependentmembers;o Householdswithunemployedpersons;o Householdswithpersonswithloweducationlevel,ando HouseholdsofRAEcommunity.

AccordingtothedataofDSPF/MLSW,26.947households,with112.563members,benefitedfromthesocialassistanceinJuly2016.

Comparedtothedatafrom2006,thereisadecreaseinthenumber(40569)ofhouseholdsthatbenefitfromthesocialassistance,aswellasadecreaseofthenumberofpersonsthataremembersofthesefamilies.

Withinitsactivity,PensionsDepartment(PD)implementsandoperationalisesthepoliciesof theMinistryofLabourandSocialWelfare (MLSW)fromthesphereof thefirstpillarpensionsystem,whichisrelatedtotheadministration,planningandcoordinationofthepensionschemesfinancedbythestate,as:

1. Basicpensions, 2. Contributorypensions, 3. Disabilitypensions(DP), 4. PensionsforformermembersofKosovoProtectionCorps(KPC), 5. PensionsformembersofKosovoSecurityForce(KSF), 6. Earlypensionsforemployeesof“Trepca”MiningComplex 7. Pensionsfortheblind.8

7 ReportofDepartmentofLabourinMLSWfor2014,page18andpage198 MLSW(MinistryofLabourandSocialWelfare),PD(PensionDepartment),reportfor2014/PD.

20


1.125883persons(thisnumberwastakenfromWorkReportofPD,December2014,)receivebasicpensionsamountedto€75,whereasthebudgetallocatedbythestateis€108093 335.

2.38651personsbenefitfromcontributorypensionsintheamountof€140andthestatehasallocatedthebudgetamountedto€61895592.

3.18318personsbenefitfromthedisabilitypensionschemeintheamountof€75andthestatehasallocatedabudgetamountedto€16964000forthispurpose.

4.844personsbenefitfromthepensionschemeforformerKPCmembers,andthestatehasallocatedthebudgetamountedto€2219734forthispurpose.

5.134personsbenefitfromthepensionsschemeforKSFmembersandthestatehasallocated€631200forthispurpose.

6.3144personsbenefitfromthepensionschemefortheblindintheamountof€100+€100fortheaccompanyingpersonandthestatehasallocated€4343000forthispurpose.

7.3476personsbenefit fromtheearlypensionfor formerworkersof“Trepca”,”Golesh”,“Strezofc”and”Karaçevë”intheamountof€70andthestatehasallocated€3941600forthispurpose.

Totalnumberofpersonsbenefitingfromallpensionschemesis190450,whereasthebudgetallocatedforthispurposeis€198088461.

Special pensions for war invalids and families of martyrscommencedfrom2007,initiallywith7.500beneficiariesandthisnumberhasbeenincreasedalongwiththeamountofbudgetforthiscategoryofbeneficiaries.

3.3. AgricultureAgriculture does not meet the needs of the population; however, this sector markeda significant progress due to the foreign aid.According to the estimations of 2007, theagriculturecontributeswith7%toGDP.Mainagriculturalproductsarecorn,wheatandbarley,potatoes,apples,plumsandtobacco.Atthesametime,thewholesaleofwoodhasraisedconcernsfordeforestation.Horticulturehasmarkedanincrease,whereaslivestockimproved. The livestock sector includes keeping of animals formilk andmeat, and ofpoultriesandbees.

Theareaplantedwithgraindecreasedwhencomparedto80s.Wheat,asthemaingrain, isplanted in 70.000haandhas anaverageofyieldof 3.26 ton/ha.The livestockproduction, as the wool and leather, has marked a great decrease; however, the milkproductionhasincreasedduringrecentyears.Kosovohas381.995registeredheadofcattle,wheremostofthemaredairycows.Despitethegrowthinagriculture,KosovoremainsfarbehindEuropeancountriesandcontinuestobeamajorimporteroffoodproducts.


21

3.4. EnergyMEDdraftspoliciesandorganizes,regulatesandmanagestheenergysectorintheRepublicofKosovo based on the legal infrastructure,which is generally in compliancewith theEuropeanUnion (EU)acquisonenergy.Energysector is comprisedofgovernmentandregulatoryinstitutionsandenergycompanies.

MainenterprisesoperatingintheenergysectorinKosovoare:

-KosovoEnergyCorporation(KEKJ.S.C);

-TransmissionSystemOperatorandElectricityMarketOperatorinKosovo(KOSTTJ.S.C);

-KosovoCompanyforDistributionofElectricity(KEDS);

-KosovoElectricitySupplyCompany(KES/CO);

-Hydropowerplants(HPPs):Ujman,Lumbardh,Radac,DikancandBurim.

InKosovo,electricityismainlyproducedbytheKosovoEnergyCorporation(KEKJ.S.C),whichconsistsoftwothermalpowerplants(KosovaAandKosovaB),aswellascoalmines(Newmine Sibovc Southwest and Sitnica) and a small share from hydropower plants(Ujman,Lumbardh,Radac,DikancandBurim).Installedcapacitiesofthermalpowerplantsare1478MW;however,duetotheirage,theircurrentlyoperatingcapacityisaround915MW.Installedhydrocapacitiesamountto45.84MW.

TransmissionSystemOperatorandElectricityMarketOperator(KOSTTJ.S.C)managesthetransmissionsystem.Kosovoenergy transmissionsystemconnected toallneighbouringsystemsby400kVtransmissionlines,despitewithAlbaniawheretheconnectionisatthelevel220kV.Activities for constructionofanew400kVvoltage transmission linewithAlbaniaarebeingcarriedoutandtheconstructionofthis linecommencedattheendof2014andisforeseentobecompletedwithin24monthsfromthecommencementofprojectimplementation.

3.5. Economic integration and external tradeSince2002,EURcurrencyhasreplacedtheDeutschemarkastheofficialcurrencyofKosovo,eventhoughthereisnoofficialagreementwithEuropeaninstitutionsforusingthiscurrency.TheSerbiancurrency“dinar”isillegallyusedinSerbianenclaves.EventhoughtheuseofEURisseenasanopportunity forcontrolling inflation,Kosovowas themostexpensivecountryintheregionin2008.

On29June2009,RepublicofKosovohasofficiallyjoinedtheWorldBankandInternationalMonetaryFund.IMFprojectionsconsiderthateconomicgrowthwillbe5%in2010.

In 2007, Kosovo signed the Free Trade Agreement, CEFTA, with regional countries.However,duetothelackofKosovoproductsandthebarrierfromSerbia,CEFTAdidnotbringadvantagesandfacilitationsforKosovo.IntradepartnershipwithEUandregionalcountries,Kosovoisfacingthelackoftradebalance,sotheexportfor2007amountedto527milliondollars,whereasimportexceeded2,6billiondollars.

Kosovomainlyexportsoresproductsandrawmetals,metalresidues,leather,machineryand transport equipment inEUcountries, Serbia,Albania,Macedonia, Switzerland, etc.Whereasregardingimports,Kosovoimportsfood,wood,fuels,chemicals,machineryandelectricalequipments,mainlyfromEU,MacedoniaandSerbia.

22


3.6. Transport and trafficKosovohas1.924kmroads,ofwhich630kmarenationalroadsand1.294kmareregionalroads.Most of these roads are paved, namely 1.666 km, and 258 km are not paved. Inaddition, thereare430kmof railway roads,outofwhich333kmused for transportofpassengersand97kmforindustrialtransport.ThemainlineextendsfromthenorthborderofKosovo,tothenorthofMitrovicaandtoHaniElezit,withalengthof141km.OtherlinesincludeFusheKosove-Peja,Kline-PrizrenandFusheKosove–Prishtine–Podujeveline.

Air transport

KosovohasthePrishtinaInternationalAirport,whichislocatedinSllatina,municipalityof Lipjan. Air transport includes the passenger and goods traffic and is the only thatconductscommercialactivity.PrishtinaInternationalAirportoperatesincompliancewithICAO(InternationalCivilAviationOrganization)AnnexesandtheLawonAviationoftheRepublicofKosovo.In2007,therewere4321flightswithalmost1millionpassengers.Atthesametime,Kosovohasnineotherairports,wherefiveofthemhavepavedrunaways.

3.7. TelecommunicationKosovotelecommunicationsystemoperatesintwoways:landlineandmobiletelephonynetwork.Kosovo has two operators ofmobile telephony, namelyVala operated by thePostandTelecommunicationKosovo,andIPKO,aprivatecompany.Landlinetelephonynetwork operateswithin PTK. Landline telephony networkmainly covers urban areas,whereasmobiletelephonycoversthewholeterritoryofKosovo(partlyinthreenorthernmunicipalities,whereillegaloperatorsoperate).


23

IV. DEMOGRAPHY

4.1. Statistics Kosovoischaracterizedwithayoungpopulation,wheretheaverageageis30.8years(2014).

After1990,Kosovopopulationfacedthephenomenonofmigration,whichinfluencedboththestructureandpaceofitsgrowth.

Freeandnon-controlledmovementofpopulationaffectedthechangeoftheratiobetweenurbanandruralpopulation.

AccordingtothepopulationcensuscarriedoutinAprilof2011,61%ofthepopulationlivesin rural areas.

Lastcompletepopulationcensuswascarriedoutin2011andresultedthatKosovohad1780021inhabitants,outofwhich896136weremalesand883885females.

TotalresidentpopulationofKosovofor2014isestimatedtobe1804944inhabitants.

Despitethenaturalgrowthof23922inhabitantsduring2014,Kosovopopulationdecreasedfor 15 687 inhabitants due to the international immigration. Table no. 8 outlines thesedemographicindicators.9

Table 8. Demographic indicators for the period 2011-2014

Demographic indicators Viti 2011 Viti 2012 Viti 2013 Viti 2014

Population 1,798,645 1,815,606 1,820,631 1,804,944

Birth 34,101 27,650 29,723 32,087

Mortality 7,622 7,287 8,317 8,165

Natural growth 26,479 20,363 21,406 23,922

Birth rate 19.0 15.2 16.3 17.8

Mortality rate 4.2 4.0 4.6 4.5

Immigration 4,614 5,298 3,864 5,724

Emigration 6,695 8,700 20,246 45,333

Net migration -2,081 -3,402 -16,382 -39,609

Absolute growth 24,398 16,961 5,024 -15,687

Growth in % 1.4 0.9 0.3 -0.9

Urban 38.3 38.6 38.9 39

Rural 61.7 61.4 61.1 61

Average age 30.2 30 30.6 30.8

Longevity 76.7 76.7 76.8 76.8

Sincethebeginningof2011untiltheendof2014,Kosovopopulationhadanaturalgrowthof92170persons,butKosovoresidentpopulation increasedforonly30000 inhabitantswithinfour(4)yearsduetoemigration.

During the recent years, emigration trend in Kosovo marked a continuous increase,whileduring2014therewasaworrisomeemigrationwithanumberofmorethan45000

9 Source:KosovoStatisticsAgency–Statisticsofbirths,deathsandassessmentofpopulation.

24


emigrants10.

During the period 2011/2014, around 90.000 inhabitants emigrated, around 19.500immigratedand61,474inhabitantsmigrated.

Thisemigrationwillaffectthestructureandvitalityofthepopulation,whichwillbeevidentinthefollowingyearsasitisestimatedthatthemajorityofemigrationincludedmalesandyoungagegroups,mainlybetween15-49years(reproductiveage).

In2011,thepercentageofthepopulationlivinginruralareaswas61,7%,whereasthoselivinginurbanareaswas38,3%andfor2014itisassumedtobe61%inruralareasand39%inurbanareas.TheaverageageofpopulationofKosovois30.8years(2014).

AveragelongevityinKosovofor2011isestimatedtobe76,7years,whilefor2014isassumedtobe76.8years.

Thelevelofintegrationofnon-SerbianminoritiesintheKosovosocietyissatisfactoryingeneral,whereas despite the attempts of the Kosovo government and civil society, theintegrationofSerbiancommunityisprogressingslowlyduetotheobstaclesofextremistgroupssponsoredbythegovernmentofSerbia.

4.2. Education Educationprocessistakingplaceinschoolfacilities11constructedthroughouttheterritoryandinseverallevels,suchas:preschoollevel,primarylevel,lowersecondarylevel,uppersecondarylevelanduniversitylevel,whereasstatisticaldatahavebeenpresentedinthefollowingtables.Whereasthedistributionofschoolfacilities(buildings).

Table 9. Education statistics for 2005/2006 – 2013/2014

Niveli Arsimi 2005-2006 2006-20072007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014

0 Parashkollor 25,721 25,670 24,864 23,826 24,033 24,655 24,945 26,431 26,768

1+2 Fillor dhe i mesëm i ulët 322,864 322,381 325,544 319,154 306,299 302,253 294,419 286,677 280,823

3 I Mesëm i lartë 74,635 88,974 91,536 96,765 104,806 108,503 109,513 107,303 100,437

1+2 Fillor dhe i mesëm i ulët special 703 728 722 752 791 807 782 720 635

3 I Mesëm i lartë special 94 86 169 83 94 98 133 146 147

5+6 Universitar 28,707 27,274 25,840 29,051 37,839 45,725 49844 65,305 52,159452,724 465,113 468,675 469,631 473,862 482,041 479,636 486,582 460,969Gjithsej

10 http://ask.rks-gov.net/publikimet/popullsia/Vlerësim:KosovoPopulation2014.11 SeeAnnex,mapno.4.DistributionofSchoolFacilities


25

Table 10. Number of educators and teachers in primary, lower secondary, upper secondary and university education in 2005 /2006-2013/2014

Niveli Arsimi 2005-2006 2006-20072007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014

0 Parashkollor 1,141 1,179 1,231 1,168 1,220 1,303 1,333 1,450 1,534

1+2 Fillor dhe i mesëm i ulët 16,705 16,433 17,236 17,231 17,227 17,856 17,822 17,663 17,851

3 I Mesëm i lartë 4,558 4,864 5,055 5,157 5,519 5,957 6,095 6,142 6,374

1+2 Fillor dhe i mesëm i ulët special 138 129 121 151 166 155 132 141 131

3 I Mesëm i lartë special 51 35 43 52 46 36 38 48 40

5+6 Universitar 980 1,059 1,051 1,065 1,015 1,023 1,132 2,929 1,31423,573 23,699 24,737 24,824 25,193 26,330 26,552 28,373 27,244Gjithsej

Percentage of illiterates in the population aged 10 years and above according to the population census in 2011 was 3.85.

Table 11. Pre-university education

Preschool F 2.580 M 2.790 5.370

Pre-primary F.10.136 M.10.739 20.875

Primary/Lower secondary F.133.427 M.142.460 275.887

Upper secondary F.40.423 M.45.796 86.219

Total: F 186.566 M 201.785 388.351

Table 12. Number of pupils by ethnicity

Ethnicity: No. of pupils:

Albanian 372.794

Bosnian 4.351

Roma 1.918

Egyptians 772

Ashkali 4.177

Turks 2.850

Gorani 676

Croats 31

Serb 622

Others: 160

Chart1.Pupilsbylevels

Fillor/mesëm i ulët, 71.0

I mesëm i lartë, 22.2

Parashkollor1.4

Parafillor5.4

Chart2.Pupilsbyethnicity

96%

1%1%

0% 0%0%

1%1%

Shqiptarë

Turq

Kroatë Tjerë

Egjiptianë GoranSerb

Boshnjakë Romë Ashkalinjë

26


Chart 3. Organization of education process by type of school

Shk. prof.49%

Gjimnaze51%

15604

1387412946

20

13530

1527214940

33

10 11 12 13

Shk. prof. Gjimnaze

Pupils in gymnasia and vocational schools Pupils by type of schools:


27

V. RISK ASSESSMENT

5.1. Risk profile establishment

Risk assessment determines issues as:

Whatcanoccur?

Howoftentheyarelikelytooccur?

Whatisthedamagelikelytobecaused?

Howarelikelytoaffectthecommunity?

Howvulnerablethecommunityistotherisk?

Five steps of risk analysis process are:

1. Identifytherisk.

2. Profileeachrisk.

3. Developacommunityprofile.

4. Setthevulnerability.

5. Createandapplyscenarios

Risk assessment standard forms

Risk Profile Worksheet

RiskPotential magnitude (percentage of the community that can be affected):

Catastrophic: more than 50%

Critical: 25 to 50%

Limited: 10 to 25%

Negligible: less than 10%Frequency of occurrence:§Highly likely: Near 100% probability in next year.§Very Likely: Between 10 and 100% probability in

next year, or at least one chance in next 10 years.

§ Likely: Between 1 and 10% probability in next year, or at least one chance in next 100 years.

§Unlikely: Less than 1% probability in next 100 years.

Seasonal pattern:

Areas likely to be affected the most:Probable duration:Potential speed of onset ( probable amount of warning time):§Minimal (or no) warning.§ 6 to 12 hours warning.

§ 12 to 24 hours warning.§More than 24 hours warning.

Existing warning systems:Is there weaknesses/vulnerability analysis?o Yes o No

28


Impact effect in community (severity level), characteristics

Characteristics Severity

• Multiple deaths. • Complete shutdown of facilities/services for 30 days or more. • More than 50% of material goods are severely damaged.

Catastrophic

• Deaths, injuries and/or illnesses result in permanent disability. • Complete shutdown of critical facilities/services for at least 2 weeks. • More than 25% of material goods are severely damaged.

Severe (critical)

• Injuries and/or illnesses do not result in permanent disability. • Complete shutdown of critical facilities/services for at least 10 days. • More than 15% of material goods are severely damaged.

Medium

• Injuries and/or illnesses do not result in permanent disability. • Complete shutdown of critical facilities for at least 1 week. • More than 10% of material goods are severely damaged.

Limited

• Injuries and/or illnesses are treatable with first aid. • Minor quality of life lost. • Shutdown of critical facilities/services for 24 hours or less. • Less than 10% of material goods are severely damaged.

Low

Table 14: Community profile

Key factors of community

Geographic Demographic Material goods Critical infrastructure

Objects of special importance

Major geographical feature.

Typical meteorological patterns.

Population size, expansion/distribution, concentration.

Number of people in vulnerable areas.

Special population.

Animals.

Number.

Type.

Age.

Construction rules.

Likely secondary risks.

Drinking water system.

Energy.

Food warehouses.

Mills.

Sewers.

Schools.

Foster care.

Hospitals.

Government buildings.

Public buildings.

Industrial buildings.

Fuel stations.

Key factors of communityCommunication and telecommunication Cultural heritage Environment Economic losses

Roads.

Bridges/Tunnels.

Railway.

Airport.

Post and telecommunication.

Archaeological sites.

Museums.

Historical and cultural values.

Land.

Water.

Air.


29

Disasterlevels

1 LOW

2 LIMITED

3 MEDIUM

4 SEVERE

5 CATASTROPHIC

30


VI. NATURAL RISKS

6.1. Fires Kosovo entered the process of legislation and standards harmonization with those ofEuropeanUnion,wherebyisexpectedthere-structuringandmodernizationofvarioussectorsofeconomy.Inthiscontext,oneofimportantsegmentsofthegovernmentprogrammeisthedevelopmentofruralareasandreductionofpoverty,whichmeanstheprovisionofgreateropportunitiesforincreasingincomesforhouseholdslivinginruralareas,smallenterprisesandmunicipalities’stability. Inthiscontext,economic,socialandecologicalfunctionsofforests are of crucial importance for sustainable development ofKosovo, aswell as forimprovingthequalityof life,especially inruralandmountainousareas.Basedontheseusefulfunctionsofforests,Kosovoconsidersforestsaspartofthenationalassets/heritage.LawonForestsconfirmsthisstatement:“TheforestofKosovoisanationalresource.Theyshouldbemanagedtoprovideasustainableproductionandatthesametimepreservethebiologicaldiversityforthebenefitofcurrentandfuturegenerations.Forestmanagementshouldconsiderotherinterestofwidepublic.”Thelawalsoaffirmspreventivemeasures,biodiversityconservation,generations’equalityprinciplesandtheneedforimplementingthesustainableecologicaldevelopment.Afterthewar,Kosovoenteredadifficultperiodoftransition,wheretheeconomicandpoliticalsystemswerere-builttoadapttoacompletelynew environment. This transition period became harderwith the complicated political,socialandeconomicsituationthataffectsthefunctionsofallsectors,whereevenforestryisnotexempted.Uncontrolledandunsustainablepracticesofforestmanagementresultedinstagnationanddestructionofforestresources.Kosovoisintheprocessofsigningmanyinternationalagreementsandconventionsforforestsandenvironmentprotection,whichwillhaveagreatimpactinforestrysector.Currently,theonlystrategicdocumentsfortheforestrysectorinKosovoaretheLawonForestsof2003andPolicyandStrategyPaperonForestrySectorDevelopment2010-2020andnoneofthemarefinanced.

InMayof2008,theGovernmentofKosovocommencedtheprocessofdraftingtheNationalPolicy and Strategy on Forests. The process is based in the recognised principles ofdevelopmentpoliciesthroughthecontributionsoflocalandinternationalexperts,aswellasotherstakeholders.Suggestedpolicyandstrategyareincompliancewiththeforestrylegislationandprovidesforallmajordecisionswhicharerelatedtotheforestrysector.

Statistical data on forest fires

Statisticsforforestfiresareregularlycalculatedsince1955.ClimaticchangesaffectedalsoKosovo,whereasduring2000,2004,2007and2012largeareasofforestshavebeendamaged,causingthusasignificantloss12.

12 SeeAnnex,Mapno.5.Hearthsofforestfires


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Table: 13 Forest fires (summer 2007)

No. DK of KFA Fires period Burned area in ha Damage value in €

1. Prishtina March - October 1.954 792,167

2. Mitrovica March - October 825 446,956

3. Peja March - October 2.883 2,670,575

4. Prizren March - October 3.795 737,702

5. Gjilan March - October 162 -

6. Ferizaj March - October 1.336 5.629

7. DMPW March - October

Total 10.955 4,653,028

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development (MAFRD) is the institutionresponsiblefortheimplementationof“Raisingpublicawarenessforprotectionofforestsandforestsland”project,whichinthepastwasusuallyfinancedfromKosovoconsolidatedbudget. The outcomes from second forest inventory indicate that forest area andwoodvolumeremainunchangedsince2013,withanareaof481,000ha.

ThepurposeofnationalinventoryofKosovoforestsistoprovideinformationonnationalpolicy, strategic planning and international reporting for forest resources and climaticchanges.

Chart no.4. Percentage of areas covered with forests, agricultural land and pastures.

Deciduous forests includemorethan90%offorestareas.Dominanttypesofdeciduousareoakandbeech.

Coniferous forests consist7%ofthetotalforestarea,andaredominatedbyfir(Abiesalba),spruce (Picea abies) andpines (Pinus sp.). Forest areas are classifiedby seedlingoriginandaltitude.Morethan60%ofareaswithnaturallygerminatedwoodsareinanaltitudebetween600–1000meters.

AccordingtotheNationalForestInventory(NFI)2012,itisestimatedthatthetotalgrowingstockis46.331millionm3,outofwhichabout40.509millionm3withdiameter>7cmand5.823millionm3withdiameter<7cm.

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NationalForestInventory(NFI),ForestManagementPlans(FMP)andFis-Kos,indigitalgeographyanddatabase,amongnumerousattributes,containalsomanagingclassesrelatedtothenaturalrisks,as:areasidentifiedwithforestfires,landslideanderosion.

Chart no. 5. Likelihood of forest fires spread while preparing the land for spring and autumn planting, according to the Lang Factor, the precipitation to temperature ratio.

Risk profile

Risk: Forest fires. Potential size (Percentage of community likely to be affected):o Critical.

Frequency of occurrence:§Highly likely.

Seasonal pattern:

Spring: May –June.

Summer: July- September.

Autumn: OctoberAreas likely to be affected most: Forests.

Probable duration: Relatively short: 3 - 4 days.

Potential speed of onset ( probable amount of warning time):§Minimal (or no) warning.

Existing warning systems: Forest guards and forestry professional and technical staff, supported by ground vehicles and mass communication system, hunting guards and citizens.

Is there any weaknesses/vulnerability analysis?

Yes �No x


33

Vulnerability from impact in key factors of community

Profile Possible consequences Strike rate

ResidentsDeaths, injuries or illness resulting in permanent disability (due to fire impact, smoke, suffocation and visibility).

Severe

PropertyIn many regions of Kosovo fire captures homes with the associated facilities, stables and community livestock near forests, as well as flora and fauna.

Severe

Vital infrastructure

Devastation/damage of forests, agricultural lands, meadows and pastures, as well of power supply network.

Severe

Objects of particular importance

Damage of cultural heritage (mills, water flow channel, bridges, walls, etc.), natural heritage -biodiversity.

Medium

Emergency services

Damage of response units equipments, terrain vehicles, fire fighting pumps, other equipments, clothes etc.

Medium

EnvironmentForest overall damage, flora, fauna and environment likely to be restored.

Medium

Cultural heritage Devastation and damage of cultural heritage in forest areas. Medium

State services Damages of state services and citizens services. Medium

Economic damages

Devastation/damage of the forests, houses and accompanying facilities, assets, vital infrastructure, etc.

Medium

Scenario 1.

After severalmonths of drought during summermonths, coniferous forests in Prizren,MitrovicaandPejaregion(Dragash,Prizren,MitrovicëandVushtri)werecaughtonfire,withanexpansiontendency.ThesituationisparticularlyalarmingintheforestsofNj.M.PashtrikofPrizren.Accordingtopreliminaryassessmentsinthesetworegionsforestfirecaughtonfireanareaof2.799ha,withgrowingstockequivalentof€1,239,120ofallforestcategories.WiththesefiresNj.M.“KoritnikII”Dragashlostaconsiderableareaofpinecultureagedover200years.

Scenario 2.

ThesituationbecomesmoreseverewhenPrishtinaandGjilanregionreportforestfires,inwhichcaseanareaof3.290hahascaughtonfirecausingalossofgrowingstock(volume)equivalentof797.796€.IntheregionofPejaconiferousforestswerecaughtonfirewithpotentialofspreadingtowardsthestablesofRugovavillages.

Scenario 3

ThesituationdeterioratedfurtherwhenforestfiresspreadrapidlyinthedirectionoffivemountainvillagesinRugovë,Pejë,wherecurrently18familieswith98membersandalargenumberofcattlearetrapped.Thesituationisaggravatedevenmorebythewindwhichblowsat7m/s.ThesituationworsensevenmoreafterthespreadoffiretothemountainsofJezerc(Ferizaj)towardsBudakovë(Suharekë),where30visitorshaveremainedtrappedintherestaurantTrofta(Jezerc).

34


Conclusion

Forestfiresarethelargestforestsdamagersthusbeingthemajorcauseofdamagetotheeconomy,environment,biodiversity,recreation,health,etc.

Forestfiresof2007havebeenconsideredasnaturaldisaster forKosovo forestsand theeconomybecause thefireburneda total areaof 10.597hawith a lossof growing stock(volume)equivalentof4,653,029€.

Kosovohassomewatersheds(lakes)whichcouldbeusedforsupplyingwateraircrafts,withthehelpofwhichtheforestfirescouldbeverywellmanaged.

6.2. Floods Kosovoisvulnerabletofloodingandtheyhappenoften13.FloodsinKosovoinNovember2007affectedmorethan3500households,alsocausingconsiderablematerialdamages.

AlmostallmunicipalitiesofKosovo,moreorless,areaffectedbyfloodrisk(seethemapno.5.),whicharemanifestedintheformof:

• Floodsafterstormsinmountainareas,

• Floodsafterheavyrainsinlowlandareas,

• Floodsafterthesnowmeltfollowedornotbycoldweather.

Floodsbyriverbasins:

• DriniiBardhë: 50%

• Ibri: 24%

• Lepenci: 20%

• MoravaeBinçës: 6%

Map no.7 . Areas affected by floods.

13 SeeAnnex,Mapno.6.Floodsrisk.


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• MostconsiderabledamagescausedbyfloodsaremarkedatDriniIBardhriverbasin50,7%(byMasterPlan1983-2000).

• DamagescausedbyfloodsonlyfromriverDriniiBardhëamountedto9,7%.

Recent floods in Kosovo

• February,2006.

• January, 2010.

• April,2014.

Current situation:

We consider that the factors affecting the intensity of the risks from strongwindsmaybe: considerabledistance from the coast, reliefwith the rangeofmountains and forestscoveredwithvegetationwhichcansignificantlyimpactonnaturalcurbing,byreducingtheintensityofthewinds,inparticularinregionssurroundedbythefields.Despitethat,wedoconsiderthattheriskscausedbythestormscannotbeunderratedandexcluded.Regardingthefloods,theyoccurmostfrequentlyduringthewinter,springandautumn.

FloodsinKosovoareusuallyasaresultofheavyrainswhereMayorriverflowsoverflowandfloodinurbanandruralareascausingconsiderabledamagestoinfrastructure,privateproperty,agriculture,etc.Asaresultofrainfallandfloodsinurbanareasbecauseoftheoldnetwork,insufficientcapacityandlackoffacilitiesforwastewatertreatment,increasethedamageeffectsevenmore14.

Thedurationofanyfloodingisrelativelyshort(inmaximum3-4days).

Main causes of floods in Kosovo:

• Rainfall,

• Uncontrolledconstructionsintheareasaroundtherivers,

• Disposalofsolidwasteintherivers,

• Lackofmaintenanceofriverbedsandembankments.

Deterioration factors:

• Densehydrographicalnetwork,

• Slightrivergradient,

• Rainfallintensityandduration,

• Insufficientdepthofriverbeds,

• Vegetation,

• Presenceofobstaclesinwaterflow.

14 SeeAnnex,Mapno.8.floodsrisk–populationatmunicipallevel.

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Possible scenarios:

• Floodscausedbytheoverflowingstreams,

• Floodscausedbytheprogressiveincreaseofwatervolume.

Consequences: FloodsrisksinKosovocauseddeaths,injuries,traumatopeople,considerabledamagestogoods,criticalinfrastructure,objectsofspecialimportance,culturalheritage,environmentandeconomy.

Flood risk periods: There are two seasonalperiodsduring the year inKosovo that arecharacterizedbyfloods:

• Wintermanifestedwithconsiderablesnowfall,and

• Springandautumnmanifestedwithconsiderablerainfall.

Precipitation: BasedonhistoricaldataoverthelasttenyearsfrommeteorologicalstationsstatisticsshowthatJanuaryandFebruaryduringwinterseasonaretwomonthswithmostsnowfall,whereasspring(April-May)andautumn(September-October)withmostrainfall.

Temperatures:Kosovo’sclimateismainlycontinentalwithsomeMediterraneanandalpineinfluences,summersarehotandwinterscold.Extremetemperaturesgoupto39/40°Cinsummerand - 20 °C inwinter.The landscape inKosovo is shiftingwith large thermalvariationsbetweenhottestandmostfresh(chilled)areas.Temperaturesusuallyasafactorlessinfluenceinthesensitivityoffloodingexceptperhapsintwoquitespecificsituations.

Wind:Kosovoisgenerallyaregionnotaffectedwithgreatfrequencyofwindsbuttheyaremostlyofmediumandlowintensity,wherethewinddirectionismainlyfromnorth.

Cold and snow waves:averagewinter temperaturesmayreachup to–10°Cwhere thesnowismoredenseinvalleys.

Drought:. Kosovoisacountrywithasignificantruralareawhereduringthesummertherecanbelongerperiodsofheatthatareusuallymanifestedwithconsiderablelackofrainfallswhichthenmaycausedrought,wherethelackofwaterisgreat.


37

Table 14. Drini i Bardhë river basin.

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Table 15. Ibër and Morava e Binçës River basin.


39

Risk profile

Risk: Floods.Potential size (Percentage of the community likely to be affected):

Critical.

Frequency of occurrence:

• Highly likely.

Seasonal pattern:Spring – March and April. Autumn – October and November. Winter – January and February.

Areas that likely to be affected: A large share of the territory of Kosovo.

Possible duration: 3 - 4 days.Possible speed of onset (possible time of warning):

§Minimum warning (or not at all).§ 6 to 12 hours warning

§ 12 to 24 hours warning.§Warning more than 24 hours.

Existing warning systems: Hydrometeorological Institute of KosovoIs there any weakness/vulnerability analysis?

Yes x No �

Vulnerability by impact in key factors of community.

Profile Possible consequences Impact scale

Residents

Deaths, injuries or diseases resulting to permanent disabilities. (because of the impact of wave of water, ruins, and floating solid material).

Severe

Assets

In many regions of Kosovo water flows through the houses and yards of the residents by destroying their property and other stuff.

Severe

Vital InfrastructureDevastation/damage of water supply, sewerage and energy network, agricultural lands, information technology.

Severe

Facilities of special importance

Devastation/damage of school buildings, governmental buildings, roads, bridges etc.

Severe

Emergency services Damages of reaction units equipment. Medium

Environment Damage/degradation of environment (because of large various flows, sludge and contamination).

Severe

Cultural heritage Devastation/damage of cultural heritage objects.

Severe

State services Damage of state services and services to citizens.

Medium

Economic damages Considerable devastation/damage of houses, properties, vital infrastructure, etc.

Severe

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Scenario 1.

Afterseveraldaysofautumnrains,theregionofPrizren,Peja,MitrovicaandPristina(Peja,Skenderaj,Vushtrri,Podujevo,Therandë),havebeenhitbyfloods.Thesituationisserious,therearemanyinjured(supposedlyover20injured),amongthemoldmenandchildren,people remainedon rooftops, aswell as over 100people tobe evacuated, thenfloodedhomes,killedlivestock,roadsarecoveredwithsilt,considerabledamagesofwatersupplyandsewerage,contaminationofwaterandsoil,aswellasdamagetotheenergysystem.

Scenario 2.

Snowthickerthan80cmthatfellafewdaysinarowintheRepublicofKosovo,hasbeguntomeltduetothehightemperaturesaffectedbytheconsequencesofglobalwarming.ThisfastmeltinghascausedfloodscoveringtheentireterritoryofKosovo,causingvictims(6dead,over27injured)destructioninproperties,inroads,watersupply,sewerage,energynetworks, paralyzing emergency services and other services to citizens. The number ofpersonstobeevacuatedforatime3to7daysisover1550,throughouttheterritoryoftheRepublic.

Conclusion:

Naturaldisasters,inparticularfloodsdonotappearattheescalatingorcatastrophiclevelthanks to the favourable landscape and climate. Types of floods in Kosovo are instant(torrential) and their duration is short-term (3-4 days). Kosovo is a water-source. OurcountrypossessesHydrometeorological Institute,whichmakesweather forecasting andprovidesmeteorologicaldatabutlacksanearlywarningsystem.

6.3. Earthquakes Intheworldwideseismiczoning,KosovotakesplaceinAlpine-Mediterraneanseismicbelt.Thisseismicbelt includesabroadareaofcontactbetweentheAfricanandtheEurasianlithosphericplates,fromtheAzoresisletotheeasternborderoftheMediterraneanbasin.Theconceptofplatetectonicsisparticularlycomplicatedinthisareaduetothepresenceofalargenumberofblocks,andthemannerofreleaseofaccumulatedenergyduringtheprocessofplasticdeformationinmostofitspart.

Fromtheseismologicalstandpoint,theterritoryofKosovorepresentsaregionofrelativelyhighseismicactivity,whichhasbeenhitinthepastandcouldbehiteveninthefuturebyverystrongindigenousearthquakes,whichhaveshallowhotbeds,generatedinthelandcrust,inmaximum15-20kmdeepunderground.

Background and current situation

Seismicitystudiesarehighlydependentontheavailableinformation,thecompletenessandreliabilityofdataonearthquakesthatappearintheearthquakecard.Foramoreseismicrisk based assessment, all sources of information onharmful earthquakes in the regionhavebeenused,suchasearthquakecardAlbania,Montenegro,Croatia,Serbia,Macedonia,Greece (Thessaloniki), international earthquakeCentre (ISC) bulletins, earthquake cardforSouthandSoutheastEurope342BC-1990AD,EUCommission(342BC-1990AD),Balkanscard(600BC-1970AD),NEIC-NationalSeismologicalCentreUSGS(1973-2008),andANSS-AdvancedNationalSeismicSystem(USGS).


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TheterritoryofKosovoduring1456-2014hasbeenhitby152earthquakesofmagnitude3.5-6.3Richterscale.Outof89earthquakeswithintensityof5magnitude,37earthquakesarewithintensityof6magnitude,13earthquakeswithintensity7magnitude,10earthquakeswithintensityof8magnitude(1earthquakebeforetheperiodof1900)and3earthquakeswithintensityof9magnitude(2earthquakesbeforetheperiodof1900),table16.

Table 16. The intensity and number of earthquakes

The intensity of earthquakes in Mercalli MSK-64 scale

V VI VII VIII IX

Number of earthquakes 89 37 13 10 3

Map of epicentres of earthquakes15 is prepared based on the earthquake card andKosovo Seismological Network for the territory of Kosovo, which includes the dataon earthquakes of low intensity, starting from those with 3.8 magnitudes and higher,respectively with intensity V magnitude and higher. These are the most importantresultsandirreplaceablefactorswhichshowthatthemajorityoftheterritoryofKosovo,namely the majority of cities and other settlements are located on the indigenousearthquakes, generated from underground in certain depth of the earth’s crust.

Most powerful earthquakes occurred in Kosovo

Asa resultof sources fromseismological servicesabovementioned fromthe regionandKosovoSeismologicalNetwork, thereare themost completeddata forearthquakes thathaveaffectedtheterritoryofKosovo,duringtheperiod1900-2014.Theearlierdataaredeficient. Among the most powerful earthquakes that have hit Kosovo are as follows:

1. Earthquake of Prizren, 16 June 1456 (MS=6.0; 42.200°N, 20.700°E) with epicentreintensity8magnitude(Sulstarova,2005),

2. EarthquakeofPeja, 11November1662 (MW=6.0;42.700°N;20.300°E)withepicentreintensity8magnitude(Sulstarova,2005;Papazachosetal.2000),

3. Earthquakeof Ferizaj, 26 February 1755 (M=6.1; 42.500°N; 21.900°E)with epicentreintensity9magnitude(Elezaj,2002),

4. EarthquakeofFerizaj-Viti,10August1921(ML=6.1;42.300°N;21.300°E)withepicentreintensity9magnitude(Elezaj,2002),

5. EarthquakeofViti,15AugustMay1921(MW=5.4;42.020’N,21.020’E)withepicentreintensity8magnitude(SOSkopje,D.Hadzievski),

6. EarthquakeofGjilan,02September1921(MW=5.0;42.024’N,21.030’E)withepicentreintensity8magnitude(SOSkopje,D.Hadzievski),

7. Earthquake of Kaçanik-Viti 03 October 1921 (MW = 5.6; 42.020’N, 21.020’E) withepicentreintensity8magnitude(SOSkopje,D.Hadzievski),

8. Earthquake of Gjakova, 03 September 1922 (MW = 5.3; 42.025’N, 21.025’E) withepicentreintensity71|2magnitude(SOSkopje,D.Hadzievski),

9. EarthquakeofPrizren,26September1945(MW=5.0;42.015’N,21.045’E)withepicentreintensity7magnitude(SOSkopje,D.Hadzievski),

15 Seeannex,Mapno.8.Seismicity(MapofepicentresofearthquakesintheterritoryofKosovo,theperiod1456-2014)

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10. EarthquakeofKlina,05February1947 (MW=5.2;42.030’N,21.045’Ewithepicentreintensity8magnitude(SOSkopje,D.Hadzievski),

11. Earthquake ofKopaonik, 18May 1980 (MW=5.7; 43.307°N; 20.867°E)with epicentreintensity8magnitude(HarvardUniversity,SOSkopje,D.Hadzievski),

12. Earthquake of Gjilan, 24 prill 2002 (MW=5.7; 42.440 °N, 21.590° E), with epicentreintensity8magnitude(ISC2002,Elezaj2002),

13. EarthquakeofIstog,10March2010(MW=5.2;42.763440N,20.628110E)withepicentreintensity7magnitude(SIKSh.Mustafa,2010),

14. EarthquakeofVushtrri,18November2013(MW=4,8;42.9N;21.014E)withepicentreintensity61|2magnitude(SHGJKSh.Mustafa,2013).

Areas of seismic source in Kosovo

ThemapofseismicsourcesinKosovoispreparedbasedontheepicentremap,surroundingsomeepicentresareaswithborder,which in thespatialaspectare indicated theseismicsources.Forthisreason,thismaprepresentsthefactualsituationandissupportedmainlyintheperiod1900-2009,takingintoaccountalsothehistoricalpowerfulearthquakes.Thismapdeterminestheposition,orientationandthesizeofseismicsources.

Withthehelpofthismapwehavefixedposition,sizeandorientationofseismicsourcesfromwheregeneratetheearthquakesintheterritoryofKosovo.Thismapaswillbeseenlater,willfindconcreteapplicationinseismicriskassessmentofKosovo.

Ascanbeseenfromthismap,theregionofFerizaj-Viti-Gjilanrepresentsoneofthemostpowerfulseismicsources,whereoccurredstrongestnativeearthquake,theoneof1921with6.2magnitudeandepicentreintensitymagnitudeMSK-IX64.TheregionofPeja-Gjakova-Prizren-Dragashrepresentsanotherseismicsourcewhereisregisteredtheearthquakeof1456withmagnitude6.6Richterscale(Sulstarovaetal.,2001).AlsotheKopaonikregionisoneofthestrongareasofseismicsources;thisisevidencedbytheEarthquakeof1980with6.0magnitudes.

TheseareasofseismicsourcesinKosovo,havegeneratedinthepastbutmayalsointhefuturegeneratestrongearthquakes.

Seismic Hazard Map 2009

Thepreparationofseismichazardmapissupportedentirelyonprobabilitymethodologieswhichconsistinquantityassessmentofthesoilmovementinagivenplaceasaresultofanearthquakethatislikelytooccurwithinaspecifiedintervaltime.Inmoreconcreteterms,theseismicriskinagivencountryisdeterminedasanexpectedvalueofaparameterofsoilmovement(acceleration,speed,spectralordinate,macro-seismicintensity,etc.),whichwithagivenprobabilityisnotexceededwithinaspecifiedperiodoftime.Usually,theprogramsofseismicriskassessmentacceptthelevelof10%asanexceedingprobabilityofathresholdgivenforanyparameterofmovementofsoilwithinperiodof50years.Thiscorrespondstoarepetitionoftherespectivephenomenononcein475years.

Theresultsarepresentedintermsofpeakgroundacceleration(PGA)andthespectrumaccelerations(SA)withsuppression5%,forperiodsofrecurrence95,475,975,2475,5000and 10000 years, which correspond, respectively, to exceeding probabilities 10% in 10years,10%,5%,2%and1%in50years,and1%in100years.Theassessmentwascarriedout for land-rock conditions,with theaverage speedof transversewaves in thefirst 30


43

metersoflandVS=800m/sec,whichcorrespondtothecategoryAofthelandaccordingtheclassificationofEurocode8.Thus, theassessmentresultsare incompliancewiththestandardofEurocode8 for seismiczoningandconstructioncodes.Basedon the resultsobtainedfromthecalculationsweredraftedtheseismichazardmapswhichcharacterizethespatialvariabilityofPGAandSAforindexsuppression5%,fortheperiods0.1sec,0.2sec,0.3sec,0.5sec,1.0secand2.0sec,withexceedingprobabilities10%in10yearsand10%,5%,2%,and1%in50years,aswellas1%in100years.

Thesedataarebasedonintensiveresearchofthelast10yearsandonanupdateddatabase.Thedatabaseofearthquakes,aswellasthehistoricalperiodforthatinstrument,iswidelyimprovedandconvertedtoauniformscale,inmagnitude.

TheregionofPrishtina,iswithaverageseismicrisk,about0.11gforrepetitionperiodin475years.Thesmallervaluesofpeakaccelerationarenoticedintheeasternpartofthecountry,in theeastofPrishtina to theborderwithSerbia,whichwith the10%probability in50years,thePGAdoesnotexceedthevalue0.10-0.12g.

The seismic hazard maps16 show that the majority of the territory of Kosovo may beconsideredasanareawithaverageseismicrisk(0.08g<PGA<0.22g).Thehorizontalpeakgroundacceleration(PGA),with10%exceedingprobabilityin50years(repetitionperiod475),variesfrom0.10ginthenorth-easternpartofthecountryupto0.20-0.22gnorthandsouthofKosovo.Thehigh-riskareamaybeconsideredtheareaofKopaonikinthenorthofKosovo(PGA=0.17-0.20g) ,areaPrizren-Pejë,particularly intheeastandsoutheastofPrizren,neartheborderofAlbania,wherePGA,with10%exceedingprobabilityin50yearsexceedsthelevel0.22g,aswellastheareaofFerizaj-VitiGjilan,particularlyindirectionofSkopje,wherePGAvariesfrom0.15-0.18g.

BasedontheSeismicHazardMap,theterritoryofKosovo,especiallyitswesternregionischaracterizedbyrelativelyhighseismicactivity,whereinthepasthaveoccurredstrongearthquakes,whichingeneralareidentifiedasshallow,15-20km.ThemainareasofseismicsourcesinKosovoareasfollows:(KGS,SesmicDivision17).

1. SeismicareaPrizren-Pejë,

2. SeismicareaFerizaj-Viti-Gjilan,

3. SeismicareaofKopaonik.

Basedon theSeismicHazardMapcanbeseen that theperiodof repeatingearthquakeswithamagnitudeMW=5.0,5.5,6.0and6.5arerespectively3.1,14.2,69.8and502.4years,whereasanearthquakewithMW=6.7 isrepeatedonanaverageevery2446years.Fromtheprobabilityview,everyyearinKosovoisexpectedanearthquakewithamagnitudeupto5.0withprobability27.8%,andevery50yearsisexpectedanearthquakewithMW=6.0withprobability51.2%,andeverycentury,anearthquakewithamagnitudeupto6.0withprobability76.2%.

16 SeeAnnex,Mapno.9.SeismicriskareasinKosovo17 SeismologicalNetworkoftheRepublicofKosovoisestablishedin2008,wherebystartedthestudyworkofearthquakes.

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During2002-2013, the territoryofKosovowashit third timeswithMag. 4.8-5.7Richterscale.

1.EarthquakeofGjilan24.04.2002,Mag.5.7,intensityVIII1/2.

2.EarthquakeofIstog10.03.2010,Mag.5.2,intensityVII.

3.EarthquakeofVushtrri18.11.2013,Mag.4.8,intensityVI1\2.

Seismichazardandcurrentprobabilitymapsare calculated forground-rockconditions.However,thelocalconditionsofthegroundwithinafewhundredmeterscancausesuchvariationsinseismicrisk,whicharehigherthanthevariationsnationwide.Mostofurbanregionsarelocatedalongtherivervalleys,onloamydeposits.Themovementofthegroundinsuchdepositsisgenerallymuchgreaterthantherockystrip,duetolocaleffectsonsignalamplitudeanditsfrequencycontent,aswellasthedurationofmovementoftheground.

Theseismichazardmapsareupdatedwiththeaimofincludingthelatestachievementsofthescienceofseismologyatthelocal,regionalandgloballevel.

Deteriorationfactors

Reshjet atmosferike, erërat dhe ndryshimi i temperaturave janë faktor përkeqësues, sinëmundësinëedridhjevetëmëvonshme,poashtuedhenëpërkeqësimindhekrijiminekushtevetëvështirësuarapërreagimdhepërkujdesjepërbanorëtgoditur.

NdërtimipakriteredhecilësiajoadekuateestrukturavendërtimorenëKosovëibënëtëndjeshmevendbanimetesaj.

Risk flows:

• Collapsingofhighresidentialandpublicbuildings,

• Damagestoinfrastructureandtransport,

• Deteriorationintheenvironment(waterflow,landslide),

• Secondaryeffects(fires,collapsing,leakingsewageandtoxicproducts,etc.).


45

Risk profile

Risk: Earthquakes.

Potential size (Percentage of community likely to be affected): Critical


Likely.

Seasonal pattern:

The likelihood of recurrence of earthquakes of magnitude MW = 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5, respectively 3.1, 14.2, 69.8 and 502.4 years; an earthquake of 6.7 MW = reoccurs in average every 2446 years. From the probability viewpoint, every year in Kosovo can be expected an earthquake with magnitude up to 5.0 with 27.8% probability; every 50 years is expected an earthquake with 6.0 MW with 51.2% probability; every century, with 76.2% probability is expected a 6.0 magnitude earthquake.

Areas likely to be affected:

- Seismic area Prizren-Pejë,- Seismic area Ferizaj-Viti-Gjilan,- Seismic area of Kopaonik.

Possible duration: Instant (2-10 Sec.).

Potential speed of onset (possible warning):

No warning.

Existing warning systems: None.

Is there any weakness/vulnerability analysis?

o Yes o No

Vulnerability to impact in key factors of community


Residents Tens of deaths, hundreds of serious injuries and trauma. Severe

Property Destruction/damage of public and private property. Severe

Vital infrastructureDestruction/damage of the road network, water and wastewater, energy, telecommunications, etc.

Severe

Facilities of particular importance

Destruction/damage of administration buildings, banks, offices, schools, government buildings, shops, shopping malls, restaurants, etc.

Severe

Economic damage Destruction/damage of public and private property. Severe

EnvironmentDestruction/damage of environment due to various leaks, gas and smoke, contamination of air, surface and underground water, fertile soil, food and animals..

Severe

Cultural heritage Low

State services Damage to state services and services for citizens. Medium

Emergency services Damage to assets and emergency response equipment services. Medium

46


Scenario 1.

Anearthquakeof5.5magnitudeofRichterscalehitalargepartoftheregionofMitrovica,NorthofKosovo(Kopaonik),fortwoconsecutivedays,3and4Decemberandinaseveremanner impacted also the residents, cities, villages, streets and factories by causing thefollowingconsequences:over20deadpersons,hundredsinjured,hundredstrappedanddisappeared,whereasotherdamagesareasfollows:manyresidentialandpublicbuildingscollapsed,damagesininfrastructureandtransport,environmentaldisorders(waterflow,landslide).

Secondaryeffectsofthisdisasterare(fires,collapses,leakingsewageandtoxicproducts,etc).ItissuspectedthedaminUjman(Gazivoda)iscracked,andincaseitdamfailureitwillendangertheentireregionofMitrovicawithadevastatingdisaster.

Scenario 2.

Earthquake of 6.5magnitude ofRichter scale, on 5 and 6Decemberhit the east, north,west and south of Kosovo. The earthquake has caused hundreds of deaths, thousandsinjured,manypeoplemissingand trappedaswell asmanycollapsed facilities suchasresidentialhouses,criticalinfrastructure,roadsandparalyzedtheentirelifeandservicesoftheRepublicofKosovo.

Conclusion

IntheentireterritoryoftheRepublicofKosovothereistheriskofearthquakes.ConsideringthatthemostendangeredareasaretheseismicareaPrizren-Pejë,SeismicareaFerizaj-Viti-Gjilan,SeismicareaofKopaonik,wherelivesnearlythehalfofthepopulationofKosovo.These areas and the number of population living theremay have critical consequencesduring earthquake, such as: deaths and injuries, evacuations, facility collapsing, trafficinterruption,roadblocking.Also,thenumberofthevulnerabilitieswillbeincreasedasaconsequenceofsecondaryriskssuchas:explosions,fires,floodsandepidemics.

The seismic risk assessment in Kosovo, establishes the basis for a modern policy inmitigatingtheconsequencesfromearthquakes,whereastheresultsobtainedcanbeusedbynationalandlocalauthorities,aswellasfromorganizationsandindividualsinterestedin territorialplanningandadministration,designofearthquakeresistant structures,etc,thusbyenablingtheintegrationofup-to-datelevelofunderstandingandrespondingtothechangingneedsofthecommunityofusers.

Recommendation

Inordertoimprovetheresultsonseismicrisk,werecommend:

- ReassessmentofhistoricalmagnitudeofearthquakesoccurringintheterritoryofKosovo.

- An seismicity parameters based assessment, by improving the database ofearthquakesoccurredinKosovoandneighbouringregions.

- Aregionaltectonicpatternthat linkstheseismicityobservedwithactivetectonicbreaks,theirdecaymechanism,etc.

- More accurate models for forecasting parameters of soil liquefaction, based onregionalrecordsofstrongquakesinKosovoandneighbouringcountries.

- Developmentof amulti-year researchprogram to further reviewandclarify thehypo-centresofearthquakesinKosovo.


47

Pre-earthquakemeasurestobetakenintheregionswithseismicactivity:

- Processingoftheseismichazardmapofthecountrybasedontheseismicdatafordifferentlevelsofseismicrickacceptablefortheplanning,designingandconstruction.

- Processingofmicro-zoningseismicmapsforimportanturbanareas18.

- Processingofaseismichazardmap.

- Draftingoflawsandregulationsforthemeasuresagainstlarge-scaleearthquakes.

- Expansionandmodernizationofthenetworkwithseismographsandaccelerographs.

6.4. LandslidesBasedonthe lithological, tectonic,morphological,climatic,hydrologicstructureof land,itcanbeconcludedthatmanypartsoftheterritoryofKosovoarecoveredbyanumberofeczodynamicprocesses,mainlyrepresentedbylandslidesterrain.

In the complex of these phenomena, an important role in modelling the landscape ofKosovoplayalsothelandslidesindifferentmeasures,whichinsomecasescrossinstrongdemolitions,especiallyduringtectonicslopes.Thelandslidesduringthetectoniccontactsofmagmaticrockswiththoseterrigenousarehighlydeveloped,thusduringthedestructionphase, including mainly colluvial-prolluvial and deluvial materials of alienation crust.Thesematerialscollectedduringtheslopesofseverancesandthosecomplexesduringthemorpho-tectonik and morpho-climatic evolution are characterized by an unsustainablesituation,exacerbatedbynumerouswaterleaksduetotheirnondescriptscale.

The phenomena of terrain instability,whichmainly appear in the format of landslidesanddemolition,mostexpressedare inthe:MountainsofKopaonik,Rogozna,BjeshkëvetëNemura,SharrMountain,centralandeasternmountainsofKosovo.Weencounterthephenomenaof landslides19 also in the lowerpartof thegroundin theareasofneogenebasins(Dukagjin,Kosovo,Llap,Drenica,MoravaeBinqes)andotherparts.

Conclusion:

Basedonup-to-dategeological-engineeringresearchoftheterrainmaybeconcludedthatthemajorityofunstableareasarerelatedtothegeomorphologicterrainstructureonthebasisofwhichareconstructedthemapswithgeo-potentialareasofrisk.

18 Micro-zoningisthepreferredmethodtoassesslocalsoilamplificationinviewoffrequency.Thehighestlevelof studiestounderstandthelocaleffectsare3-dimensionalgeologicalpatternsofgeophysicsandnumericalpattern ofthesoilmovementamplification.19 Seeannex,Mapno10.Landslideareas.

48


Risk profile

Risk: Landslides.

Potential size (Percentage of community likely to be affected): Critical.

Frequency of occurrence:§ Likely.

Seasonal pattern:

Spring – March and April. Autumn – October, November and December. Winter – January and February.

Areas likely to be affected the most: unstable areas related to geomorphologic structure of terrain, steepness of rock layers making up the location, vegetation, seasonal and permanent waters.

Possible duration: Relatively short 3 - 4 days;

Relatively long – several months;

Tens of years long with several breaks of movement of rock masses;

Potential speed of onset (possible warning):

§Minimum warning (or at all).§ 6 to 12 hours warning.

§ 12 to 24 hours warning.§Warning more than 24 hours.

Existing warning systems: Integrated number 112.

Is there any weakness/vulnerability analysis?Yes XNo �

Vulnerability as a result of impact in key factors of the community.


Residents Deaths, injuries or diseases resulting to permanent disabilities.

Severe

AssetsDevastation/damage of residential buildings, water supply and sewerage network, etc.

Severe

Vital InfrastructureDestruction / damage of road infrastructure, energy and telecommunication network, etc.

Severe


Devastation/damage of school buildings, FMC, government building, etc. Severe

Emergency services Damages of reaction units equipment.. Medium

Environment Degradation of environment Severe

Cultural heritage Devastation/damage of worshipping objects. Severe

State services Damage of state services and services to citizens.

Medium

Economic damages Considerable devastation/damage of houses, properties, vital infrastructure, etc.

Severe


49

Scenario 1.

High levelofprecipitationduring the seasons:autumn -winterandspringof2013, thevillageCrmjan/Djakovica is affected in severalplacesby landslide.On thisoccasion,considerabledamageswerecausedtoagriculturallands,roadsandwatersupply.Incaseofcontinuationofrainfallinlongerperiods,thechancesofreactivationoflandslidesarehighbyendangeringeventhedestructionofhouses.Lossesofpeople’slives,livestockandpoultryarenotexcludedaswell.

Scenario 2.

Landslide in village Brod,Municipality of Shtërpce, reactivated in spring of 2007 thusdestroyingcompletely70%ofthehousesofthisvillage,auxiliaryfacilitiessuchasstables,garages,energynetwork,school,healthclinicfacility.Around36familiesareaffectedbylandslideandtheyarealsoendangered.

Scenario 3.

Kaçanik – Hani i Elezit highway affected by the phenomenon of rock masses slidingendangeringaquitebusytrafficinthisroad.Thedirectattackpotentialtocausedamagesinpeoplewhoareusingthishighwaytotravelbybusortrainarereal,becauseinrainyseasons,thisphenomenacanoccursuddenly.Damages,exceptonpeople,willalsoaffectthe state economy, because in such certain situations, the transportation of goods fromMacedoniawillgetblockedforlongerperiods.

Conclusions:

Thenumberoffamiliesatriskislarge.

Basedonthefactthatlandslidesareactive,thesituationmaybealarming.

Ifrainfallcontinueforalongerperiod,thesituationwilldeteriorateevenmore.

Rekomandime:

Becauseofthepossiblelandslideandpermanentriskposed,itisrecommended:

-tostudygeolog-geomechanicalofconstructionlands.

-toauthorizeinstitutionsincooperationwithMunicipalassembliestodraft,implementandmanagelandslidepreventionandmanagement.

-to provide maps (aerial recording and cadastral map of village Brod) by KosovoCadastralAgency,aswellastoconductgeodeticrecordsoftherelevantterrain.

-toallocatefundsfromKosovobudgettoundertakemeasuresforrepairingdamagesandapplicationofadequateofthearearehabilitationmethods.

-implementationandmanagementofInhabitantsDislocation/RelocationStrategy.

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6.5. Rolling of rock masses in the territory of Kosovo Thesearerockcharacteristicsforhardandrelativelyhardrocks.Theyarecharacterizedbyfallingpiecesandblocksbyrollingattheedgeoftheslopethusformingaconeofproducts.Theyarisemainlyasaresultofthealienationprocessinhighinclinedslopesorundertheinfluenceofdifferentexplosions,especiallyincrackedrocks.

Asthemainfactorleadingtolossofinternalbondingofthemassivearecracksofalienation,thedevelopmentofplantrootsinthecracks,rapidtemperaturechangesthatleadtothefreezingandmeltingofwaterindifferentrockcracks,etc.Thesizeofrockpieceslargelydependsonthetypeoftherockanditscrackabilitycoefficient.Thisphenomenonoftenposesapermanentthreatforpeopleandmaterialgoods,andtrafficrisks.

Rollingofrockmasses:

-alongtheroadPrishtina–Skopje(Kaçanik-HaniiElezit);

-inPejaRegion(RugovaGorge);

-intheterritoryof“BjeshkëteNemura”;

-alongthevalleyoftheIbarriver(NorthernPartofKosovo);

-theregionof“ShalaeBajgorës”,and

-intheareaofGrebnik,outskirtofÇupevëeEpërmevillage.

Basedonsostudiesconducted far, it ismanaged thecreationofamap,whichpresentspotentialareaswheremightoccurthephenomenaofrollingofrockmasses.20

Abandoned surface mines

Rapid development of the road infrastructure and construction industry has posed thegreatneedofopeningmoresurfacemines(quarries)touseconstructionmaterialssuchashardrocks,sandandgravel,etc.

Anumberofthem,fordifferentreasons,haveconcludedtheexploitationofthesematerialsbyleavingbehinddegradationofnatureandenvironmentintheareasoftheiroperation.Sofarintheselocations21wedidnothaveanycaseofrehabilitationandbonificationofthedevastatednature.Thisfacthaspushedlocalinstitutionstotakethenecessarysteps,inonewayortheother,toobligelegitimatebeneficiariesoftheseminingtoreturntothepreviousstate,whileavoidingtheriskpossibilitiesforthecommunitieslivinginthatlocation.Legalinfrastructureobligesusersofthesenaturalresourcestoundertakebonificationmeasuresaftertheendofexploitativeactivity.

20 Seeannex,Mapno.11.Areaswithrollingrocks

21 Seeannex,Mapno.12.Locationsofsurfacemines


51

Hazard Profile

Hazard: Abandoned surface and underground mines.

Potential magnitude (percentage of the jurisdiction that can be affected): Critical.Frequency of occurrence: Possible Seasonal pattern: Throughout the year.The areas that can be affected the most: Cities and villages where the mines are located.

Potential duration: Until their rehabilitation. Potential speed of onset ( potential warning time):§Minimal (or no) warning§ 6 to 12 hours warning.



Complete Vulnerability Analysis?Yes XNo �

Vulnerability from hits at key factors of community

Profile Possible Consequences Impact grade

Inhabitants Deaths, injuries resulting in permanent disability. Severe

Property Loss of property (tools and equipment). Severe

Vital infrastructureDestruction/damage of the road, electricity, water, sewage networks, etc.

Severe


Emergency services Damaging of tools and equipment for emergency response services. Medium

Environment Environment degradation. Severe

Cultural heritage

State services

Economic damagesDamage/destruction of tools and equipment (public and private).

Severe

Scenario 1

Aftercompletingtheexploitationoforeinsurfaceandundergroundmines,nosanitationmeasureswereundertaken.Asaresultoftheconditionofthesefacilitiesoftenoccurreddamagestopeopleandvariouspropertiesofcommunitieslivingintheseenvironments.

Scenario 2

Horizontalandverticalminingworksoflargedimensionsandsignificantdepththatarestillopen,withoutprotectionhavecausedpeopletofallintothem.InDubovcayoungmanhasfallenintoaholeintensofmetersdeepandafterathree-daystayin,hehassufferedseriousbodyinjuriesandmentalconsequences,andinashorttimeafterwardsdied.

Thesameminewasrehabilitatedatalowcost,leavingthepossibilityofreopeningitatanytime.

Surfacebarriersarenotfenced,thusthebigholecreatedduringexploitationhasnotbeencoveredandfallingofpedestriansishighlypotential.

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Conclusion:

Since the MED (Ministry of Economic Development) has conducted the study ofidentificationoftheseobjects,whichhasalsocarriedouttherehabilitationandbonificationofoneofthesemines(Dubovc),IrecommendthatsuchapracticeshouldcontinueintherestofKosovo.

6. 6. Other natural risksAsnaturalphenomena,naturaldisastersasmeteorologicalphenomenonareinfluencedbytheseismicactivitiesand it isdifficult todetermine the locationof theoccurrence.Theymightaffectoneormoreparts(regions)ofthecountryeveninthewholecountry.

Thunderstorms

Thunderstorms are natural phenomena manifested with furious and powerful winds,withheavyatmosphericprecipitationswhichsuddenlystartandwhichdonotlastlong.Mainlyoccurinspringandautumnasaresultofnumerousweatherchanges(atmosphericpressure,temperature,humidityandairdensity).

Storms

Stormsarenaturalphenomenawhicharemanifestedwithstrongwindswhichstretchfromseveralhundredmetersuptotensofkilometresandtheylastfromafewminutesuptoseveralhours.Theyappearasaresultoftheinstabilityoftheweatherconditions.

Lately,thisphenomenonisoftenoccurringinKosovo,especiallyintheperiodfromJunetoSeptember,correspondingwiththeincreaseoftemperatures.

ThemostaffectedtownsarethecityofShtimeandIstog.

The effects of these natural disasters are numerous, such as:• Damagingofhousesandroofs,• Damagingandpartialdestructionofelectricityandtelephonenetworks,• Relocation/throwingofvariousobjects(containers,greenhouses,pullingoftrees,etc.),• Deregulationoftransportation(road,railandair),• Floodsandpollutionofsurfaceandundergroundwaters.

Consequences • Deathsandinjuriesfromcollisions(differentobjects,electriccablesandpoles,objects

fallingfromtheheights),• Trafficaccidents,• Reductionanddisruptionofsocio-economicactivities,• Flooding,

• Damaginganddestructionofagriculturalcrops,ornamentaltrees,etc.

Frosts and frosted rains

Frostisanaturalphenomenonmanifestedbylowtemperatureaircurrents,whichappearasathinlayerofice(coveringtheground)asaresultoffreezingofthewater,humidityandfog.


53

Types of frosts:

• Frosts from the rains: are easily predictable, they appear when it rains and whentemperaturesdropbelowminusoCor the temperaturesdropdown fast,while theroadsarestillwet.Thesefrostsarefrequentphenomenathatcanappearthroughoutourcountry.

• Frosts from condensation: In thiscase thephenomenon ismorecomplexandmuchmorelimited(intheshadedareas,underthetrees...).Weknowthataircanholdonlyacertainamountofwatervapour.Therefore,thelowerthetemperatureis,theaircanholdlessvapour.

• Frosted rains appearwhen rains reach theground in the shapeofwaterdropsandfreezewhentheycomeincontactwiththefrozensurface.Predictionofsuchrainswithfrostisextremelydifficult.

• Consequences of frosts and frosted rains are mainly traffic disorders or accidents.

Droughts

Thisphenomenonoccurswhenwinterprecipitationsareextremelyweakwhenundergroundwaterresourcesarescarce,surfacereservoirs(lakes)arealsounderminimalleveloffilling.Supplyingofpopulationwithwaterfromthereservesofaccumulatinglakes,whichdependonprecipitation.Kosovo isa sourceofwaters,butaccumulates inavery limitedextent(fulfilsitsneedswithwaterreserves).DuringthesummerseasonhightemperaturesmaydisordergreatlythecomfortofnormallifeinKosovo,inparticularurbanareas.

Thisdisordersignificantlyaffectsmainlyinthehealthofelderly,children,chronicallyillpeople,pregnantwomenandothervulnerablegroups.Asaresultofdroughts,itiscausedairpollution,decreaseofthequalityofdrinkingwater,emergingofepidemics,anditmaycausedamagingoftheecosystem.

Waves of cold and the snow:

Thewaveofcoldisanaturalphenomenonmanifestedbylowtemperatures,reachingthevaluefrom-10oCorbelow,orthatreachesrapidlythenegativevalueslowerthan-5oC.Thisisaseasonalphenomenonandismanifestedinwinterseasonmonths(December-February)andincludestheterritoryoftheRepublicofKosovo.

Snow as oneof the atmosphericprecipitationsfills the surface andundergroundwaterreserves, but also causes difficulties and damages. Heavy precipitations and layeringof snow reduces the visibility, hinders themovement of vehicles and citizens, burdenstelecommunication networks, transportation and distribution of electricity, createsavalanches, andoften, as the consequence of fastmelting of snow in the spring season(March-April)causesflooding.

Conclusion:

Allthesenaturalphenomenaandprecipitations,occurringinKosovoposerisksthatcanresultinhighnumberofcasualtiesandseverematerialdamages.

Itisanecessityandaneedfortherelevantstateinstitutionstoallocateasignificantportionofassetsinundertakingpreventivemeasuresandstrengtheningtheresponsecapabilities,whichwouldenableriskreductionandrehabilitationofconsequences.

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VII. RISKS FROM OTHER DISASTERS

7.1. Landfills of the mining industry

Kosovoanditssurroundingareashavefacedgreatandpersistentrisksofenvironmentalpollutionbyexpansivedevelopmentoftheindustry.Ontheotherhand,environmentalistsfromdaytoday,throughinternationalconventionsandrigorousenvironmentalstandards,force the industry ingeneral, andmines inparticular, tominimizewastes andflowsofhazardousmaterialsinordertoenhancetheprotectionandeffectivenesstoachievecleanandhealthyenvironmentforall.Kosovohasinheritedalargenumberofenvironmentalproblems, accumulated for decades as a consequence of uncontrolled usage of naturalresourcesandmining, industrialproduction,associatedwithahighdegreeofpollution,whichposesacontinuousriskforthesurroundingcommunity,andforKosovoingeneral.Theexploitationactivityofundergroundandsurfacemineralresourcesleaveswideareascontaminatedwithacidicwater,heavymetals,especiallywithPb,Zn,Cd,As,Hg,etc.

Afterafieldstudy throughout the territoryofKosovo,asignificantnumberofdifferentlandfillshavebeenidentified22,suchaswastesfromtheminingindustry,whichtodayposeapermanentriskforKosovo.LocationsoftheselandfillsarelocatedinthemunicipalityofMitrovica,Zveçan,Graçanica,NovoBrdo,Obiliç,Lipjan,Gjakova,LeposaviçandStaritrg.

Thedatabelowshowinformationonthelocationoflandfills.

LandfillsinnorthofKosovo:

• Zveçan,

• LandfillnearIberriver–closetothePbSmelterinZveçan,

• WastesandindustrialwastelandfillinZveçan,GornjePole,

• WastesandindustrialwastelandfillinZveçan,,

• WastesmeltingplantinZveçan.

22 Seeannex,Mapno.13.MininglandfillsinKosovo(observationmap).


55

Table 17. Coordination of all mining landfills in Kosovo

No Name Location-Place Surface in Ha Y X Z

1 Mining landfill Kishnica 10.23 7518598.4 4718421 691

2 Mining landfill Badoc 2.85 7517935.1 4719737.3 640

3 Mining landfill Artana 2.38 7535205.7 4721688.5 652

4 Mining landfill Artana 3.94 7535852.7 4722397.2 639

7 Mining landfill Kelmend Zveçan 23.78 7489951.5 4752104.5 x

8 Mining landfill Zveçan 62.28 7488590.6 4751966.7 x

9 Radioactive material repository First Tunnel 0.03 7491808.3 4753530.8 x

10 Radioactive material PIM Laboratory 0.04 7490512.5 4749434.8 x

18 Mining landfill Magure, Lipjan 15.13 7500349.7 4710986.7 602

20 Ash landfill KEK Obiliç 181.97 7508167.4 4724828.8 x

21 Ash landfill KEK Obiliç 192.94 7504208.9 4728383.7 x

23 Feronikel mining landfill Çikatovë, Drenas 71.37 7492822 4722203.6 x

24 Mining landfill Devë, Gjakovë 5.23 7447479.2 4691442.8 x

27 Mining landfill Leposaviq 20.31 7482544.3 4774120.7 x

28 “Trepça” Industrial Park Mitrovica 115.1 7490238.1 4749306.2 x

Hazard Profile

Hazard: Mining landfills and mining industry landfills.

Potential magnitude (percentage of the jurisdiction that can be affected):Critical.

Frequency of occurrence:§ Possible.

Seasonal model:Throughout the year.

Areas likely to be affected most: Cities and settlements where landfills are located.

Probable duration: Until their complete rehabilitation.

Potential Speed of Onset (probable amount of warning time):

§Minimal (or no) warning.§ 6 to 12 hours warning.


Existing Warning Systems: Integrated number 112.Is there a vulnerability analysis?Yes xNo �

56


Vulnerability from hits at the key factors of community


Inhabitants Deaths and injuries, and other health consequences Severe

PropertyDestruction and damaging of agriculture lands

Severe

Vital infrastructureDestruction and damage of the road, electricity and telecommunication networks, school buildings, FMCs, etc.

Severe


Emergency servicesDamage of tools and equipment for emergency response services

Medium

Environment Environment degradation. SevereCultural heritage Damage of cultural heritage objects Medium

State services Damage to state services and services for citizens Medium

Economic damages Severe destruction and damage to flora and fauna Severe

Scenario 1

Largespaceoccupiedbywastefromminingandmineralindustry,hundredsofhectares.Mineralandchemicalcompositiondirectlyaffectsthesurroundingfloraandfauna,healthof inhabitants living within the radius of influence from landfill, discharging into thenearestrivers.Aciditycreatedasaresultofimpropermanagementofstoredmaterial.Indroughtperiodsandwith strongwinds, solidwaste ismoved to remotedistances thuscontaminatingawiderenvironment.

Scenario 2

Geological composition of the exploitation area, mineralogical composition of the oreexploitedincontactwithgroundandatmosphericwaterscreateshighacidity,thatduringtransport to the landfilldestroysthe technology, inandaroundthesurroundingareaoffloraandfaunawherethewastelandfillislocated.Totaldestructionofalllivingorganismsin thewaterasaresultofwaste landfill impact, i.e.Landfills inMarechasdestroyed inentiretythefloraandfaunaoftheMarecRiver,tensofkilometresweredestroyed.

Recommendations:

1. Conductingageologic–economicstudyofallminingresidues.

2. Urgentinterventionfortheirrehabilitation.

3. Considerthepossibilityofre-enrichmentwithmoderntechnology.

4. PerformtreatmentofatmosphericwatersandofwatersflowingthroughthelandfillsinordertobringthepHintonormallimits.


57

7.2. Setbacks and steep slope zones (Geo-hazards in active and abandoned mines)Exploitationofminerals inKosovohasa longtradition.Formanyyears ithasoccupiedthemostimportantroleineconomicdevelopment.DepositsintheterritoryofKosovoarespreadthroughouttheterritoryofKosovo.ThemostsignificantdepositsofleadandzincareinthemetalogenicregionofKopaonik(Albaniku),respectivelyintheTrepçaorefield,whichstretchesinthenorth-easternpartofKosovo,rangingfromKopaonik(Albaniku)toGllamë.Appearancesanddepositsofiron-nickelinKosovo,whichextendfromIvanja,near Kaçanik in south and stretches all theway to Vërbovc in north. LocationswheremostimportantdepositsofFe-Nioreappearare:Goleshmassif,Dobroshevcmassifandsoutheast(SE)Kopaonik.Bauxite-carryingregionispartoftheultra-basicrocksmassifofRrahovec.DepositsandappearancesofbauxitestretchonmountainGremnik,5to10kmsoutheastofKlina.

Chromedepositsare locatedinthefollowinglocations inKosovo: theultra-basicmassifofGjakova,Rrahovec,Luboten,Brezovica,Golesh,Dobroshevc, etc.Thisbriefhistoricaloverview of research and exploitation works through long periods has caused certainchangesinthereliefwheretheseactivitiesoccur.Theyarestillevidentandposeapermanentrisktothesurroundingcommunity23.Ontheotherhandsomeofthemduetothecessationofminingactivityhavebeendestroyed,ruined,whereasverticalminingworksintheabovementionedareasarealsooftencausesofdamagestothepeopleaswellastotheirproperties.

Fromthemineralexploitationactivitybyvariousmethodsrangingfromthemostprimitivetothosewithmoresophisticatedtechnology,certainareasintheentireterritoryofKosovocarriesexploitationsthatcannotbeseenduetodevelopedvegetation.Consideringallthesefacts,expertsofdifferentfieldsofmining,apartfromexistingmaterials,conductedvisitsinalmostalltheseareas,makingthefollowingdescriptionoftheircondition:

• Location,

• Briefdescriptionofgeologicalcompositionofanarrowarea,

• Miningworks,

• Methodsofexploitation.

Verticalcutting,whichthengivesusaclearoverviewontheirextent

Area of Shala e Bajgores -Mining works in Gumnishtë

Areaof interest “GUMNISHTË” stretches in the territoryofmunicipalitiesofMitrovicaandVushtrri,abovethesealevelbetween600to1300mandcoversanareaof29,172km².Verticalandhorizontalwellsinthisareaarethebestevidencefortheexploitationoftheoreintheseareas,whichalsoposeagreatdangertoresidentslivingwithintheareainquestion.

23 Seeannex,Mapno.14.Geo-hazards

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Mining works in Karaçë, Vushtrri

TheresearchedareaislocatednearthevillageKaraçë,whichislocatednorthofVushtrriatadistanceof6kmandSEofStantergatadistanceof10km.

Karaçëareaislocatedinthecrystallizedlimestone,whichappearasahugehorizonofaseriesofVeleshschist.Miningoperationsinthisinhabitedarea,oftenposedadangerforlifeandfortheirlivestock(accordingtothestoriesofthelocalresidents-Karaçë).

- MinesinorefieldofArtana,- OrefieldBadovc–Hajvali–Kishnicë,- SurfaceMiningKisnica,- AreaofZhegovcMountain/Gjilan,- MiningworksinVisoqë,- UndergroundcoalmineinBabushiMuhaxherëve.

7.3. Failure of dams Theseriskscanbeathreat,accordingtothetype,size,concentrationofhazardousmaterials,anddistanceoftheobjecteitherwherethehazardousmaterialsareproduced,transferredorstored.ConsideringthatRepublicofKosovohasalargeconcentrationofgasstations,andtherapideconomicdevelopmentthatwillfollowduetobeinganewcountry,andthehighdensityofinhabitantsperkm²,adisasterislikelytooccur.

Dam, is inmost casesanartificial structurewhich ingeneral transformsavalley intoawaterreservoir.Damsmainlyservetoregulatethewaterflow,supplyingcitieswithwater,irrigateagriculturalcropsandtoproduceelectricity.Riskofrapidandunpredictablefailureisextremelyrare.Thesituationmayoccurasaresultofrapidevolutionofstructuraldamage.Intheeventofpartialorcompletedamfailure,itwouldbecreatedawaveofdevastatingfloodsinthisareaandinparticularintheareaof“onequarter-hour”(theareainwhichthewavewouldmakelessthanquarter-hourtoreach).

Mining works in Picel-BajgoraVery old and uncovered vertical mining works in Gumnishtë


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Background

Winterof2004-2005.FreezingofthesurfaceofLakeBatllavahaspressuredthetowerofthe lake tonot receivewater, the icepressured the towerand thuswasendangered thecompletedisruptionofsupplyofdrinkingwaterforthecityofPrishtina.

Placeswherethisriskislikelytohappenare:Badovciwith2.57km²,Batllavawith3.27km²,Ujmaniwith9.10km²,Radoniqwith5.96km²andPërlepnicawith1.8km².

Dam failure/aggravating factors

Rapidincreaseofthewaterlevelduetorain;

Powerfulearthquakes;

Inadequatemaintenanceandthehumanfactor;

Risk flow

Belowareemphasized3mainrisksofflows:

• Completeorpartialdamfailure,

• Overflowduetoaccumulationofalargequantityofwater,

• Deliberateemptyingwaterincaseofoverload.

Consequences

Intheeventofadamfailure,theconsequencescouldbedisastrousforpeople,goodsandenvironment.

Hazard profile

Hazard: Dam failure.

Potential Magnitude (percentage of the jurisdiction that can be affected): Critical.

Frequency of Occurrence: Possible.Seasonal pattern: Throughout the year.

Areas likely to be affected most: Prishtina, Mitrovica, Podujeva, Gjakova and Gjilan.

Probable Duration: Hours/Days.Potential Speed of Onset ( probable amount of warning time):

Without warning or minimal warning.

Existing warning systems: None.Complete Vulnerability Analysis?Yes �

No x

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Vulnerability of key factors of community being affected


Inhabitants Death / serious injury and massive flooding. SevereWealth Destruction / damage of private and public wealth. Severe

Critical infrastructureDestruction / damage to the electrical grid, telecommunication, water supply, sewage, road infrastructure, etc.

Severe


Destruction / damage to schools, hospitals, food, warehouses, substations, etc. Severe

Economic damage Total destruction/damage of the impacted area. SevereEnvironment Destruction/damage to the environment. Severe

Cultural heritageDestruction/damage to cultural heritage, objects and archaeology.

Severe

State service Damage/blockade of state infrastructure. Severe

Emergency services Emergency response equipment services Severe

Possible scenarios

It ispossibletosimulatethefalloutofdamandmakethepatternofimpactingwavesinorder todetermine the levelof the river at thedamoutfall.This enables localizationofsettlementsthatwouldbeflooded,warningandthealarm.

Suchascenariomustbeexercised,studiedandtestedinordertoforecasttheconsequencesfor:

• Population,

• Residentialfacilities,

• Publicfacilities(administration,schools,emergencyresponseservices,etc.),

• Transportnetworkandvitalsupplies,

• Economy,

• Environment,

• CulturalHeritage.


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VIII. RISKS IN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTUREThis infrastructure encompasses energy capacity, processing of oil and its products,transportation and distribution, communications and information technology(telecommunications, electronic media, software, hardware and network, especiallythe Internet), finances (banks, insurance and investment) health facilities (hospitals,blood transfusion institutions, laboratories and pharmacies, research and development,emergency services). Food (production, distribution and food industry), water (dams,reservoirs,processingandnetwork).Airports,roadandrailtransport,production,storageand transport of hazardous materials (chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear),government administration, critical services, facilities, information networks, locations,andessentialnationalresourcesandfacilities).

Criticalinfrastructureisownedbythestate,localandregionalunits,legalpersonswhoarefoundersofthelocalorregionalunitsofgovernmentaswellasprivateproperty.

ProtectionofCriticalInfrastructurewhichimpliesthecommonnameforthenetworkandcrucialsystemstothefunctioningoflifeofthepopulation,incaseofdamageordestruction,maycausefluctuationandcrises,andcouldaffectalltheRepublicofKosovoorcertainregions.Betweenthisdiverseinfrastructurethereisamutualconnectionandinterdependence,sothattheproblemsinaparticularsegmentonapartofthisinfrastructureornetwork,couldeasilyspreadintosystemsandothernetworks,leadingtotheterminationofactivitiesorproblems,thereforeincombinationwillcausethelossoflivesandlong-termeffectsonthesystemofgovernance,economy,publichealth,nationalsecurity,publicconfidence,aswellashaveotherconsequencesforsocietyasawholeorpartial.

Therefore,theriskassessmentofcriticalinfrastructureisnecessaryinallareas,fromlegalentities,localgovernments,uptothenationallevel,inordertoassessthevulnerabilityoftheRepublicofKosovo,duetothecriticalBalkanandEuropeaninfrastructuredependence,aswellasofothercountries.

Inthiscase,itisassessedthedegreeofriskandvulnerabilityoftheparticularinfrastructure,from all possible risks, and the risks for the provision of services, provided by thisinfrastructure.

Networks and systems that constitute critical infrastructure andare connectedwith thecountrytheyarelocated,aresubjecttothesamerisksthreateningthatcountry,namelythelocalityofthecity,municipality,regionorareaoftheRepublicofKosovoingeneral.

Therefore,whenassessingtheriskofanythreatinagivencountry,mustbekeptinmindtherisktocriticalinfrastructure,inordertoassessthepossibilityandcapabilityofprovidingnecessaryitemsandservicestoremedytheconsequences,protectionandrescueinhabitants,aswellasnormalizationandfunctioningoftheimpactedsettlement.

Itispossiblethattheseriskstocriticalinfrastructurearesometimesunnoticeable,sincetheydependonotherintermediaryandinvisiblesystems,however,intheassessmentprocess,mustbeforeseenthemeasuresfortheirreductiontoacceptablerisks.

Becauseofthecomplexityoftheassessmentofriskstocriticalinfrastructure,institutionsshouldbeobligedthatseparatelyforeachtypeofinfrastructureandrisksaccordingtotheiremergencyresponsibilities,toevaluatetherisksinthisinfrastructure.Inthisassessmentmustbeplannedthepreventionactivities,eliminationorreducingtherisksthatmayaffectthecriticalinfrastructureoritsservices.

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8.1 Information Technology

AfterthewarinKosovo,itwasinvestedmoreinmobiletelephonyincomparisontofixedtelephony, where were made only few investments. Regarding fixed telephony, wererepairedonlythedamagesthatweremadeduringthewarinthePTTbuildinginPrishtina.Todaytherearearound120,000fixedtelephonysubscribers.KosovoisrankednexttolastinBalkans,regardingthenumberoffixedtelephonysubscribersin100inhabitants.InruralpartsofKosovo,withtheexceptionofasmallnumberofruralsettlements,thereisnofixedtelephonynetwork.Incomparisontothis,thesituationisbetterinmobiletelephony.IntheBalkans,onlyCroatiahasmoremobilephoneusersper100inhabitants.DevelopmentofInternetnetworkisstillinitsinitialstagealthoughithasmadesignificantprogress.

ØTelecommunication

The information and communication technology system is extended to all centralgovernmentinstitutions,agenciesandlocalinstitutions.Fromthissystembenefitallcentralandlocalgovernmentinstitutions,businessesandcitizensoftheRepublicofKosovo.

In the government network infrastructure are connected more than 350 differentinstitutions,thetechnologyinfrastructurenetworkofgovernmentconsistsofmicrowaveandopticalnetwork.Allgovernmentinstitutionsareconnectedtothegovernmentnetworkeitherthroughmicrowaveoropticalnetwork,insomecasesaninstitutionpossessestwoconnectionsatthesametime,theconnectionthroughopticalfibresservesastheprimaryconnectionandmicrowaveconnectionservesasasecondaryone.Opticalandmicrowavenetworksystemofgovernmentpossessesover1000activedevicessuchasvariousRouters,SwitchesandAntennasspreadthroughouttheterritoryofRepublicofKosovo.

Governmentnetworkinfrastructureenablestheoperationofmanydifferentapplicationswhich serve to the central institutions, local institutions and citizens of theRepublic ofKosovo.Someofmostimportantapplications(services)functioningthroughthegovernmentnetwork infrastructureare:CivilRegistrySystem,PassportsSystem,IDSystem,DrivingLicensesSystem,PropertyTaxSystem,FreeBalancePaymentSystem,IntranetandregistersysteminallmunicipalitiesofKosovo,governmentale-mailsystem,VoIPphonesystem,Internet, Business Registration System, Cadastre System, e-pasuria System, ElectronicArchiveSystem,WorkAttendanceSystem,HumanResourcesManagement InformationSystemetc.

ØMicrowave networkMicrowave network of government is spread to the entire territory of the Republic ofKosovoinwhichareconnectedallmunicipalitiesinKosovo.ThisnetworkisbuiltbasedonstandardsbyusinghighstrategicpointstocovertheentireterritoryofRepublicofKosovo.In order to cover the entire territory ofRepublic ofKosovo, themicrowavenetworkofgovernmentuses17strategictransmissionpointssuchas:Berisha,Zym,Cernusha,Zatriq,Qycavicë,Cvilen,MajaeGjelbër,Bratilloc,Gajre,Bukiq,Gërmietc.Withinthesestrategicpointsarealsothetowerswhichareusedalongwiththeaccompanyinginfrastructurewhichenabletheoperationofmicrowavenetwork.Governmentmicrowavenetworkcomprisesofmorethan130microwavelinks(260antennas)whichserveforconnectingvariouscentraland local institutions to the government network24.Administration andmaintenance of

24 SeeAnnex,MapNo.15.Microwavenetwork.


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governmentmicrowave network is carried out by the Agency for Information Society,namelyDirectorateforNetworkandTelecommunication.

ØOptical networkThegovernmentalnetworkisextendedthroughouttheterritoryofKosovobyopticalfibresandservesastheprimaryconnectiontogovernmentinstitutionswhichareconnectedtothenetworkthroughopticalfibres.Sofar,inthegovernmentnetwork,throughopticalfibres,areconnectedallcentral institutions(ministriesandagencies),aswellasthemajorityofmunicipalitiesinKosovo.Inaddition,eventhegovernmentalopticalnetworkismanagedandmaintainedbytheAgencyforInformationSocietynamelyDirectorateforNetworkandTelecommunication25.

ØTelephone system in Institutions of the Republic of Kosovo Thefixed telephony system in the institutions ofRepublic ofKosovo is developed andfunctionalineveryinstitution,eitherincentralorlocallevel.

Functionality andways of communication through telephone system starting from thePresidency, the Prime Minister, ministries, etc., is allowed in the form of governmenttelephone service (centrex), which is a service that has no budgetary implications.CommunicationthroughcivilservantsinallinstitutionsiscarriedoutbytheGovernmentalAgencyforInformationSociety,namelyDirectorateforNetworkandTelecommunication.

Theanaloguetelephonesystemininstitutionswherewestartedtofunctionafterthewarintheformofcentrexisextendedinapproximately60%inanaloguesystemthroughPTK.

Therefore,ASHIasresponsibleforthefunctioningoffixedtelephonyinallinstitutions,inordertoincreasecommunicationcapacitiesamongcivilservants,hasplannedimplementationoftheprojectofgovernmenttelephonesystemVoIP.Inadditiontothecentralinstitutions,thedigitaltelephonesystemhasbeguntofunctioninlocalinstitutionsalso.WhenspeakingaboutVoIPtelephonesystem,itshouldbenotedthatsuchVoIPtelephonesystemisenabledthrough government Internet network, without needing a separate telephone network.ThesystemworksthroughLANnetworkusingIPforcommunicationwherebyisenabledsufficientandeasytrafficbetweenclients.

Withfunctioningofsuchdigitaltelephonesystem(VoIP),itisprovidedcommunicationofofficesintheremoteareas(CivilStatusOffices)tothefurthermostcontinents(EmbassiesofRK)andallthiswithZEROexpenses.

WithinthebudgetlimitationthatwehaveasAISforashortperiodoftimewemanagedtofunctionalizeover90%oflocalinstitutions,and25%ofcentralinstitutionswithservicesofVoIPdigitaltelephonesystem.

25 SeeAnnex,MapNo.15.Fibre-opticnetwork.

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Source of the risk for IT

1. Intheeventofanearthquakeorflood,itispossibletooccuradamageofopticalnetworkbutnotofthemicrowavenetwork,itisknownthatgovernmentmicrowavenetworkisspreadthroughsignificantstrategicpointsabovesealevel,thisdependsontheseverityandextentoftheearthquake.

2. Incaseoffireduetohightemperaturesorelectricity,itmayoccurburningordamagetostrategicmicrowavenetworktransmissionpointssuchasZym,Germia,Berisha,MajaeGjelbër,Cernusha,Zatriqi,Qyqavica,Cvilenetc.Butnotoftheopticalnetwork.

3. Humanfactor,terroristacts.

National Data Centre

TheNationalDataCentrehasanareaof300m²andincludesseveralpremisesfortechnicalinfrastructure,monitoringandprovisionofelectronicservicestoGovernmentInstitutionsoftheRepublicofKosovo.

Currently,inthisdatacentreareoperatingalargenumberofgovernment-centredservices,provided for public administration institutions, involving all ministries and their lineministries.This centreenables thatallonlinegovernment services tobecentralizedandintegrated.

Within this infrastructure, there is a large number of physical servers, virtual servers,storage equipment, switches, firewalls, racks, and other physical infrastructure servicessuchascoolingsystem,videosurveillancesystem,accesssystem,firesuppressionsystem,water-moisturedetectionsystemetc.

Some disasters that may occur are: fire, floods, earthquakes, various safety incidents,variousequipment failure,problemswithelectricity,arson,sabotage, labourstrikesandstopthework,civilunrest,terrorism,war,etc.Disastersfromthepreliminarylisthavethepotential tocausedamage tobuildings,equipmentand ITsystems thatarevital for thefunctioningofthestateinstitutionsofKosovo.

Theseeffectscandamageinstitutionsbycausingdisruptionsofworkforhours,days,orlonger.Theseincludevariouse-governmentsystemservices,emailsystem,Internet,aswellasdozensofothersystemsandservices.

Fromtheperspectiveofrecoveryfromdisasters,wehaveorganizationsthathaveplanstorecoverfromdisastersandthosethatdonothaveplans.We,asAIS,donotpossesssuchrecoveryplansanditwouldbegoodtodrafttheseplansassoonaspossible.

Evenifwehadsuchaplan,namelydisasterrecoveryplan,wewouldstillfacethedifficultiesincaseofdisasterorotherdamage.Furthermore,arerequiredconsiderableeffortstorestorecriticalfunctionsatspecifictimestoavoidanypossiblechaos.

Eventhoughacomprehensivedisasterrecoveryplantakesdays,monthsorevenyearstocomplete,itwouldbeappropriateforusasAIStohaveatemporarydisasterrecoveryplan,whichcouldbedoneforashorterperiodoftime.

The temporary plan is a poor substitute of a complete disaster recovery plan, butmayprovide short-term recovery capability. The temporary plan is not a complete disastersrecoveryplanandcannotofferthesamesecurityofagenuineplan.


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IX. RISKS IN COLLECTIVE BUILDINGS

9.1. Risk profileKosovo is vulnerable to risks in collective buildings, especially in the post-war period,which couldbe as a result ofnumerous illegal constructions and constructionswithoutcriteria.

The current situation

Kosovo is in the process of registration and legalization of collective buildings.

Definition of collective buildings

Collectivebuildingsarebuildingsforhousingforthefamiliesorconstructedbuildingsthatareintendedforbusinessbutcanalsobeusedasoffices.

Alargebuildingisabuildingwhereonitsgroundfloorislocatedthespacethatcouldbeusedbyresponseteamsforfirefightinginheights;inaddition,theplateauinfrontofthebuilding(ifavailable)canalsobeusedforhighbuildings:

• morethan50metersforresidentialbuildings,

• morethan28metersforotherbuildings.

Buildingsthatacceptfirstgroupofpublicshallcompriseallfacilitiesoffirst,second,thirdandfourthcategory.Thisclassificationismadedependingontheforeseennumberforthepublicthatcanbeacceptedintherespectivebuilding..

The following data determine:

Thefirstcategory:morethan1500people.

Thesecondcategory:from701to1500people.

Thethirdcategory:from301to700people.

Thefourthcategory:upto300people,exceptforfacilitiesincludedinthefifthcategory.

Thefifthcategory:includesallbuildingsinwhichthenumberofpublicdoesnotreachoneofthefiguresspecifiedforthetypeofbuilding.

Facilities that accept public are also classified by type of use of the building which isindicatedbyalettershowingtheuseforwhichitwasbuilt.

L:Hallforaudition,conferences,meetings,shows,forvarioususe.

M:Stores,shoppingcentres.

N:Restaurantsandsaleofbeverages.

O:Hotelsandboardinghouseforfamilies.

P:Danceandgaminghalls.

R:learningfacilities-schools.

Rr:Facilitiesforholidays.

S:Library,documentationcentresandarchivesconsultation.

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T:Exhibitionhalls(forcommercialpurposes).

U:medicalfacilities.

V:Objectsofworship.

Ë:Administrations,banks,offices.

X:Coveredsportsfacilities.

Y:Museums.

PA:Objectsintheopensky.

CTS:Circustents,tentsandmobilestructures.

SG:Inflatablestructures.

PS:Coveredparkingplaces.

GA:Stationsinwhichthepublichasaccess.

EF:Mobilefacilities.

REF:Accommodationsinthemountains.

OA:Hotels,restaurantsinhighaltitude.

Causes of risk incollectivebuildingsare:• Fires,• Earthquakes,• Explosions,• Ruins,• Floods,etc.


Areasthatpresentaveryhighdensityofpopulationcanbeakeyfactorintheeventoftheoccurrenceofapossibledisaster(likepopulatedneighbourhoodsofcitiesofPrishtina,Peja,Mitrovica,Prizren,Gjilan,FerizajandGjakova).

Scenarios:

• Firesinresidentialbuildings,

• collapseofahighbuilding,

• movementsofcrowds,

• Explosions,

• Earthquake.

Consequences

Theconsequencesofthesedisastersaremanifestedwithdeaths,demolitionsofbuildings,failures,fires,destructionofvitalinfrastructureandtechnicalinfrastructure,damagetotheenvironmentandculturalheritage.


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Hazard Profile

Hazard: Collective buildings

Potential Magnitude (percentage of the jurisdiction that can be affected): Critical.

Frequency of Occurrence:Very possible.

Seasonal pattern: Throughout the year.

Areas likely to be affected most: Collective buildings.

Probable Duration: Fires and other risks that threaten these buildings may only last a few hours or for a day, while the risks of flooding can last 3-4 days.Potential Speed of Onset ( probable amount of warning time):

Warning 6 to 12 hours (for floods), whereas no warnings for fires and earthquakes.

Existing warning systems: Integrated number 112.Complete Vulnerability Analysis?

Yes � No X

Vulnerability of key factors of community being affected

Profile Possible consequences Impact grade

Inhabitants Death / injury resulting in permanent disability. Severe

Wealth Destruction / damage to buildings and their wealth. Severe

Critical infrastructure Destruction / damage to the water supply, sewerage, electricity and telecommunications network etc. Severe


Destruction / damage of buildings of administration, banks, offices, school buildings, government buildings. Severe

Economic damageDestruction / damage to buildings, wealth, vital infrastructure, etc.

Severe

Environment Contamination of surface and groundwater. Medium

Cultural heritageDestruction / damage of libraries, archives, exhibition halls, places of worship, museums, etc.

Severe

State service Damage to state services and services for citizens. Medium

Emergency services Damage to equipment and emergency response services equipment. Medium

Scenarios:

• Fireinresidentialfacilities(Prishtina).

• Collapseofahighbuilding(Peja).

• Uncontrolledcrowdmovements(panicmovementinimportantfacilitiesinGjilan).

• Explosion(Prizren).

Conclusion

Kosovo in general is subject of a critical risk of collective buildings, because they areexpandedinawideareaof thecountry inmajorregionalcentres.Thecountry’scapital,Prishtina hasmany collective residential buildings, state,municipal and administrationbuildingsaswellasinternationalpresence,andtheferociouspost-warconstructionmakesmoredifficulttheemergencyinterventions.

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X. RISKS IN VULNERABLE TECHNICAL FACILITES-TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

10.1. Risk profile Definition: Vulnerable technical facilities are considered all public or private facilities/buildings,ineventsofnaturalandtechnologicaldisasters,wheredestructionanddamageofthelatterwouldresultinmajorconsequencestothepublicsafetyandhealthandsubstantialsocial,economicandfinancialrepercussionstothecountry.

Thiscategoryoffacilitiesincludes:

• Railwaystations,airports,

• Militaryfacilities,

• Administrativeheadquartersofbigcompanies,

• Telephonestations,

• Communicationsinstallation,

• Headquartersoftelevision,radioandwrittenmedia,

• Administrative,government,ministry,embassies,consulatefacilities

• Municipalassembliesofcitiesofover100,000inhabitants,

• Hospitals,

• Aid Centres,

• PalacesofJusticeorjusticequarters,

• Detentioncentresandprisons,etc.

Thepersonswhoviolatedthelaw,althoughtheyhavelimitedfreedomofmovement,ineventofdifferentdisasters theyareaffectedasall other citizens,where evacuationandshelterplansaretobedraftedfortheirsecurity.

Personswhofallinthiscategoryaresettledinthefollowingcentres:CorrectionalCentreinDubrava,LipjanandSmerkonica,indetentioncentresinPrishtina,Prizren,Peja,Gjilan,MitrovicaandLipjanaswellasintheHighSecurityPrison.

The current situation

Although, certain data have been identified on Desinventar, in terms of technicalinfrastructurefacilities,aswellastheircharacteristics,therearestillimportantdatamissing,whichremainasanobjectivetobefulfilledinthenearfuture.


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Causes of risks

Thecausesthatleadtorisksappearinginvulnerabletechnicalfacilitiesarenumerousandofdifferentnaturesasfollowing:

• Fires,

• Flooding,

• Earthquakes,

• Avalanches,thunderstorms,strongwinds,

• Explosions,

• Landslidesanderosions,

• Constructionoftechnicalbuildingsandfacilitieswithoutcriteria,

• Damage and destruction of buildings from social unrest (strikes, protests, etc) anddifferentactsofterrorism.

Deteriorating factors

Lackofriskassessmentandfailuretoapplythestandards,criteriaandrulesofconstruction,aswellasthelackofvitalinfrastructuremap.

Consequences

The consequences of these disasters are manifested in casualties, destroyed buildings,failures, fires, destruction of technical infrastructure, deterioration of environment andculturalheritage.

Risk profile

Risk: Vulnerable technical facilities-technical infrastructure.

Possible magnitude (Percentage of community that could be affected): Critical.


Very possible.

Seasonal pattern:

Throughout the year.Areas with highest potential to be affected: Urban Areas.

Potential duration: Fires and other hazards that threaten these buildings may only last a few hours or at most a day, while the risk of flooding can last for 3-4 days.

Possible response time (possible warning time):

For flooding:

For fires.

For Earthquakes .

Civil unrest.

3 to 6 hours.

10 to 30 minutes.

No warning.

With warning.

Warning systems in place: Integrated number 112.Is there weaknesses/vulnerabilities analysis in place?

Yes x

No �

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Vulnerabilities of impacts in key factors of community

Profile Possible Consequences Impact scale

Inhabitants Death / injury resulting in permanent disability. Severe

Assets Destruction / damage of vulnerable technical facilities. Severe

Vital Infrastructure Destruction / damage to : water, wastewater, energy, telecommunications, infrastructure networks, etc Severe

Buildings of special importance

Destruction / damage of: schools, government, hospital, shopping centres buildings, etc Severe

Economic damages Destruction / damage of vulnerable technical facilities cause material, vital infrastructure losses, etc. Severe

Environment Environmental contamination. Severe

Cultural HeritageDestruction / damage to cultural heritage objects and archaeology.

Severe

State services Damage to public services and public utility services for citizens. Medium

Emergency services Damages to assets and equipment of emergency response services. Medium

Risk profile

Risk: Fire in Dubrava prison.

Potential Magnitude (Percentage of community that could be affected): Critical.


Very possible.

Seasonal Pattern:

Throughout the year.

Areas likely to be affected most: Prison pavilions.

Potential duration: Several hours.

Potential Speed of Onset ( probable amount of warning time ):10 to 30 minutes.

Existing Warning Systems: Radio - communications.

Is there a weaknesses/vulnerabilities analysis in place?Yes xNo �


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Personnel and prisoners Death / injury resulting in permanent disability. Severe

Assets Destruction / damage of vulnerable technical facilities. Severe

Vital Infrastructure Destruction / damage to : water, wastewater, energy, telecommunications, infrastructure networks, etc

Severe


Destruction / damage of: schools, government, hospital, shopping centres buildings, etc Severe

Economic repercussions

Destruction / damage of vulnerable technical facilities cause material, vital infrastructure losses, etc. Severe

Environment Environmental contamination. Severe

Emergency services Destruction / damage to cultural heritage objects and archaeology. Moderate

Scenarios:

1. Thedestructionofdocuments,toolsandvitalequipment(civilregistrybooks,officialprotocols,records,archives,plans,etc.)fromfireorexplosion.

2. Theoccupationofbuildingsandvitaltechnicalfacilities.

3. Fire at Dubrava Prison. AfirebrokeoutInPavilionXinDubravaPrison,inroomYwhere6inmatesweretrapped,whilesmokeandgasesspreadinthehallwayandotherroomsendangeringthelivesofotherinmatesandprisonsupervisorstaff.Thereare50inmatesinthispavilion.

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XI. RISKS DURING THE TRANSPORTATION

11.1. Road transport Themainandregionalroadnetwork-roadnetworkinKosovoiscategorizedintonationalandregionalroads,thatareunderthemanagementoftheMinistryofInfrastructure(MI)26 andthe local roads, includingurbanandrural roads thatareunder themanagementofmunicipalities.Thenetworkincludestheapproximatelengthofroads(seeTable16).

Table 18. Current road network in Kosovo (km).

Type Paved Percentage Unpaved Percentage Total in km

MI 1841 94.7% 103 5.3% 1944Highway 79 79National 585 99.5% 3 0.5% 588Regional 1196 92.3% 100 7.7% 1296Municipal 4761*Local 4308*Urban 453*Total 6705

Centralnetworkincludes:

• RoadM2,whichrunsfromthenorthernborderwithSerbiathroughPrishtinatothesouthern border with the Republic of Macedonia. This road corresponds with theRoad6oftheSEETOcentralroadnetwork.ItssouthernpartconnectsPrishtinawithinternationalcorridorsVIIandX(SouthEasternEurope)27.

• RoadM25,comingfromNish(Serbia)fromthenorth-easternborderwithSerbiathroughPrishtinaandPrizrentothesouthernborderwithAlbania.ThisroadcorrespondstoRoad6oftheSEETOcentralroadnetwork.ThisroadisveryimportantinitssouthernpartbecauseitconnectstheCentralBalkanswiththeSouthernBalkans.

• RoadM9,fromtheeasternborderwithSerbia,throughPrishtinaandPejatothewesternborderwithMontenegro.Currently,thisroadhasthehighestnationalimportanceasitconnectsthetwomajorcitiesofKosovo.TheparttowardstheMontenegroborderisbeingreconstructedinordertofurtherimprovethisroute.

• MainadditionalroadsareM9.1,M22.3,M25.2andM25.3composingbranchesofthesemainconnections.

Prishtinaasthecentreoftheroadinfrastructurehasgoodlinkswithallcities.

26 Thereisnoriskassessmentonthehighway“IbrahimRugova”R7.27 SeeAnnex,MapNo.17.RoadNetworkInfrastructure.


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Theregionalnetworkincludestwotypesoflinks:

• Regionalroads,whichhavetheroleofcompletingthemapofthenetworkandlinkthemainaxisandregionsorlinkimportantsettlementsonaregionalbasis.

• Otherpartsof theregionalroadlinksuburbansettlementswithcentralnetwork28. A partofthisnetworkisnotfullyconstructedandisgenerallyunpaved.

Local road network –Kosovohas38municipalities.Thesemunicipalitiesareresponsibleformaintenance,operationanddevelopmentoftheirroadnetwork.Also,municipalitiesareresponsiblefortheorganizationoftheroadnetwork,forthenecessarystaffandfortheconditionoflocalroads.

It is a known fact that local road conditions cannot be compared to the conditions ofmainandregionalroads,whicharegenerallyofacceptableconditions,despitethelackofmaintenance.Regionalroadsaredesignedaccordingtoastandard,withawidthofthelaneof6m.Thedesignoflocalroadsoftenfollowthestandardofregionalroads,asthereisnospecificstandard,butmaybelowerwiththewidthoflaneof3m,orless(mostlyunpavedroads).

Ministryof Infrastructure (MI)hasaprogram for the rehabilitationandmaintenanceofroads in cooperation with the municipalities, which was conducted significantly from2008onwards.Thisministryhascarriedoutseveralinvestmentsinregionalandlocalroadnetwork,reclassifyingtheroadnetworkwheremanyroadsareincludedunderthenationalresponsibilityandfunds.

Passengers Transport ThenumberofvehiclesinKosovo,accordingtotheMinistryofInternalAffairs,in2010,was267.821,outofwhich:

• 82%passengercars,

• 1%buses

• 2%motorcycles,and

• 14%trucks.

Withtheincreaseofthenumberofprivatecars,thisnumberisconstantlyincreasing.

InKosovotherearearound400companiesregisteredfortransportationofpassengersbybuses,using22mainbusstationsandseveralotherlocalbusstationsalongtheroads.29

11.2. Transporti hekurudhor Kosovo’s railway network is spread over a length of 333 km and includes standardunelectrifiedone-wayroutes.

Themain route extends from the northern border of Kosovo (northMitrovica), passesthroughFushëKosova(nearPrishtina)totheborderwithMacedonia(HaniElezit).Thisroute 141km long ispartof central railwaynetworkof theSEETO,Route10and linksSkopje(FYROM)withcorridorsVIIIandXofSEETO.28 SeeAnnex,Mapno.18.NetworkofmainandregionalroadsofKosovo(Source:MinistryofInfrastructure).29 SeeAnnex,MapNo.19.Vehicledailytraffic;andMapNo.20.Busdailytraffic.

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Otherrailwayroutes30linkaxes:FushëKosova-Peja,Kline-Prizren(KlinaislocatedontheroutebetweenFushëKosovaandPeja)andFusheKosova-Prishtina-Podujeva.Someoftheselinesarenotinoperation,especiallytheonesindirectionoftheborderwithSerbia,whereoneofthemistherailwayconnectionwithPodujevo,followedbyrailwaylinkinPrizren,althoughtheyareimportantforthecitizensoftheseregions.

TRAINKOSisapubliccompanyandistheonlylegaloperatorinKosovothatprovidesrailtransportationservicestopassengersandgoods.

Risk profile

Hazard: Ground collective transportation

Potential Magnitude (Percentage of the community that can be affected):Critical: 25 to 50%.Frequency of occurrence:• Highly likely: Near 100% probability in next year.

Seasonal pattern:Throughout the year.

Areas likely to be affected most: Whole territory

Probable duration: 3 to 6 hours.Potential speed of onset (Probable amount of warning time):• Without warning.


Is there weaknesses/vulnerabilities analysis in place?Yes �No �



InhabitantsDeath/injury resulting in permanent disability. (Due to collision, accidents and fire).

E ashpër

Assets Destruction/damage of vulnerable technical facilities. E ashpër

Vital Infrastructure Destruction/damage to network of: water supply, energy, terrestrial infrastructure, telecommunications, sewage, etc.

E ashpër


Destruction / damage of infrastructure, administrative buildings, banks, offices, schools, government buildings, shops, shopping malls, restaurants, etc.

E ashpër

Economic damages Destruction/damage of road and rail infrastructure, motor vehicles, etc. E ashpër

Environment

Destruction/ degradation of environment (due to different fuel spills from collisions, smoke from fire, contamination of surface water and groundwater, as well contamination with hazardous substances).

E ashpër

Cultural Heritage Destruction/damage to cultural heritage objects. E ashpër

State servicesDamage to public services and public utility services for citizens.

E mesme

Emergency services Damages to assets and equipment of emergency response services.

E mesme

30 SeeAnnex,MapNo.21-RailNetwork


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Scenario 1

Involvement of the bus in chain accidents

Inthiscase,thebiggesthypothesisistheaccidentwhilecirculatingingroundtransportation,involving 20 cars and one bus, with more than 40 potential victims. The likelihood isrelativelylarge.

ConsideringtherelativelybusyroadtrafficandthedifficultweatherconditionsinKosovo,thelikelihoodofsuchanaccidentismoderate.Theriskismoderate.

Scenario 2

Bus / train Accident (road – railway intersection)

In this scenario, the main case is the collision between the bus and train in rail-roadintersection,thetwoofthemtogethercarrying200people.

Suchadisasterwouldcause100potentialvictims.Importanceiscatastrophic.

Considering the neglected road and rail and road infrastructure condition, especiallysignalling in road-railway infrastructure crossings inKosovo and lack of investment toguaranteeaminimumlevelofsecurity,thefrequencyofoccurrenceisgreat.

Conclusion

Inbothscenarios,majorandseverecasesintermsofsecurityhaveasmallchancetooccur,risksofroadtransportinKosovomaybeaverageorcriticalconsideringthehugepotentialofconsequencesoftheseaccidentsandthelackofminimumsafetystandardsinroadandrailwaynetwork,especiallyequipmentwithadequatehorizontalandverticalsignalization.Moreover,Kosovo’spopulationpreferstotravelbycarratherthantotravelbybusortrain.

11.3 Road transport of hazardous compounds Hazardouscompoundsaresubstancesthat,byphysical-chemicalcompositionornatureofthereactionsmayposeathreattohuman,materialbenefitsorenvironmental.Theycanbeflammable,toxic,explosive,corrosiveorradioactivesubstances.

Vehicle accidents and vehicles that transport hazardous materials have as primaryimmediateeffectwhichcanbeeasilynoticed(fire,explosion,spill)andsecondaryeffects(emissionoftoxicvapoursintheair,waterandsoil).

The assessment relates to the accidents or incidents of road transport of hazardouscompounds.

Wedistinguishtwotypesofroadtransportaccidentswithhazardouscompounds:

• Accidentsoftype‘C’-areaccidentsinwhichhazardoussubstancesremainneutral,

• Accidentsoftype‘’M’’-areaccidentscharacterizedbyirreparablechangesofdangerousgoodsorbyfertilizationofmaterialorlossofloadorattheendbyexplosionorburningofhazardouscompounds..

Disulphuricdimetrildimethylsulphate(Incidentof2008)-characteristics

AccordingtotheCEDREguidelineonchemicalintervention,dimethyldisulfideisayellowliquidodourofwhichisstrongandhasthesmellsimilartorottencabbage,thisisavolatile

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compound,combustibleat5degreesC,itisharmfultopeopleandenvironmentaswell)dimethyl disulfide is used in oil refineries as catalyst sulfiding, in petrochemistry forprocedures‘’decoking’’,inmetallurgyforanticorrosivefeaturesandinagro-foodsectorisusedasaflavouring.

Itsgreatefficiencyas“fungicide‘’(preparationthatkillsparasiticfungi),insecticideandnematicide,itmakesdimethyldisulfidebecomeapotentialreplacementofmethylbromideinagriculture.Itisalsousedasachemicalmediatorfortheproductionofpesticides.

The transportationofhazardousmaterials inourcountry ismainlycarriedout throughnationalroadsthatareconnectedwithneighbouringcountries.

Current Situation

Accordingto theMinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanning thereareabout800gasstationsinourcountryor1gasstationper800vehicles.

Source of risk

Mainsourcesofriskare:tankersandtank-trucksandalltransportingtankers.

Deteriorating factors:

Toxicity(maybecausedfromacontactwithgeneratedsparks(especiallyintankerswithflammablegas,aswellasthroughmixtureofsomeproductsasaresultofsuddensparksorammunition.

Fire-maybecausedbyanabnormalheatingofapartofavehicle,physicalcollisions(withsparksgeneration),accidentalignitionofleakinghazardousmaterials,explosionnearthevehicle,evensabotage.60%ofaccidentsoftransportinghazardousmaterialsisrelatedwithliquids(flammable).

• Explosion-maybecausedduetoaleakoftoxicproductorasaresultofcombustion(alsoofatoxicproduct).Itcanspreadatadistancefromtheaccidentscene).

• Contaminationofsoilandwater-hasthesamecausesasthetoxiccloud(leakingofsubstance being transported, fire ...).Water is extremely vulnerable and acceleratesspreadingofcontaminationtolongdistances.

Deteriorating causes/factors

- Inadequatemanagementofhazardoussubstances,

- Improperstorageofhazardoussubstances,

- Lackofsupervisionandcontrol,

- Irresponsibleuseofhazardoussubstances.

Consequences

- People(deaths,injuries,burnings,poisoning,etc.),

- Assets,


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- Vitalinfrastructure,

- Thepollutionofenvironment(soil,water,air)

- Floraandfauna.

Risk profile

Risk: Transportation of Hazardous materials.Potential size (Percentage of the community likely to be affected): Critical.


§Highly likely.

Seasonal pattern:

During transport in seasons with rainfalls, urban fires, earthquakes, civil unrest, demonstrations.

Areas likely to be affected most: Transport network and settlements in vicinity.Probable duration: 3-6 hours.Potential speed of onset (Probable amount of warning time):

Minimum warning (or not at all).


Is there any weakness/vulnerability analysis?Yes xNo �

Vulnerabilities from impacts in key factors of community


ResidentsDeath/injury (burns, poisoning, due to collisions, rolling over, contamination and fires) that results in disability.

Severe

Assets Devastation/damage of public and private assets. Severe

Vital Infrastructure Devastation /damage of the road, water supply, sewerage network, energy, telecommunication, etc. Severe


Devastation/damage to administration facilities, schools, governmental facilities, malls, etc. Severe

Economic damages Devastation/damage to means of transport (trains, vehicles, tankers), rail, roads, etc.

Severe

Environment

Devastation/degradation of environment (due to different oil spillage, fumes from fire, contamination of surface and ground waters with hazardous substances).

Severe

Cultural heritage Minor damage to cultural heritage objects. LowState services Damage to public services and services for citizens. Moderate

Emergency services Damages to assets and equipment of emergency response services. Moderate

Conclusion

Kosovoissubjecttoacriticalriskfromhazardouscompoundsroadtransport,whichcanbegreaterinroadswhereheavydutytruckstransportthem.

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Scenario 1. Anincidentofatankerwithflammableliquidcompounds,

Scenario 2. Leakageofliquidsubstancesthatendangersenvironment,

Scenario 3. Leakageoftoxicgasesthatendangersthepopulation,

Scenario 4. Radioactivecontamination.

SCENARIO:LeakageofsulphuricacidfromindustrialparkinMitrovica.

SulphuricacidislocatedintheindustrialparkinMitrovicaandfailuretoproperlymanagethesiteitcanleadtoitsspillageontheground,andconsequentlysuchanamountwouldbedischargedintotheIbërRiver,whichwillresultinpollutionoftheriverandthusposingrisktothepeopleaswellastotheenvironment.Also,theconsequencesofleakageofsulphuricacidfromindustrialparkinMitrovicawouldalsohavecross-bordereffects.

11.4 Air Transport

Civil Aviation Authority

CivilAviationAuthorityoftheRepublicofKosovoshallregulatecivilaviationactivitiesinKosovoandistheproviderofairnavigationservicesasprovidedbylaw.

Prishtina International Airport “Adem Jashari”, Limak Kosovo International J.S.CPrishtinaInternationalAirport“AdemJashari”wasestablishedin1965formilitaryneedsofthattimeandonlyfordomesticflights. In1985itstartedtheciviloperationbyICAOstandards.

From15October1999itwasreactivatedunderthesupervisionandcontrolofinternationalpeacekeepingforces,initiallywithhumanitarianairoperationsandcivil-militaryneeds.

Capacity building, infrastructure and improving the quality and level of security beingcertifiedtomeetthesafetystandardsoftheIcelandicCivilAviation.

Inordertoadvancetechnologicalcapacityandtosatisfythenationalneedsandinterests,basedontheLawonpublic-privatepartnershipinvestments,theGovernmentofKosovoofferedtheairport,,AdemJashari“formanagementandoperationtotheTurkish-Frenchconsortium”LimakandAirportsdeLyon”.

Turkish-Frenchconsortiumprovidedthebusinessandcapitalinvestmentplansforthenext20yearswithover100millionEuroinvestmentsfortheconstructionofthenewterminal,aswellastheestablishmentandexpansionofoperatingcapacity.

Pristinaairport31coversarangeofaircommercialactivitiesofthecountryandislocatedabout15kilometressouth-westofPristinaatanaltitudeof545meters.TheAirportareaisabout195hectares.

31 SeeAnnex,Mapno.22,InternationalAirport.


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Risk mapping:

Risk mapping Air transport

Risk level Critical

Location Prishtina International Airport

Sources of Risk /hazards

Potentialofriskfortechnicalandtechnologicalormancauseddisasterislikelytooccur,especiallyinareasoftheairport(AA)andneighbouringareasoftheairport(NAA).

Risks that can threaten air transport may be: aircraft accident and incident, sabotagecombined with the threat, aircraft hijack, air crash of aircraft carrier with hazardousmaterials,firesinvulnerabletechnicalfacilitiesintheairport,aswellasnaturaldisasters.

Deteriorating factors:

• Weathercondition(fog,rain,snow,frost,storms,hightemperatures,strongwinds,etc.),

• Longdistancefromhospitalsandotheremergencyresponseservices,

• Lackofproperassetsandequipmentforsearchandrescueresponse,

• Insufficientprofessionaltrainingforresponsetoairdisasterevents,

• Lackofhelicoptersandsmallairplanesforairsearchandrescue.

Risk flux:

•Numberofpassengers: 1404775Civilian-24965military(reference2014)

•Numberofannualmovements: 13480(reference2014)

•Dailymovements: 30

•Monthlyhighestpeak: 141212

•Numberofrunways: 1

•Runwaylength: 2501m

•Runwaywidth: 45m

•Operationschedulepublished: 24hx7days.

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Effects:

Uponoccurrenceofsuchdisasters,themostfrequentconsequencesare:

• Deaths,injuriesandtraumasinpeople(passengersandmembersofresponseteams),

• Damageanddevastationoftechnicalinfrastructure,

• Damageanddevastationofenvironment,

• Considerablematerialdamage,

• Damageanddevastationofassetsandequipmentofemergencyresponseservices.

Preventive measures in airport:

• Increasedlevelofreadinessforemergencyresponseservices(NJIZSHofcategory8,ofairport)24x7,

• Supplywithsophisticatedresponseequipments,

• Sophisticatednavigationsystemandtheapplicationofsecuritymeasures;

• Enhancementofairtrafficservices,

• Supervisionandcontrolofairtransportdevicesandequipment,

• Strengthenedcontrolmeasuresfromdisastersinairportandauxiliaryfacilities,

• Draftingresponseplansandtestingthereof.

Risk profile

Risk: Air transport.Potential size (Percentage of the community likely to be affected):

Critical.Frequency of occurrence:Highly likely.

Seasonal pattern:

Throughout the year. Areas likely to be affected the most: Prishtina International Airport, the area around the airport and the flight corridors.

Probable duration:

3-5 hours.

Potential speed of onset (Probable amount of warning time): Without warning

With warning Existing warning systems: Control tower, INTEGRATED NUMBER (112).Is there any weakness/vulnerability analysis?

o Yes.


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Vulnerabilities from impacts in key factors of community

Profile of community Possible consequences Impact scale

Passenger:

Residents:Death, serious injuries/trauma. Severe

Assets Devastation /damage to public and private assets. Severe

Vital infrastructure Devastation /damage to airport infrastructure, water, wastewater, energy network, etc. Severe


Devastation /damage to air traffic control tower, radar, terminals, airplane fuel base, airport administration facility, banks, offices, vital infrastructure, etc.

Severe

Economic damages Devastation /damage to aircrafts, spaces inside and outside the airport. Severe

EnvironmentDevastation /degrading of environment (surface and ground waters, and hazardous substances, as well as air pollution).

Severe

Cultural Heritage Damage to cultural heritage buildings. Low

State services Damage to public services and citizens services. Medium

Emergency services Damages to assets and equipment of emergency response services. Medium

Scenarios:

- Airplanecrashwhiletakingofforlanding,invicinityoftheairport,

- Airplanecrashnotknowingthecrashsite(lostfromradar),

- Collisionbetweentwoairplanesinairportrunway.

Scenario 1

Acharteraircraftwith200personsonboard (passengersandcrewmembers)crashed invicinityoftheairport.Asresultofthecrash,120passengersandcrewmembersdied,while80were injured (light and severe injuries). There are considerablematerial damages astheaircraftcrashwasfollowedwithabigexplosiondamagingseveralhouses,aswellasrestaurant AVIANO.

Scenario 2

A charter airplanewith 170 persons on board (passengers and crewmembers) crashedsomewhere inÇyçavicaMountainsasaresultofsevereweatherconditionandthefaultdisplayedinthesteeringsystemoftheairplane.Theexactairplanecrashsiteisnotknownbutitissuspectedforcasualties.

Scenario 3

Twocharterflightaircraftswith200passengersonboardcollidedwitheachotherintheairportrunway.Thecollisioncausedabigfire,withnumerouscasualties,andpollutingtheenvironmentasresultoftheexplosionintheairandfallingofairplaneremainsintheareaaround.

Conclusion

WecanconcludethatthelikelihoodofriskofaccidentsduringairtransportinKosovoisincriticalleveltakingintoaccountitsrapiddevelopment.

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XII. INDUSTRIAL RISKS

12.1 Energy KosovoEnergyCorporationJ.S.C(KEKJSC)wastheonlyelectricitygenerationcompanyintheRepublicofKosovo,verticallyintegratedandcorporatizedinlate2005.

Thebeginningofthereformingprocessintheenergysectordatesbackto2004withtheestablishmentofERO.TheprocesscontinuedwiththeunbundlingofverticallyintegratedcompanyKEK,and theestablishmentof the transmission, systemandmarketoperator-KOSTT(2006)whichnowoperatesasaseparateentity.Thefurtherunbundlingcontinuedwith the separation of distribution and supply from KEK. After the unbundling, thedistributionandsupplywasprivatizedinMay2013tobetransferredtoprestigiousTurkishcompanies,theconsortiumÇalikHoldingandLimak.Thelegalunbundlingofdistributionand supply took place at the end of 2014, which resulted in the establishment of twocompanies,KEDSandKES-CO.

MainenterprisesoperatingwithelectricityinKosovoare:

-KosovoEnergyCorporationJSC(KEK),

-Transmission,SystemandMarketOperatorJSC(KOSTT),

-KosovoElectricityDistributionandSupplyCompany(KEDS),

-KosovoElectricitySupplyCompany(KES-CO),

-Hydropowerplants(HPP):Ujmani,Lumbardhi,Radac,DikanciandBurimi.

ThegenerationofelectricityinthecountryismainlydonebytheKosovoEnergyCorporation(KEKJ.S.C),whichiscomposedoftwopowerplants(KosovoAandKosovoB)andtheCoalMines (newSibovcSouth-WestmineandSitnica)and toa lesserextentbyhydropowerUjmani and other distributiveHPP (Lumbardhi, Radac, Dikanci and Burimi). Installedcapacitiesofpowerplantsare1478MW,butduetotheirseniority,theircurrentoperatingcapacityisaround915MW.Theinstalledhydrocapacitiesare48.18MW.

Thetablebelowpresentstheinstalledgeneratingcapacitiesbytypeandyearofentryintooperation.


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Table 19. Generating capacities in Kosovo’s electrical power system

Generating unitsCapacity of units (MW)

Entry in operationInstalled Net Min/max

Power plants

A1 65 Not operational 1962

A2 125 Not operational 1964

A3 200 182 100-130 1970

A4 200 182 100-130 1971

A5 210 187 100-135 1975

PP Kosovo A 800 551

B1 339 310 180-260 1983

B2 339 310 180-260 1984

PP Kosovo B 678 620

Total PP 1478 1171

Hydropower plants

HPP Ujmani 35 32 1983

HPP Lumbardhi 8.08 8.00 1957 (2006)

HPP Dikanci 3.34 3.18 1957 (2013)

HPP Radavci 0.90 0.84 1934 (2010)

HPP Burimi 0.86 0.80 1948 (2011)

Total HPP 48.18 44.82

Wind power 1.35 1.35 2010

Total 1527.53 1217.17

Kosovo Electricity Distribution and Supply Company (KEDS), licensed by the EnergyRegulatory Office operate with the distribution of electric energy. KEDS is distributedin7districtslocatedinsevenmajorKosovocitiesandin30subdistricts,includinglocalmunicipalities.KEDShasthedutytoconductelectricitydistributiontotheendcustomer,manageandmaintainKEDSassets inthefield.KEDSalso includesthemediumvoltageLines35kV,10kVand6kV(kilovolt)alongwithrespectivesubstations,namelysubstations10/0.4kV,LowVoltageLines0.4kV.

Kosovo Electricity Supply Company J.S.C. (KES-CO), was founded by the shareholderKosovoÇalikLimakEnergyJSC,asaresultoflegalunbundlingandseparationofsupplyactivitiesfromKEDSdistributionactivities.KES-COstarteditsactivitieson1January2015and is the onlypublic electricity supplier inKosovo, under the license issued from theEnergyRegulatoryOfficeinKosovo.KES-COcountsmorethan470thousandcustomers,dividedintothreecategories:household,commercialandindustrial.

ThetransmissionsystemismanagedbytheTransmission,SystemandMarketOperator(KOSTTJSC).Thetransmissionsystemofelectricityisinterconnectedtoallneighbouringsystems at 400 kV exceptAlbaniawhich is a 220 kV line. The construction of the newinterconnectionlineof400kVSSKosovoB-SSKashar(Tirana),withregardstoKosovo’spartwascompletedbytheendof2015,andisprojectedtocomeintooperationaftercompletionoftheprojectbyAlbania.Entryintooperationofthislinewillresultwiththeincreaseoftransmissioncapacitiesbetweenthetwocountriesandtheregion;henceincreasingsafety

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andreliabilityofthepowersysteminKosovoandAlbania,aswellastheoptimizationofthetwosystems.

Thetotallengthoftransmissionlines(400kV,220kVand110kV)is1223km.

KOSTTJSCmanagestheTransmissionSystemoftheRepublicofKosovo,byoperatinghighvoltageassetsof400kV,220kV,110kVandmediumvoltagelevelassetsof35kV,10(20)kVaspartofthepowertransformersattheborderwithKEDS,ensuringsafeandreliabletransmissionofelectricalenergyfromgeneratingunitstothedistributionsystem,24hoursaday,365daysayearincludingcross-borderflows.

Table 20. KOSTT numerical data from the beginning of the operation so far

Year 2006 2015

Capacity N 930 MW 1550 MW

Capacity N-1 645 MW 1100 MW

Peak 916 MW 1180 MW

400 Kv Line 181.4 km 188.49 km

220 kV Line 231.8 km 231.8 km

110 kV Line 643.5 km 776.3 km

Substation no. 4 6

Distribution station no. 1 1

Substations transferred from KEK no. 0 28

Power transformer no./capacity 10 TR / 2300 MVA 14 TR / 3150 MVA

Power transformer transferred from KEK no./capacity 0 50 TR / 1702.5 MVA

Losses 3.78 % 1.28 %

Coal production division

Atthecoaldivisionwereplannedfourcontinualsystemsandsevenrotorexcavators,(E-8,E-6,E-7,E-4,E-3,E-1,E-1).Twosystemswereinstalledonthenewtrackof“Sibofci”JPmineandtwosystemsintheoldtrackonthenorthernslope“Mirash”.Theinstallationofthesecondtelescopiclinewasnotplannedduringthisfiveyearperiod.KosovaAandBaresuppliedbythesecoalsystems.

Power plant “KOSOVA-A”

Thepowerplant“KosovoA”iscomposedoffiveunitsknownas:A1,A2,A3,A4andA5.UnitA1ofthepowerplantwasputintooperationin1962withapowerof65MW;A2in1965withapowerof65MW;A3in1970withpowerof200MW;A4in1971withpowerof200MWandA5in1975withapowerof210MW.

A3,A4andA5areoperational.AnnualelectricitygenerationfromKosovoAisabout1500GWh.


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POWER PLANT “KOSOVA-B”

PowerPlant“KosovaB”iscomposedoftwounitsknownasB1andB2.Firstunitofthepowerplantwasputintooperationin1983withapowerof339MW,whileB2in1984withpowerof339MW.Bothunitsareoperational.

Annualelectricitygenerationisaround4500GWh.

Identification of risks from natural and technological disasters

Risks identified in KEK: -Floodinginthepowergenerationcomplex,-Localslippagesofwastelandandcoal,- Fire risks (massive fires of stubble fields beneath or near high-voltage lines), self-ignitionofcoal,etc.,-Strongwinds(storms)followedbycoldweather(highvoltagelines),-Emissionsoftoxicgases,-Smokefromself-burningwaste,-ThreatsfromH2canistersandreservoirs,dieselandcrudeoilreservoirs,-Electricalexplosions,-Earthquakes,

-Riotsanddissatisfactionsintheworkplace.

Risks from hazardous substances and areas in Power Plant-A

Explosiveandeasilycombustiblesubstances:1. Hydrogen (H2) produced in theelectrolysisunit,districtno.1,andstored in

adequatereservoirswithpressureupto10bar,2. Diesel,stationedinthreereservoirs(500.000lit.and2X50.000lit.),3. Oils and lubricants landfill(30-50barrels)4. Coal,onthecoaltransmissionsystemandinbunkers(quantityof10t),5. Rubber belts.

Open cast mine Power plant “Kosova A and B”

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Table 21. Radioactive substances - isotopes.

1 PP-A Pneumatic pump reservoirs A3 4



4 PP-A Filter funnels A5 12

5 PP-A Ash bunkers A3- A5 3 Installed Out of order

6 PP-A Ash bunkers A3-A5 2 ? Installed Out of order

7 ChS Bunker of buried isotopes ChS Buried

IntheareaofChSDislocatedtheSpecialbunkerforthedisposalofexhaustedradioactivesources.Radioactivesourcesaremainlycobaltisotopes(CO60)thathavebeeninstalledinthegasificationunitgeneratorsandPP-A.Thespecialbunkerfordisposalofradioactivesourceswas built specifically for this purpose. The bunker iswithin the competence ofKARPNS,butconstantlymonitoredbyKFORandKSFteams,whodothemeasurementofradioactivity.Themeasuredvaluesarenotdangeroustoshortexposuretime.

Inthepowerplant“KosovaA”,namelyintheoldashbunker,arestillstoredtheremainingthreecontainerswithradioactivesources,whichmustberemovedfromtheashbunkerandbedeliveredtoSpecialBunkerforthedisposalofradioactivesubstances.DespiteprovidingallpermitsprovidedbytheLawfor theAgencyofKosovoonRadiationProtectionandNuclearSafety,duetothelackofbiddersandtheprocurementprocedures,therelocationoftheseresourceswasdeterminedtotakeplaceduring2015.

On10.01.2015ateamwiththeLabourMedicineInstitute-RadiationProtectionservices,undertheauthorizationoftheKosovoAgencyonRadiationProtectionandNuclearSafety,inspected radioactive sources located in the temporary landfill (bunker) of radioactivewasteinpowerplant“KosovaA”-KEK(Gasification).

Ineachofthesourceswasconductedthemeasurementofthedose,gammaspectrometry,andtheyweregroupedby typeofequipment,associatedwithan identificationnumberwhich starts from No. 1. Measurements were conducted while resources were in thecontainer,exceptthefourthgroup.


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Table No1. Inventory of exhausted radioactive sources.

No.Grouping by

typeType of isotope

Quantity (PCS)

Identification No.

The maximum dose in contact

1 -I- Co-60 26 1-26 24.0-30.8 μSv/h

2 -II- Co-60 12 27-38 5.4-8.6 μSv/h

3 -III- Cs-137 6 39-44 60.2-68.4 μSv/h

4 -IV- Co-60 10 45-54 68.8-74.7 μSv/h

5 -V- Unknown 2 55-56 background

6 -VI- Co-60 2 57-58 0.5-0.9 μSv/h

7 -VII- Unknown 13 59-71 background

Furthermore,intheareaoutsidethebunkercontainingtheradioactivesources,therearethreeradioactivelightningrodsassociatedwithrelevantnumbers.

Table No. 2. Inventory of radioactive lightning rods

No. City OwnerVisit

conducted on

Quantity Identification No.Categorization

by IAEA

1 Obiliq KEK- Gasification 16/12/14 1 1/15-1 42 Obiliq KEK- Gasification 16/12/14 1 1/15-2 53 Obiliq KEK- Gasification 17/12/14 1 1/15-3 4

In thepremisesofpowerplant “KosovaA”–namely in theoldashbunker and in thefacilityofhydraulictransportationofash

Table No.3. Inventory of resources assembled in facilities of PP-A.

No. City OwnerVisit

conducted on

Quantity Identification No.Categorization

by IAEA

1 Obiliq PP-A 16/01/15 1 1/15-4

2 Obiliq PP-A 16/01/15 1 1/15-5

3 Obiliq PP-A 16/01/15 1 1/15-6

4 Obiliq PP-A 16/01/15 1 1/15-7

5 Obiliq PP-A 16/01/15 1 1/15-8

6 Obiliq PP-A 16/01/15 1 1/15-9

7 Obiliq PP-A 16/01/15 1 1/15-10

Conclusion:

Theinstitutioninquestionpossessesthefollowing:

-Inthebunker-71radioactivesourcesplacedinthecontainer(6piecesofCs-137,50piecesofCo-60whereasfor15othercontainers,thetypeofthesourceisnotknown).

-Inareasoutsidethebunker-threesourcesplacedasradioactivelightningrodatthehighestpointsofthefacilitiesofindustrialGasificationcomplex.

-Intheoldashbunker-threecontainerswithexhaustedradioactivesources.

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Inthefacilityofhydraulictransportationofash,4(four)radioactivesourcesareinstalledinordertomeasurethelevelanddensity.Note: these radioactive sources are listed in the list of radioactive sources of the Republic of Kosovo as our property, hence we are obliged to monitor and report any changes to respective authorities.

Chemical substances (chemicals used for water treatment in the department of p.k.u. PP-A)

1. Hydrochloricacid(HCl)31-33%,

2. Sodiumhydroxide(NaOH)40-45%,

3. CalciumhydroxideCa(OH)2,

4. Aktifos645,

5. Hydrazinehydrate(levoxin),

6. Carbondioxide(CO2),

7. Hydrogen,

8. Potassiumhydroxide.

Note: These chemicals are stored in the PKU department and in PP. Kosova-A warehouse.

Chemicals used as reagents for water analysis in the laboratory of chemical water preparation:

No. Name of the chemical Quantities

1 MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE --- MgCl2 0.5KG2 SODIUM OXALATE --- NaC2O4 1.4kg3 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE KMnO4 5kg4 DICHLORO MANGANESE ----- MnCl2x 4H2O5 SODIUM AZIDE ---- NaN2 500gr.6 MANGANESE SULPHATE --- MnSO4 5kg7 LEAD ALKALINE CARBONATE ---( PbCO3)xPb(CH)2 4kg8 BARIUM CHLORIDE --- BaCl2 2kg9 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE --- KCl 3.5kg10 FENANTRALIN --- C12H18N2Xh2O 30gr.11 HYDROXYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE ---- HONH3Cl 1kg12 4-(DIMETHYLAMINO)BENZALDEHYDE ---- C9H11NO 2kg13 OXALIC ACID C2H4O4x2H2O 4kg14 POTASSIUM IODIDE--- KJ 8kg15 SODIUM TETRABORATE none16 ERIOCHROME INDICATOR BLACK-T 400gr.17 COMPLEXON –III- 4kg18 P-METHYLAMINOPHENOL SULPHATE 250gr.19 POTASSIUM CYANIDE --- KCN 3.5kg20 COPPER(II) OXIDE --- CuO 200gr.21 SUDAN –III- None22 POTASSIUM HYDROPHOSPHATE 500gr.23 METHYL BLUE INDICATOR 100gr.24 COPPER DICHLORIDE 1.5kg


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25 TARTARIC ACID (VENE) None26 SODIUM BISULFITE 200gr.27 AMMONIUM NITRATE 200gr.28 ZINC CHLORIDE None29 BASIC COPPER 200gr.30 TOLUIDINE31 AMMONIA REAGENT –WESSLER 100gr.32 METHYL ORANGE INDICATOR 200gr.33 COPPER SULPHATE 200gr.34 SILVER NITRATE None35 CHLORIDE OF MERCURY none36 TIN (GRANULES) 100gr.37 AMMONIUM OXALATE 250gr.38 POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE 250gr.39 SODIUM BISULFATE 250gr.40 ETHYL ACETATE 2lit41 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 2lit42 STANDARD IODINE SOLUTION 2lit43 IODINE CRYSTALS none44 BORIC ACID 1kg45 BLUE 6B INDICATOR46 PIRIC ACID 300gr.47 LEAD DIOXIDE 750gr.48 MERCURY IODIDE 75gr.49 BARIUM CARBONATE ---- BaCO3 None50 COPPER SULPHATE ---- CuSO4 1kg51 ALPHA 1 ----- C10H8N2 5gr.52 MUREXIDE INDICATOR 200gr.53 4-DIMETHYLAMINOBENZALDEHYDE 1kg54 AMIDON 2kg55 SODIUM CHLORIDE 10kg56 ETHYL ALCOHOL 7lit57 ACETONE 3lit58 METHANOL 2lit59 CITRIC ACID 1kg.60 SILVER NITRATE - AMPOULE 0,1N none61 SULFURIC ACID 1N none62 SODIUM HYDROXIDE 0,1N none63 SODIUM TETRABORATE none64 PYROGALLOL 2kg65 POTASSIUM DICHROMATE 5kg66 SODIUM THIOSULPHATE 1kg67 PHENOLPHTHALEIN - INDICATOR 1.5kg68 MERCURY NITRATE --- Hg(NO3)2 100gr.69 HYDRAZINE SULPHATE 800gr70 SODIUM BICARBONATE 3kg71 AMMONIA 25% 7lit72 AMMONIUM CHLORIDE 2kg73 MANGANESE CHLORIDE 250gr.

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74 GLYCERINE None75 PHOSPHORIC ACID none76 NITRIC ACID 65% 2lit77 BUFFER SOLUTION pH=7 3Lit78 BUFFER SOLUTION --- 9 3lit.79 BUFFER SOLUTION –4 2lit80 BUFFER SOLUTION –10 4lit.81 AMMONIUM HEPTAMOLYBDATE 2kg82 SODIUM SULPHITE AMPOULE 0,1N none83 METOLL 1.5kg84 CHLOROFORM 3lit.85 TRIPLEX AMPOULE 0,1N none86 ETHYL METHYL KETONE87 MERCURY NITRATE 99% 250gr.88 FERRIC AMMONIUM SULFATE 1kg89 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE none90 POTASSIUM HYDROPHOSPHATE 500gr.91 AMMONIUM PERSULFATE 15kg92 HYDROCHLORIC ACID 37% 10lit.93 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE 3kg

Chemical substances in Chemical Separation (ChS) -These substances were removed from DChS

Thehazardoussubstancesremainingfromthetechnologicalprocessupto1988/1989,whentheDepartmentofChemistryceaseditswork,aredisposedassub-productsofthermalgas:phenolic water/Tar, Creosote (severe/mediumoil/benzoyl) concentrated Phenol.

____________________________________________

Phenolicwater..........reserved,quantity14.000m3,

SevereTer.........reserved,quantity750m3(800–1000)m3,

ConcentratedPhenol,reserved,quantityapprox.1000m3,

CrudephenolTotal18.000m3

InJune2006,aBulgariancompanycommencedremovingthebenzoyl,wherein60m3wereremoved,whichlatercametoastop.FromtheHeating plantflowingwaterswereemitted60/70 mg/lphenol,whereasfromtheChemistrywereemitted 700/800 mg/lphenol.

Rate:Phenolallowedinflowingwatersis0.03mg/l(0.015mg/l).

Whereas,atthetimewhentheDepartmentofChemistrywasoperating,3mg/l.

Current situation: The Ministry of Environment and KEK have engaged a specializedcompanytoanalyzetheirsituation,thecontaminationofsoilandproposalsforthewayofdisposal.

Thecompanyhasnotyetpresentedtheresultsandweareawaitingtheirrecommendation.Itisobviousthatsamplestakenfromthesoildepthupto50mbythiscompanyindicatethatthereisnosoilcontaminationinthevicinityoftheareawherethesedepositsarelocated.

A landfill for disposal of hazardous chemical substances is being prepared inHarilaq,source:MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanning(MESP).


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Hazardous substances and areas in PP-B

Explosiveandeasilycombustiblesubstances:

- Hydrogen (H2) generatedintheelectrolysisunit,districtno.1,anddisposedinthreeadequatepressurereservoirsofupto10bar,

- Diesel,stationedatareservoir(500.000lit.1X500.000lit.),

- Crude oil,stationedatareservoir(5.000.000lit.)andthereceivingreservoir(200to300tons),

- Oils and lubricants disposal (30-50barrels),

- Coal, onthecoaltransmissionsystemandinbunkers(amountabout400t,for8h),

- Rubber belts, in the internal transportation should be replaced withincombustiblerubberbelts.

Scheme of plants containing easily combustible substances

A brief description of events that occurred due to natural and technological disasters, since its establishment until 2014 (KEK)

Someof the riskscausedbynaturaland technologicaldisasterswhichhaveoccurredatKEK:

- Breakdowninwaterelectrolysis facility (on06.06.2014 inPP“KosovaA”)onwhich occasion an explosion occurred inH2 (Hydrogen) reservoirs and hadhumancasualties(2deadand14injured).

- Slideofwastelandandcoalat theSibovc JP (dated06.01.2015)whichcausedtectoniccracksinthecoalplatform,withoutanyconsequencesonpeopleandmachinery.

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Map no.23. KEK thematic map.

A brief description of events that occurred due to natural and technological disasters, since its foundation until transfer to KOSTT

Eventsthatoccurredduenaturalandtechnologicaldisasters:

- Cause: strongwindsaccompaniedbysnow.

- Consequences: Crashanddamagingof two220kVpolesontopofÇiçavica,causingconsiderablematerialdamagesanddecreasingthereliabilityofpowersupply.

- Cause: stronghighspeedwinds.

- Consequences: Crashanddamagingof two110kVpoles inanopenarea inthevicinityof 110/10kV substation -Gjakova2,hence causing considerablematerialdamagesanddecreasingthereliabilityofpowersupply.

- Cause: LanderosionnearthefoundationsofthepoleduetoerosivewatersafterfloodingtheriverbedofDriniibardhriver.

- Consequences: Crashanddamagingofa110kVpolenexttoDrinirivercausingconsiderablematerialdamagesanddecreasingthereliabilityofpowersupply.

Therehavebeenseveralcasesofpolescrashedbyvandalismactsofirresponsibleindividuals,whichhaveconsequentlycausedconsiderablematerialdamagesandhaveendangeredthenormaloperationofthepowersystem.Anydamagetothepoles,regardlessofthecause,isfollowedwiththefallingofconductorstotheground,whichduetotheirelectricity,weight,heightandstrikingpowercouldpotentiallycauseothersidedamagestopublicorprivatepropertyandpeopleaswell.

KOSTTinheritedatransmissionsystemthathasahugeshortageoftransmissioncapacity,andcertainpartscontainedobsoleteequipmentanddidnon-fulfilthecriterionN-1.Asaconsequence,untilthedevelopmentofnewcapacitiesandmodernizationofthetransmissionsystem,therehavebeensomecasesofcuttingoftheconductorsduetocontinuousoverloadandinsufficientsection,damagetoaoutdated(over50years)energytransformer,andtoanentireunit(Falloftheentiretransmissionsystem)forashorttime.


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KOSTT is challenged by natural hazards as well, for example: Earthquakes, landslides(transmission lines in steep terrains), flooding (low terrain substations, poles near theriver);strongwinds(storms)associatedbycoldweather(highvoltagelines);forestfiresormassivefiresofstubblefieldsbeneathornearbyhigh-voltagelines.

Risks emerging because of KOSTT’s technological process, for example: local fires insubstations, fall ofhigh-voltagepoles (problemswith the theftofmetal), ruptureof theconductorsinhigh-voltagelines(possibilityforthefireanddamagetoproperty).Allthesesituationscancauselocalorregionalinterruptionofelectricity.

Map no. 24. The transmission network of the Electro-energetic system of the Republic of Kosovo.

Conclusions:

1. Duetoextensionofassets throughout theRepublicofKosovo,anypotentialnaturaldisasterislikelytohaveconsequencesatKOSTT.

2. Largescalefirescausedbynatureorhumanfactor.

3. Acts of vandalismand theft ofmetalprofiles inhighvoltagepoles by irresponsiblepersons.

Recommendations:

1. KOSTTcommitmenttothefulfilmentofdutiesandresponsibilitiesinaccordancewiththelawsandlicenses.

2. Exchange of information and mutual cooperation between KOSTT and relevantinstitutions.

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Risk Profile

Risk: Radioactive substances – isotopes

Potential Magnitude (percentage of community that could be affected)):

Critical: 25 to 50%.


§ Possible, next year, or at least likely in the next 10 years.

Seasonal pattern:


Areas likely to be affected the most: facilities and premises of PP Kosovo - A, as well as the Hashanah neighbourhood located west of the perimeter of PP-A - Kastriot.

Possible Duration: Relatively short 3-5 day.

Potential speed of onset (probable amount of warning time):

§Minimal (or no) warning.

§ 6 to 12 hours warning.

Existing Warning Systems: Physical safety - mobile phone.Complete Vulnerability Analysis?Yes �No x

Vulnerability from impact on key community factors

Profile Possible consequences Impact rate

ResidentsDeath, injury or illness resulting in permanent disability, acute diseases (due to radiation affect, contamination).

Severe

PropertyContamination and damage of facilities in the premises of PP-A.

Severe

Vital infrastructureDestruction/damage of water supply network, sewerage, electricity and telecommunications, substations, etc.

Severe

Facilities of special importance None Low

Emergency services Damages to emergency response service tools and equipments Medium

Environment Destruction/degradation of environment (due to contamination and radiation). Severe

Cultural heritage None LowState services None Low

Economic damages Damage to facilities, houses, property and infrastructure. Medium

Scenario 1

KEK’s vital infrastructure (PP-Apremises and facilities), namely the bunker containingionic substances, were flooded after heavy rain showers in themunicipality of Obiliq.On thisoccasionwerecontaminated thepremisesand facilitiesaround thebunker, inaperimeterof500m.


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Scenario 2

KEK’s vital infrastructure (PP-Apremises and facilities), namely the bunker containingionicsubstances,wasfloodedafterrainwhichlastedforthreedaysinthemunicipalityofObiliq.Inthisoccasionwerecontaminatedthepremisesandfacilitiesaroundthebunker,andemployeeswhowereworkinginthevicinity,whiletheflooddisbursedthesubstancesoutsidePP-Apremises,respectivelyinthesurroundingneighbourhoods.

Scenario 3

Ahugefireeruptedinthebunkerwhereradioactiveionicsubstancesarestored,causinga powerful blast which destroyed the bunker and severely damaged the surroundingfacilitiesinthepremisesofPP-AaswellasresidentialfacilitiesintwoneighbourhoodsnearthePP-A.Theblastcauseddeath,contaminationofPP-Aemployeesandcitizensinthetwoneighbourhoods,withmajorconsequences.

Conclusion:

Duetoweakpreventivemeasures,lackofpersonnelandequipmentintermsofcertification,licensing,trainingandexercisesforthesekindsofsituations,weconcludethatPP-Ashouldtakepromptandprofessionalmeasurestomanagedisastersofsuchnature.

12.2 Industrial Accidents Anindustrialfacilitymaybeclassifiedasa“technologicalrisk’’,whileitsactivitymaybeat the origin of accidental occurrences,whose implementationwould have serious andimmediateconsequencestohealth,safetyandtheenvironment.

Mainsignsofindustrialrisksareasfollows:

• Fire by ignition of a substance due to contactwith another substance, a flame or ahotspot,withriskofcombustionandasphyxia.

• Explosionduetothemixtureofseveralsubstancesandanimmediateemissionofgascouldcausedirectconsequencestopeopleandinfrastructure.

• Spreadofdangeroustoxicsubstancesinair,waterorland,takenbyinhalation,foodorcontactwithcontaminatedproducts.

Risksourcesare:

• Toxicity.

• Explosion.

• Fire.

• Pollution.

Kosovohassufficientnaturalsourcessuchascoal,chromium,copper,timber,etc.Before1990, Kosovo had a highly developed industry, but during the 1990’s its industrialproductiondecreasedconstantly.

Asaconsequenceofthedecreaseinindustrialactivity,theindustryandtechnologicalsystemsinstalled,currentlydonotpresentasignificanttechnologicalrisksforthepopulationandwealth,butanamountofmaterials,substancesanddangerousproducts,arestillinstocks.

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Industrial risk relates to the possibility of fire eruption after an accident at industrialfacilitiesfollowedbyexplosions,hencecreatingtoxiccloudswithgaseoussubstancesintheair,causingconsequencestothepopulationortheenvironment.Theeffectsofanindustrialaccidentcanbemitigatedbyapplyingpredefinedemergencymeasureswithinandoutsidetheindustrialfacility.

Hotspots in KosovoEnvironmentalhotspotswerecreatedandinheritedasaresultofpast industrialactivitycaused by mining activities, unmanaged old landfills, disposed chemicals, waste oils,expiredpesticidesetc.HotspotshaddiversedistributionintheterritoryofKosovoposingconstantthreattotheenvironmentandhumanhealth.

12.3. Industrial and hazardous waste Industrialwasteisgeneratedbythedevelopmentoftechnicalandtechnologicalprocessesthatresultingenerationofanyindustrialproduct.TheRepublicofKosovointhepasthasmainlydevelopedtheexploitationofmineralsandmetallurgy,thereforeovertimemostofindustrialandtechnologicalcapacitiesareobsoleteandterminatedtheprocesses.Somesubstancesandmixturesindifferentaggregateconditionremainedunusedforalongtimeandarecurrently in facilities,stored inwarehousesandvarious industrialdepartments,whichhaveexpiredordegradedbychangingtheircompositionandthereforeposeahighlevelofthreattotheenvironmentandhumanhealth.

So far94 locationswith suchsubstanceshavebeen identified,71of themareunder thecompetenceof local experts (for supervision-inspection),whereas 23whichpose ahighlevelofthreatareunderKFOR’ssupervision.

Locationsidentifiedcontaininghazardousindustrialwaste32areclassifiedaccordingtothelevel of threat. Preventivemeasures, aiming to reduce the risk, havebeen takenby theinspectionteam(alsosupportedbyothercountriesdonors)composedofKSF,KFOR,MESPand EMA.

During the inspection, itwas concluded that the situation of these landfills in terms ofsecurity and surveillance (care) by new responsible persons/owners of the facilities, inmostcasesareattheappropriatelevelofresponsibility,butinsomespecialcasesthereareweaknessandresponsibilities(inadequateandinsufficientsupervision).

Ingeneral,chemicalwastesfoundintheidentifiedlocationshavethefollowingattributes:explosive, oxidising, flammable, toxic, corrosive, irritant, carcinogenic, mutagenic andother hazardous forms to environment. Their disposal without proper standards ofenvironmentalprotectionandisolationtotheenvironment,theyarethecausesofsurfacewaterandgroundwater,airandsoilpollution.

Preventive measures

Basedondutiesandresponsibilities,theinspectionteamhascontinuouslyrecommendedanumberofmeasuresanddraftingofplanstoeliminaterisksthatmaybecausedtopeople,flora,fauna,soilairandwater.

32 SeeAnnex,MapNo.25Locationsofhazardousindustrialremains


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Recommendation

• Determinationof the locationforcollection,systematization,propersupervisionandsecurityofallthesehazardousindustrialwaste.

• Trainingandvocationaltrainingofthestaffinchargeforsupervisionofsuchsubstances.

• Adjustingthenecessaryinfrastructuretomeettheconditionsfortreatment,rigoroussupervisionintermsofsubstances’security.

• Equippingthestaffwithadequatetoolstodealwithsuchindustrialwastes.

• Establishingadatabaseforthecontent,type,quantity,effect,risk,etc.

Risk profile

Risk: Risk of industrial accidents

Potential magnitude (Percentage of the community that can be affected):

Critical: 25 to 50%.Frequency of occurrence:

§ Likelihood: Between 10 and 100% probability in next year, or at least one chance in next 10 years.

Seasonal pattern:


Areas likely to be affected the most: Industrial areas and their surroundings.

§Probable duration: 2- 8 days.

Potential speed of onset ( probable amount of warning time):

12 to 24 hours warning.

Existing warning system: Integrated number 112.

Complete vulnerability analysis?

Yes x No �

Characteristics Severity

• Death and serious injuries resulting in permanent disability.

• Complete stop of activities in facilities/services for at least 2 weeks.

More than 25% of material goods damaged.

Severe (critical)

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Key community stakeholders

Geographical Demographic Material goodsCritical

infrastructureSpecial importance

facilitiesMajor geographical features.

Typical meteorological models.

Size of population, extension/distribution, concentration. The number of people in vulnerable areas.

Specific population. Animals.

Number,

Type,

seniority,

Construction rules,

Secondary potential risks.

Water Supply system,

energy,

Grocery warehouses,

Mills,

Sewerage.

Schools,

kindergartens,

hospitals,

Government buildings,

Public buildings,

Industrial buildings,

Fuel stations.

Key community stakeholders

Traffic and Telecommunications

Cultural heritage Environment Economic losses

Land

Water

Air

Vulnerability from impact on key factors of community

Profile Possible consequences Impact rate

Residents Death/injuries resulting in permanent disability. Severe

Property Destruction/damage to public and private property. Severe

Vital infrastructure Destruction/damage to road networks, water supply and sewerage, energy, telecommunications etc. Severe


Destruction/damage of administration facilities, banks, offices, schools, government buildings, shops, shopping malls, restaurants, etc.

Severe

Economic damages Destruction/damage to public and private property. Severe

Environment

Damage/degradation of the environment due to various spills, gases and fumes, contamination of air, surface and underground water, fertile soil, food and animals.

Severe

Cultural heritage LowState services Damages of state services and citizens services. Medium

Emergency services Damages to tools and equipments of emergency response services Medium

Scenario: Hazardous material spill in Lake Batllava.


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XIII. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RISKS

13.1 Risk of water contamination (dumping) Water,asavitalresourcetodailyhumanactivity,findsuseinmanyareas,suchasinthehousehold, agricultural and industrial sector. Therefore its pollutionposes a risk to thepopulation,materialgoods,andmightdamageanddiminishthefloraandfauna.

The term “water contamination” means all accidental, criminal and deliberate actions,whicharemainlyofchemical,physicalandbacteriologicalnature.Thesourceofhazardsmaybeindustrial,natural,humanorasaresultofaccidentsduringtransportofhazardousmaterials,thuspollutingtheriverwaterandsprings,surfacewaterandgroundwater,plantsetc,seriouslydisruptingwatersupplyforthepopulationandtheecosystem.

State of play

Kosovoisasourceofwater33,richwithlakes/reservoirsandrivers,someofwhichrunintodifferentseas.ThemainriversareDriniiBardhë,Ereniku,Sitnica,Ibri,Morava,LepenciandLlapriver.ThelargestreservoirsinKosovoare:Ujman(Gazivoda;380millionm³)inthenorth-west,Radoniq(113millionm³)inthesouth-west,Batllava(40millionm³),Badovci(26millionm³)inthenorth-eastandPerlepnica(4.2millionm3),aswellaswaterfallssuchas:

• Driniwaterfalls,25meterssituatedattheestuaryofDriniriver,and

• Mirushawaterfall,consistingofaseriesofwaterfallsofMirushaRiver,asoneofthebranchesofDrin,inthemunicipalityofMalishevainwesternKosovo,intheeasternpartofDukagjiniregion.

Thewatershedsofthethreemainriverbasins(DriniiBardhe,IberandLepenci)meeteachotherapproximately16.5kmwestofFerzaj,inthecadastralareaBudakova-MunicipalityofTheranda(SuvaReka).

AtthismeetingpointofthethreewatershedsisalsosituatedtheDermanimountainwithanaltitudeof1.359mabovesealevel.Fromthispoint,waterflowstowardstheAdriaticSea,theBlackSeaortheAegeanSea.

Kosovo’smaincitiesaresuppliedwithwaterfromthefollowingreservoirs:

• GAZIVODA(UJMANI)forMitrovica.

• BATLLAVAandBADOVCIforPrishtina.

• RADONIQIforGjakova.

• PËRLEPNICAforGjilan.


Waterqualityinlowlandriversisverylowduetolackofwastewatertreatment,whilethewaterqualityofuplandrivers isverygood.Someof themajorrivers thatpass throughcitiesandindustriesaresoheavilypollutedthat theirwatercannotbeusedasdrinkingwater or for irrigation (e.g. Sitnica). Moreover, NATO interventions are another factor

33 SeeAnnex,Mapno.26.HydrologyofKosovo.

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thathascontributedtodeteriorationofwaterquality34.AccordingtoNATO,about31,000bombshellswereusedduringtheconflictinKosovo.35

Industrialwaters inmost cases are not treated, and are directly discharged into rivers;bacteriologicalanalysisshowthatthemajorityofKosovo’sriversarepolluted.

Characteristics of influxes Riskinfluxesarisingfromthistypeofriskare:

• Drought,

• Pollution(industrial,agricultural)

• Contamination(parasitic,radioactive,biological,bacteriological)

• Floods.

Consequences:

Suchriskshaveconsequencesinmaterialgoods,vitalinfrastructure,environment,andoftenresultshumancasualties.

Preceding signs

Thepreceding situation canbe identifiedonly in casesof consequences, suchasdamagecausedtothevegetation,fishetc.

13.2 Water poisoning Communicable diseases of the digestive system are universal and the most frequentdiseases.Duetothespecificepidemiologicalcharacteristics,thisgroupofdiseasesisverycomplexwithregardtotheclinicalandepidemiologicalpicture,preventivemeasuresaswellashealth,economicandsocialconsequences.Thisgroupofdiseasesismainlypresentin underdeveloped anddeveloping countries. It is these countries that havenot solvedtheissueofsupplyingdrinkablewaterandfoodqualitycontrol.Unfortunately,therearemanyother factors that contribute to the emergence and transmissionof thesediseases(unsanitarywasteelimination, large insects’number,naturaldisastersetc.).460casesofalimentaryintoxicationswereregistered.Also,thisyear56familyandcollectivecasesofHepatitisA, gastroenteritis and alimentary intoxicationwere registered. The fact that acertainnumberofthesediseasesarepresentinKosovo,despitemeasurestaken,isamatterofgreatconcern.

AccordingtoMESPreportonthestateofwater intheRepublicofKosovo/2015/about80%ofKosovo’spopulationissuppliedwithwaterfrompublicwatersupplysystem,whileabout60%ofthepopulationhasaccesstopublicsewagenetwork.

Kosovowas,andremainsanendemicareaoffoodandwater-bornediseases.In2008alone,foodandwater-bornediseasesregisteredwereacutediarrhea55%,HAV43%ofthetotalnumberofcasesofdiseasesregisteredinKosovo.

34 NATOduring its interventionKosovouseddepleteduraniummunitions in the formof 300mmcalibre shells againsttanks.Eachshellofthiscalibrecontains300gramsofdepleteduranium.

35 SeeAnnex,Map27.Areashitbyartillerycontainingdepleteduranium.


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Verificationofriskassessmentduringhydro-epidemicsinemergencysituationsconsistsofthreephases:

•Identificationphase

•Descriptionphase,and

•Evolutionphase.

Hydro epidemics in emergency situations affect a large number of people (or threatenthem),andwatercontaminationmayalsobedeliberate. Potentialhydroepidemicsmaycomeasaresultof:

•Lackofsufficientquantitiesofregularhygienicwater;

•Thepossibilityofcontaminationofexistingwaterquantitieswithchemical,radiological,biologicalmeansormicroorganisms.

Takingintoconsiderationthatmanypathogenicmicrobesmaintaintheirabilitytoliveinwaterforatleastafewdays,thetransmissionthroughthewaterisaverycommonrouteofinfectiousdiseasesspread.

CholerahydroepidemicswereregisteredbyJohnSnowin1854inLondon,in1802byRobertKochinHamburgwith17,000diseasedand8605dead.InKosovo,in1984wasregisteredtheepidemicsofabdominal typhoid inMitrovicaandShtime,due to thepenetrationofsewagewaterintothewatersupplysystem.

Drinkable water supply in Kosovo

PrishtinaissuppliedwithwaterfromthereservoirsofBatllava,BadovcandundergroundspringsofKuzmin,MitrovicafromthereservoirGazivoda(Ujmani),Pejafrom“Hidrodrini”(Uji iZiandDrini),Gjakova fromreservoirRadonic,Prizren fromundergrounddrilledwells,GjilanfromreservoirofPerlepnica(GuriiHoxhes,undergroundspring)andFerizajfromtheNerodimeriver.

Acomplete,stable,andsafewatersupplyforthepopulationismadepossiblewhenthefollowingconditionsareprovided:

• Continuity(continuoussupply,withoutinterruption)

• Quality

• Accessibility,

• Quantity

Wateristhewayofspreadforsome200diseaseswhichinvariouswaysarerelatedtowaterandthesediseasesweresystemizedin4categoriesbyWHO,asfollows:

1. Diseases, causers of which are taken with contaminated water such as: diarrhea,cholera,abdominaltyphus,earthworms,parasites,viralhepatitisA,etc.

2. Diseases, caused by the amount and inadequate water treatment, namely “lowsanitation”suchas:Scabies,ViralHepatitisA,licetyphus,Trahomaetc.

3. Diseases, the causers of which enter the body through bodily injuries: Tularemia,Leishmaniasis.

4. Vector-bornediseases,thecausersofwhichhaveapartoftheirlifecycleassociatedtowater:Malaria,Tularemia,Loa-loa,DengeFever,YellowFever,andHemorrhagicFever.

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Deterioration factors

Factorsotherthanhealth:

ApoorlyregulatedinfrastructureofwatersupplysystemandseweragesystematKosovolevel(dutyandobligationofrelevantmunicipalandstateauthorities);poorhygieneandsanitation condition (particularly in pre-school and school institutions, in families andorganizations,wheresanitationfacilitieshavelowhygieniclevel.);supplywithunsanitarydrinkable water (due to the frequent water and electricity restrictions, and alternativesupplyofdrinkablewater fromvariousunchecked sources); inadequatewastedisposal(particularly in rural areas). Lack of health education of the population about personalhygiene,family(customs,habits,etc.),especiallyinwashinghandsbeforeeatingandaftergoingtothebathroometc.

Thesefactorswillcontinuetobepresent,unlessthereisadequateregulationofwaterandsewerage infrastructure thatwouldhave a “domino effect” in improving thequality ofdrinkablewater.

Characteristics of influxes

Whileusingunsafewater,wemaycause thespreadingofepidemics toothergroupsofpopulation.Sincetheyareunexpected,theyarenotrelatedtoanyparticularseason.

Risk periods

Theriskoftheemergenceofanepidemicispermanent,butcanbemoreemphasizedduringperiodsofwaterscarcity,waterrestrictionsforaprolongedtime,andtheuseofwaterfromunhygienicwells.

13.3 Food poisoningRisk identification

Foodproducts,undoubtedlyrepresentanidealenvironmentforpathogenicmicroorganisms,saprophytic and saprophytic microorganisms, therefore food is an ideal route for thetransmissionofcontagiousdiseases.

Foodcontaminatedwithpathogenicmicroorganismscancausethefollowingdiseases:

1. Alimentaryinfections-foodcontaminationwithpathogenicmicro-organisms,whichafterenteringthebodyanduponcertainincubationcausetheemergenceofinfectiousdiseasessuchas:abdominaltyphus,Paratyphoid,Cholera,Dysentery,Hepatitisac.A,tuberculosis,brucellosis, etc.Alimentary toxic-infections result fromconsumptionoffoodcontaminatedwithmicroorganismswhichthenarebrokendownintheintestine,releasingtheirendotoxins.ThemostfrequentcausesareSalmonella,Shigella,E.coli,B.Alkaligenesfaecalis,B.Proteusetc.

2. Alimentaryintoxication–arecontaminationoffoodwithpathogenicmicroorganismswhich then release exotoxins in food such as Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridiumbotulinum.

3. Alimentaryinvasions-contaminationoffoodwithparasitessuchasTrihinellaspiralis,Ehinococcusgranulosus.


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Duringfoodpoisoning,specialattentionshouldbepaidtotheelderly,pregnantwomen,diseased and children. These category of people should beprovidedoptimum calories,protein(especiallyanimal),andallprotectivesubstancessuchasvitaminBcomplex.


Deterioration results due to the failure of applying hygiene-sanitation measures, inboth public and private premises. Supplywith contaminated and uncontrolled food (aconsequenceofinadequatepreparationandpreservationoffoodandfoodproducts,non-hygienicmannerofbreastfeedingchildren,andotherfoods,etc.),andduetoinadequatewastedisposal(especiallyinruralareas).Lackofhealtheducationofthepopulationaboutpersonalhygiene,family(customs,habits,etc.),especiallyinwashinghandsbeforefood,and after going to bathroom etc. The epidemiological situation on these poisonings inKosovoisunstablebecauseofseveresocio-economicconditions,lowawarenessofpeopleregardinghygienepractises,notrespectingbasichygieneprinciplesinhandlingfoodstuffs.

We have no reliable data on food poisoning due to the lack of adequate and accuratereportingofsuchcasesbecausemostofthemaretreatedasoutpatients.


Alimentaryepidemicsbrakeinanexplosivemanner.Agreatnumberofpeoplewhohaveconsumedcontaminatedfoodbecomesick.Duringtheseepidemics,30-40%ofthosewhohaveconsumedcontaminatedfoodmaybecomesick.Epidemicoutbreakshaveadramaticcharactersincetheyaffectalargenumberofpeople.

Risk periods

Risk periods come to foremore frequently during the summer seasonwhen there is aconcentrationof largergroupsofpeople inhotel facilities,studentcafeteria,useofmilkproducts(ice-cream),andfast-food.

Communicable diseases

• Pandemicflu,birdflu,newflu(swineflu),

• Bioterrorismdiseases(hemorrhagicfever,brucellosis,tularemia),

• Unexpectedepidemics,

• Masspoisoningwithwaterorfood.

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13.4 Pandemic flu Fluisnowaseasonaldisease.UsuallyitstartsfromlateOctoberandcontinuesuntilMayofthefollowingyear(fromweek40toweek20ofthefollowingyear).Itspreadsinairbornemanner from a sick person to a healthy one, so the number of people infected in caseofanepidemiccouldbeverylarge.Accordingtoexperts,fluvirusisconsideredtobeamutationof4subtypesofvirusA.Thevirusisspreadairbornebycoughing,sneezingandbycontactingwithcontaminatedobjects.Thesourceofinfectionisasickperson.Whatisimportantisthattheinfectionistransmitteddirectlyfromhumans,butalsofromanimals(swine)ordiseasedbirds,toahealthyperson.Dependingonthetypeofvirusincirculation,thediseasemayhaveanepidemicorapandemiccharacter.

Todate,threemajorpandemicswererecordedintheworld:

•Spanishfluof1918/19,

•Asianfluof1957-1958,

•HongKongfluof1968-1969.

Basedonhistoricalexperienceandbiologicalcharacteristicsofthefluvirus,anotherglobalpandemic is inevitable. Therefore, preparation and reaction to epidemics enables thepreventionofastrikingwaveoratleastdelaysthemassiveoutbreakofthepandemic.Theconsequencesofpandemicwillbefeltbothinhumanaswellaseconomicalaspect.

In early June,when therewere cases of infectionwithH1N1 virus registered inmanycountries,theWHOdeclaredthenewinfluenzapandemic,stressingthatthevirusisalreadydangerous.

ThefirstconfirmedcaseofH1N1fluinKosovowasregisteredinJuly2009.FromJuly2009untilNovember15,2009,wererecorded39confirmedcasesofinfluenza(including3casesfromSerbianpopulatedareas).


Takingintoconsiderationthat the infectioncouldtakepandemicproportions(involvingmanycountries),thefactorsofdeteriorationare:gatheringinpublicplacesandmovementofpeoplefromoneplacetoanotherandirregularveterinaryinspectionofexistingfarms.


The largestnumberof cases is expectedduring the endof fall andbeginningofwinteralthough ever since the first case until now, the disease has appeared even during thesummermonths.

Potential scenarios

Two scenarios, namely amild and a severepandemics scenario have been adopted forplanning purposes. These scenarios are based on experiences gained from previouspandemics.Accordingtoamild scenario,amorbidityrateof30%,thenumberofill660,000,amortalityrateof0.23%,deathtoll1518.Accordingtothesevere scenario,amorbidityrateof30%,thenumberofill660,000,themortalityrate2.1%,deathtoll13,860.

MortalityinKosovo,acountrywithayoungpopulation,canberelativelyhighbecauseinthepastpandemicshaveparticularlyaffectedtheyoungpopulation.


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13.5. Crimean Congo - Hemorrhagic fever From 1989 to 2008 nationwide were recorded 403 confirmed cases of Crimean Congo-HemorrhagicFeverwith46deaths. After thewaronly,werereported105casesof thediseasewith8deaths.Itisadiseasethatappearseveryyearinourcountry.

HVCC is a severe contagious viral disease characterized by pronounced hemorrhagicsyndromes(bleeding),anditbreaksinthenaturalhearthsfollowingtickbites(ticks)duringthespring-autumnseason.

CrimeanCongo-Hemorrhagicfeverisahighlycontagiousdiseasecausedbyaviruswiththesamename.Thediseaseranksamongthemostdeadlycommunicablediseasesofourtime,afterEbola.Lethalityrateforthisdiseaserangesfrom20-50%.ThediseaseistransmittedbyticksofthefamilyHyaloma(knownasHyalomaMarginatum),andbythebloodofpeopleaffectedby thisdisease.Characteristicsof these ticksare that theirbite ispainless; theyendurehungerformonthsuptothreeyearsandtransfertheinfectionintransovarialmanner(fromgeneration togeneration).CCHV is characteristic for countrieswithmildclimate,developedfarming,areaswithbushes,whichingeneralbestfitsthespecificcharacteristicofCentralKosovo, includingthemunicipalitiesofMalisheva,Rahovec,Suhareka,Klina,Drenas,Prizren,GjakovaandSkenderaj.

Crimean-CongoforthefirsttimeinKosovowasregisteredinthevillageNishorTheranda(formerSuvaReka) in1954 ina family,witheight (8)deaths. In1989,CCHVappearedagaininKijevëvillageofKlina(nowmunicipalityofMalisheva)inafamily,withfour(4)patientsand two (2)deaths.Casesof thediseaseappearduring1991and1992. In1995,Kosovohadaspreadofamassiveepidemicwith65caseswithCCHV(doubtful),spreadto47localitieswiththehighestincidenceinthefollowingmunicipalities:Malisheva,Klina,Rahovec,SkenderajandGlogovc.From1995until2015inKosovowereregistered240casesofCCHV.Inthesameperiod,therewere61fatalitiesbecauseofCCHV.Duringthisperiodthediseasewasspreadin107residentialareas,mainlylyinginsidetheabovementionedmunicipalities.36


ThereisnodoubtthatCrimeaCongoisamajorhealthproblemforKosovo’sHealthcare,andespeciallyforpublichealth.Asof1989thisfataldiseasehasbeenrecordedsporadicallyinpartsofCentralandSouth-WestKosovo.Thisdiseaseiscurrentlyrecordedin55%oftheterritoryofKosovo,whichmakesthesituationevenmorealarming..


From1995to2008,CCHVwasrecordedin13municipalitiesor37%ofKosovo’sterritory.Itmustbeemphasizedthat thesemunicipalitiesconsistof720ruralsettlements.Duringtheseyears,CrimeanCongo-Hemorrhagicfeverwasrecordedin70ruralresidentialareasor9.7%ofthem.Intheareasaffectedlivearound900000people(estimate).Ingeneralwecanconcludethatthereare82hypodermicepicentreswiththeriskofapermanentepidemicoutbreak,orsettlementsthataremostendangeredbyHemorrhagicfiver-CrimeanCongo,andthesameshallhavepriorityofinvestigation.BasedontheabovewecanconcludethatmorethanhalfofKosovo’spopulationandthismakestheissueabitproblematic.

36 SeeAnnex,mapno.28.EndemicareasofCrimean-Congofever

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Inthefuturetheentirepreventiveactivityshouldbeconcentratedinthesesettlementsifthediseaseistobecontrolledandtopreventanyepidemicoutbreak.

Scenario 1

Severe scenario–Personsbittenbyticks–7000,numberofpersonssick–980(14%),mortalityrate20%,numberofdeaths196.(Usuallythenumberofpeoplediseasedis14%ofthetotalnumberofpersonsbittenbyticks)

Risk period

The disease is characterized with a seasonal outbreak, usually during the spring andsummerperiod.Thehighestnumberof caseswith thedisease is recorded from June toSeptember,whenthedensityandbiologicalactivityofticksisextremelyhigh.CasesofthediseasebegintoappearfromMay.

13.6. BrucellosisBrucellosisisadiseasethatcaneasilybeusedforbioterrorism.Takingintoconsiderationthat inKosovoa significantpartof thepopulation isengaged in farmingactivities,andthathealtheducationisnotsatisfactory,brucellosisanditsconsequencesendangerpublichealth inKosovo consistently. This disease, if not detected in time and not adequatelytreated,maycauselifelongdisability.Veterinarians,shepherdsandhousewivesaretheonesmostthreatenedbythisdisease.Also,personsinvolvedintheprocessingofproductsfromdiseasedanimalssuchasbutchers,slaughterhouseworkers,leathercraftsman,huntersarealsoatrisk.Brucellosiscanalsospreadafterconsumingrawmilkproducts(especiallygoatmilk).SofarinKosovotherearenodeathsregisteredfromthisdisease.

However,lossesarebigintheeconomy(absenteeismfromwork,disabilityofpatients,andexterminationofanimals).

Historiku

Brucellosis is a systemic infectious disease caused by Brucella bacteria. The disease ischaracterizedbyacuteor insidiousexcretion, intermittent feverwithdifferentduration.It isazoonoticdisease,whichmainlyaffectsdomesticanimals(goats,cattle,sheep,pigsand horses). The disease is not considered contagious because it cannot be transmittedfrom human to human, but can be transmitted from animal to human. The disease isknownsincethetimeofHippocrates.ScientificdataonthediseasedatebacktothesecondhalfofXIXcentury.Thediseasewasfirstdescribed in1800on the islandofMalta.Thediseaseisspreadthroughouttheworld.Theprevalencerateisdirectlyrelatedtolivestockdevelopment and application of preventivemeasures. Epizootic and epidemic situationdeterioratessignificantlyduringthe90s.InKosovo,theentireterritoryisconsideredtobeabrucellosisendemicarea.AccordingtotheNIPHKdata,from1985to2008,1798casesofbrucellosiswerereportedwith1deathin1993inTheranda.Inthelastfewyears,brucellosiscaseswereregisteredintheformoffamilyepidemicswithanaverageof30casesduringtheyear.In2013therewere63casesand34casesin2014.Thediseasewasrecordednotonlyamongfarmingfamilies,butalsoinothersporadiccases37.

37 SeeAnnex,mapno.29.BrucellosisendemicareasinKosovo


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A deterioration factor is lack of regular veterinary inspection of existing farms andhouseholdsthatbreedanimals.

Buying and selling uncontrolled animals, meat, milk and dairy products, as well asinadequateprocessingoftheseproducts.


Thediseasehasaseasonalcharacter,althoughrecordedthroughouttheyear.

Scenario 1

Theoutbreakrate is0,03%,thenumberofpatients is600.Availabilityofantibioticsandhigherhealtheducationmayreducemorbidity.

13.7. TularemiaTakingintoconsiderationthatthisdiseasehasanendemiccharacterinKosovo,theriskofanoutbreakispermanent,particularlyknowingthatitcaneasilybeusedforbioterrorismpurposes.

Tularemiaisananimaldisease,especiallyrodents.Innaturalconditionsthediseaseappearsatmorethantwentyspeciesofwildanddomesticanimals.Thediseaseistransmittedtopeople throughcontaminatedwater/food,pollutedair and ticks.Thedisease canaffectallagegroups.Thedisease for thefirst time isdescribed in1653 inNorway.TularemiahasneverbeenpresentinKosovoearlier,eitherwithaclearclinicalpictureorinatypicalform.ThefirstcasesofthediseaseinKosovowererecordedinGjakova,Brovinavillage,in2000.WhilethediseasewasinitiallyspreadinDukagjiniValley,inthefollowingyearsitwasspreadtoKosovoValley.SotodaytularemiahasspreadthroughouttheterritoryofKosovo38.

Sofar inKosovooccurredtwowavesof theepidemics, in1999-2000with245casesand2000-2001with338cases.Inthefollowingyearsthecasesofthediseaseweresporadic,butstillstillinahighnumber,784caseswithaveragerateofmorbidityof6.7diseasedin100000inhabitants.Attheendof2014,casesoftularemiahaveincreased(105casesreportedwithmorbidityrateof5.8in100000inhabitants).Beingandendemicarea,betweenthetwowavesofthediseasethereweresomesporadiccasesofdisease.


Thediseaseismainlyseasonal.Itoccursmoreinautumn,winterandearlyspring,butthereisapossibilityofitappearingthroughouttheyear.

Scenario 1

Themorbidityrateis0.05%,thenumberofpatientsis1000.

Food andVeterinaryAgency (FVA) through theAnimalHealthDepartment, based onlegislationinforce,monitorsanimaldiseasesthroughouttheterritoryofRepublicofKosovo.

38 SeeAnnex,Mapno.30.TularemiaendemicareasinKosovo

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As a base law for thisdepartment is theLawNo.21/2004 onVeterinary approved andadoptedon31.07.2004bytheKosovoAssembly.

Since2004,workhasbeendoneondraftingsecondarylegislation,namelyAdministrativeInstructionsforthecontrolandpreventionofanimaldiseases,underthefirstandsecondprogramofthislaw,thereforeharmonizingthislegislationwiththatoftheEU.

Thisdepartmentsupervisesthehealthofanimals,namelycattleandflocks,fishes,andbees,basedonsamplingfromthefieldfordiagnosticresearchanddeliversthemtotheKosovoVeterinaryLaboratory(KVL),andinspecificcasesthesamplesaredeliveredinReferenceLaboratoriesforfinalconfirmationofdiagnosis.

Thisdepartmentalsoimplementspreventivevaccinationprogramseachyear,whichareplannedundertheGovernmentPlanfordiseases,suchas:

Rabies,Anthraxi,ClassicalSwineFever,PoultryAtypicalFowlpoxandin2010isplannedimplementationofvaccinationofsheepandgoatsforbrucellosis.

Risk Profile

Risk: Epidemiological risks.Possible figures (percentage of the community that could be affected):

Critical: 25 to 50%.

Frequency of occurrence:§Very possible: Possibility is closes to 100% for next year.

Seasonal model:

Summer / winter.

Areas that could be affected the most: The entire territory.

Possible duration: Permanent.

Potential Speed of Onset (possible deadlines of warning time):• More than 24 hours.

Existing warning systems: Non.

Are there weaknesses/vulnerability analysis?Yes �No �


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Vulnerability to outbreaks in key factors of community

Profile Possible Consequences Rate of outbreak

Inhabitants Death/mass poisoning (due to contamination of water, soil and environment). Severe

Property Destruction/damage to public and private property (major expense in preventing the spread of epidemics). Severe

Vital infrastructure Contamination of water supply network, wells, other sources. Severe


Water contamination (in administrative buildings, banks, offices, school buildings, government buildings, shops, shopping centres, restaurants, etc).

Severe

Economic damage Contamination of vital infrastructure, property, technical infrastructure, etc. Severe

Environment Environmental degradation (due to contamination of surface and groundwater). Severe

Cultural heritage LowState services Damage of state services and services for citizens. Mild

Emergency services Damage/contamination of tools and equipment to emergency response units. Mild

Possible scenarios

Scenario 1. Chemicalpollutionbyorigin

Scenario 2. Contaminationbyhydrocarbons

Scenario 3. Radiologistradiation

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XIV. CULTURAL HERITAGE

14.1 State of play CulturalandhistoricalheritageexpressestheidentityofKosovo’ssocietyoverthecenturies.Due to a long time negligence of such heritage, during the previous regime and laterduringthe1999conflict,naturalandculturalheritageexperiencedagreatdegradation.TheendangeredheritagewasaffectedagainbythelateattacksinMarch2004,leavinganumberofbuildingsofculturalandreligiousheritage(somechurches)completelydestroyed.Theseactionsshowedalackofawarenessandrespectfromtheauthoritiesandthepopulationabout their heritage. Taking into consideration the above and the lack of confidence inadministrativeandpoliticallevels,theprogressofthedialoguebetweenthecommunitiesinKosovoonculturalheritageissueshasworsened.

Bjeshkët eNemunaare another importantpart of theBalkansbiodiversity,with a totalof750species,ofwhich18aredomesticand100othersarespeciesthatgrowonlyintheBalkans.Ourpriorityistheuseofheritagefordevelopmentoftourismandrecreation,itspreservation,protectionandmonitoring.Culturalandhistoricalheritage-Heritageareasandfacilitiesdatebackfromallhistoricalperiods.Today,theyareincreasinglyexposedtoimpactswhichthreatentheiroriginalvalues,manifestedinpartialorcompletedestruction,overbuilding, change of destination, environmental destruction and other degradingintervention.Basedon thecurrentdata, it turnsout that18municipalitieshaveprojectsforbuildingsofcultural-historicalvalue(46%usable),9municipalitiesdonothavesuchprojects,whereas2municipalitiesarenotdeclared.Theareaswithheritagevalueunderprotectionis300hectares(for14municipalities)whileothershavenotdefinedthissurface.Inmostmunicipalsettlements,illegalconstructionsexistinareaswhichareunderprotectionandthisphenomenonstillcontinues;whereasonlyinfewofthem(7),workhasbeendoneonconservationandrestorationofbuildingsandvaluableareas.

Basedonthedata,thereisa largenumberofbuildingswhichareincludedinthelistofbuildingswithheritagevalue,suchas:ArchaeologicalMuseumand99locations,houses(412) towers (1570), craft centres, mosques (288), meyteps (23) churches (90), Catholicchurches(19)Orthodoxchurches(20),tekkes(30),shrines(104),cemeteries(114),Islamic-Albaniancemeteries(10),monasteries(11),hotel(1)canyon(1)etc.Culturalandhistoricalheritage is used for developing tourism and expressing the identity ofKosovar societyoverthecenturies.Protection,preservationandadequatemaintainingofthisheritagearearequirementofourtimeforthesocietyingeneral.39

39 CulturalHeritageWebsite


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Table 21. List of institutions and monuments of particular importance.

Name Location

Kosovo Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments PrishtinaInstitute for the Protection of Monuments PrishtinaInstitute for the Protection of Monuments PejaInstitute for the Protection of Monuments PrizrenInstitute for the Protection of Monuments GjakovaCentre for Cultural Heritage GjilanCentre for Cultural Heritage MitrovicaKosovo Museum PrishtinaThe residential complex "Emin Gjiku" PrishtinaEthnological Museum GjakovaEthnological Museum PejaMuseum – Mitrovica MitrovicaArchaeological Museum PrizrenMuseum Complex “Albanian League of Prizren” PrizrenMemorial Complex “Adem Jashari” PrekazComplex "Haxhi Zeka" PejaKosovo Archive PrishtinaInter-municipal Archive PrishtinaInter-municipal Archive GjakovaInter-municipal Archive GjilanInter-municipal Archive PejaInter-municipal Archive PrizrenInter-municipal Archive MitrovicaNational Library of Kosovo PrishtinaInter-municipal Library "Hivzi Sulejmani" PrishtinaLibrary for the Blind " Our Eye " PrishtinaInter-municipal Library "Anton Çeta" FerizajInter-municipal Library "Asim Vokshi" GjakovaInter-municipal Library "Fan S. Noli" GjilanInter-municipal Library "Latif Berisha" MitrovicaInter-municipal Library "Azem Shkreli " PejaInter-municipal Library "Sveti Sava" LeposaviqLibrary - Prizren PrizrenThe National Theatre of Kosovo PrishtinaProfessional Theatre – Gjakova GjakovaProfessional Theatre– Gjilan GjilanProfessional Theatre– Prizren PrizrenProfessional Theatre– Peja PejaProfessional Theatre– Mitrovica MitrovicaProfessional Theatre– Ferizaj FerizajKosovo Philharmonic Orchestra and Opera PrishtinaSongs and Dance Ensemble - " SHOTA" PrishtinaKosova National Art Gallery PrishtinaComplex “Isa Boletini” – Boletin Boletin

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XV. STRUCTURES FOR PROTECTION, RESCUE AND AID

15.1 Categorization of PRAS

PRAS’sunitshavebeenestablished40fortothefollowingpurposes:

• Unitsforspecializedinterventions,

• Specializedunits,and

• Generalinterventionunits.

Whilethesestructuresaredividedaccordingtotheircategoriesin:

• Unitforprotectionandrescuefromruins–USR,

• Unitforprotectionandrescuefromwatersand

• Unit for protection and rescue from chemical, biological, radiological and nuclearsubstances–CBRN,

• Unitforlogistics.

CurrentlyinRepublicofKosovooperate35ProfessionalUnitsofFireandRescue,with787fire-fightersand224vehiclesfordifferentinterventions.

40 Regulation(GRK)No.18/2015fororganizingtheunitstructuresforprotection,rescueandaid


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XVI. FINAL ASSESSMENTS

Basedon thedata fornaturaldisasters andotherdisasters, theRepublicofKosovohasneverbeenexposedtoariskoflargescale,butthisdoesnotmeanthatinthenearfuture,ourcountrywillnotfacedisastersofsuchnature,consideringtheclimatechangesintheworld and the rapid technical-technological development, which can be indicators ofdiversethreatsandrisks.Joint activities of responsible institutions in the field of management and response todisasters,togetherwithlegalandnaturalpersons,ofbothcentralandlocallevel,shallserveasaguaranteeforournationalsecurity.Existingcapacities(humanandtechnicalresources)asareactingforceforprotectionandrescue,havenotyetattainedthedesirablelevel,sothereisaneedforhigherprofessionalisminordertoincreaseefficiencyandeffectivenessoftheirresponse,whichcanbeachievedthroughvocationaltraining,testsonthelevelofreadinessthroughvariousexercisesaswellasthroughregionalcooperation.Thisriskassessmentdocument in thefuturewillserveasareferencepoint forNationalResponsePlan(NRP),spatialplanning,draftingthedocumentonriskassessmentat thelocallevel,etc.Inordertointegrateddifferentstakeholdersfortheurgentmanagement,arangeofprioritiesandtasksshouldbesent:• Implementation of the Law on protection against natural and other disasters, and

consolidation of material and financial human resources, in order to strengthenoperationalcapacitiesnecessaryforeffectiveemergencyresponse.

• HarmonizationofourlawsandachievementofcompatibilityinthefieldofEmergencyManagementwiththeEUlaws,regardingstructuresforprotection,rescueandaidintechnical,operationalandstrategicaspect, inorder tobereadytooperateabroadaswell,togetherwithinternationalcounterparts.

Theimplementationofpreventivemeasuresinspatialplanning,aimingtoreducerisksandrisksconsequencesappearingduetotheoccurrenceofdisasters.Theapplicationofbestpractices inundertakingmeasures forprotectingpeople’shealthandlives,aswellasprotectingtheenvironmentforfuturegenerations.Drafting,developmentandimplementationofcapacitybuildingprogramsforcoordinationandmanagementofalloperationalforcesforprotectionandrescueatnational,regionalandlocalunitslevel,aswellasintermsofbilateralandmultilateralprojectsforinternationalcooperationinthefieldofprotection,rescueandaid.Internationalmutualassistanceincaseofdisasters

RecommendationsoftheWorkingGroup

1. DraftingofPreventionPlansforeachoftheinstitutions,basedonriskassessment.

2. Draftingaprogramforexercisesandemergencyreadinessatnationallevel,aswellasallocationofapermanentfund/annually,forconductingtheNDODexercises.

3. TheworkinggrouprecommendsthatafundintheamountofonemillionEURshouldbeestablishedatnationallevelforemergencyresponseatnationallevel,basedonthehistoryofrisksandevaluationofpossibledamagesthatcouldbecausedbyNDOD.

4. Organisationofworkshopsonbuildingandexercisingscenarios(TTX)forofficialsofrelevantministriesandagencies.Theoverallbudgetcost,25500EUR.

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Changes Register

No Date Chapter / page Content Persons authorized to change

1Drafted December 2009

This document includes chapters which reflect the state regulation, geographical position, characteristics, and natural risks (risk profiles, vulnerable groups) final assessments, structures for protection, rescue, aid and maps.

2

Revised

January

2016

Complete revision of all chapters which were supplemented with information generated during this time period.

Based on the Annual Work Plan of the Government for 2015.

Based on decision No. 391/2014 of Government/ Permanent Secretary of the MIA, a working group was established for revising the risk assessment document as well as the attached list of members/officials responsible for certain departments who contributed by providing data and materials for revising the risk assessment document by NDOD.

Distribution Register

Group Institution Title of recipient

Manner of dedication

Hard copy Electronic


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XVII. MAPS

Map no. 1. Administrative subdivision of the Republic of Kosovo municipalities

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Map no. 3. Geology of Kosovo


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Map no. 4. Distribution of school buildings

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Map no. 5 Hearth of forest fires


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Map no. 6. Flood Risk

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Map no. 7. Areas affected by floods


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Map nr. 8. Seismicity (Map of earthquake epicentres in the territory of Kosovo, period of time 1456 until 2014).

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Map no. 9. Seismic risk areas in Kosovo


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Map no. 10. Sliding areas

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Map no. 11. Rock-slide areas

N

HARTA VËSHTRUESE E ZONAVE ME RROKULLISJE N

SHTRIRJA E ZONAVE ME SHEMBJE, RROKULLISJE MEPOTENCIAL AKTIVIZIMI

SHEMBJE ME AKTIVIZIM TË MUNDSHËM

SHTRIRJA E ZONAVE ME SHEMBJE, RROKULLISJE MEPOTENCIAL AKTIVIZIMI


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Map no. 12. Locations of open-pit mining (quarries) in Kosovo

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Map no. 13. Mining landfills in Kosovo


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Map no. 14. Geo-risks in the Republic of Kosovo

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Map no. 15. Microwave Network


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Map no. 16. Optic Network

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Map no. 17. Road infrastructure network


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Map no. 18. Network of main and regional roads

Burimi:MinistriaeInfrastrukturës.

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Map no. 19. Private vehicles daily circulation


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Map no. 20. Bus daily circulation

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Map no. 21. Kosovo railway network

Buriminga:Studimipërrehabilitiminehekurudhës10


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Map no. 22. International Airport

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Map no. 25. Locations of hazardous industrial waste


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Map no. 26. Hydrology of Kosovo

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Map no. 27. Areas hit by artillery containing depleted uraniumFUSHAT TË CILAT JANË IDENTIFIKUAR SI CAÇE TË GODITURA ARTILERIKEME PËRMBAJTJE TË U. V. – KOMBET E BASHKUARA (UNDP-NATO)


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Map no. 28. CCHF endemic areas in Kosovo

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Map no. 29. Brucellosis endemic areas in Kosovo


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Map no. 30. Tularaemia endemic areas

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Map no. 31. Kosovo Rivers


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Map no. 32. Waste dumpsites and landfills in the territory of Kosovo

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Map no. 33. Passive mines in Kosovo


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Legislation

• LawonForest,(2003/6),(2004/40)withitsamendments,

• LawonNatureConservation(2006/22),

• LawonEnvironmentalProtection(2003/9),

• LawonWaters(2004/41),

• LawonSpatialPlanning(2003/30),

• LawonNationalPark“SharrMountain”(1986),

• LawonHunting(2006/41),

• LawonFishingandAquaculture(2006/58),

• LawForProtectionagainstNaturalandOtherDisasters,

• LawonFire-FightingandRescue,

• LawonFireProtection,

• Documenton“PoliciesandDevelopmentStrategyofForestrySectorintheRepublic ofKosovo2010-2020,

• TwoNationalForestInventories(2003And2012),

• ManagementPlansforManagementUnits(indigital),

• Fis-KosSoftware,

• Varioussectoragreements.

AdministrativeInstructionson:

• EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(No.09/2004-MESP),

• Form andmanner ofmaintenance of the centralRegister for areas of nature for conversation(No.04/2006-MESP,September2006),

• ForestryDevelopmentStrategy.2010-2020,

• AdministrativeInstructionMA-No.22/2007onProtectionofForestsFires,

• FieldguideonForestry,

• VariousManuals.

Regulationno.28/2012ontheMethodologyforRiskAssessmentDevelopment.

Regulation(GRK)No.28/2015fororganizingtheunitstructuresforprotection,rescueandaid.


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