Narendra raj khanal
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Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources and Community Adaptation: A Case of Jhiku Khola Watershed in Nepal Narendra Raj Khanal Prem Sagar Chapagain Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Transcript of Narendra raj khanal
Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources and Community
Adaptation: A Case of Jhiku Khola Watershed in Nepal
Narendra Raj Khanal
Prem Sagar Chapagain
Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Structure of presentation
• Study area
•Observed climate change trends
•Adaptation strategies for increasing drought •Rain water harvesting – tank at household and
pond at community level • Increasing use of tube wells – drinking, sanitation
and irrigation • Extraction of water from river bed - irrigation
•Adaptation issues and sustainability
Watershed
Jhikhu Khola Watershed (km2) 140.30
Population(no) 90,000
Altitude range (m) 790-2200
Study Area
Observed temperature and precipitation trend y = 0.049x - 69.446
R² = 0.3275
y = 0.0064x + 1.6069 R² = 0.0031
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Tem
per
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n 0
C
Maximum
Minimum
Linear (Maximum)
Linear (Minimum)
y = 1.1996x + 1501.5 R² = 0.0052
y = -8.0801x + 1570.4 R² = 0.1178
0.0
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1000.0
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2500.0
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Pre
cip
itat
ion
in m
m
Annual Precipitation Trend
Dhulikhel Panchkhal
Linear (Dhulikhel) Linear (Panchkhal)
0.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
20.000
Mean Monthly Discharge
Maximum
Average
Minimum
0
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Pre
cip
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in m
m
Year
Precipitation and Discharge (1993-2005)
Annual Precipitation
Average Annual Discharge
Adaptation Measures: Construction of Wells
VDC Number Anaikot 21 Baluwa 186 Hokse 102 Kharelthok 12 Panchkhal 117 Palanchok 9 Total 447
VDC Number Anaikot 21 Baluwa 186 Hokse 102 Kharelthok 12 Panchkhal 117 Palanchok 9 Total 447
y = -17.907x + 37001 R² = 0.1955
y = 2.4345x - 4859.1 R² = 0.7317
0102030405060708090100110120130140150
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Precipitation
No of wells
Linear (Precipitation)
Linear (No of wells)
Strategies: Increase in the number of wells as the rains decline and fluctuates high
-4.5
-4
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-3
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-2
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June August October December February April
Average depth of water level by season
-12.00
-10.00
-8.00
-6.00
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
Recorded water level by month
June August October December February April
-12.00
-10.00
-8.00
-6.00
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
Recorded minimum and maximum water level
Minimum Maximum
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55
Fluctuation in water level
Difference Average
Water level in 37% tube wells is less than the average water level
Decreasing Water Level
11% Detoriation in Water Quality
11%
Dried Out Within 5 Years
3% Dried Out
Within 5-10 years
1% No Change
73%
Under Construction
1% Condition of tube wells
Adaptation Measures: Construction of Ditch Along the River Bed
Distribution of Ditches
Total Number of Ditches: 127
Google Earth ( Jan 26, 2010)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
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3.5
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depth2013
Depth_2012
Density (No/km)
Average depth (m)
2012 16 1.11
2013 20 2.14
Strategies: Increase in the number of ditch and its depth
Adaptation measures: Rain water collection Tanks at Household Level and Water Storage Pond at Community Level
Adaptation: Rain water
harvesting (Tank)
Rain Water harvesting Pond
Adaptation Measures: Change in Land Use
• Abandonment of agricultural land
• Change in cropping patter ( maize)
Current cropping pattern and monthly rainfall
Type
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Push/Magh Magh/Phagun Phagun/Charitra Chaitra/Baisakha Baisakh/Jestha Jestha/Asar Asar/Shrawan Shrawan/Vadra Vadra/Aswin Aswin/Kartic Kartic/Mangsir Mangsir/Push
Khet1
Khet2
Khet3
Bari1
Bari2
Potato
Potato
Tomato/ cauliflower Wheat
Tomato/ bean
Rice
Cauliflower
Tomato
Bean Potato
Rice
Maze
Lady finger
Maize
Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Rainfall 12.1 21.9 1.2 75.8 25.3 90.5 321.4 321.3 215.9 5.7 19.4 0
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Ra
infa
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m
Drought Drought Wet
Adaptation Issues and Sustainability
• Inter-basin transfer of water (Rosi, Indrawati, Sunkoshi) is very costly
• Drying out of many tube wells (30%) and deepening of ponds along river bed indicates unsustainability unless efforts to increase recharge of ground water is carried out
• Poor families who could not invest in digging wells ( lack of appropriate site, low family income) are unable to adapt those measures and they are more vulnerable
• Strategies to improve recharge of soil and ground water from natural sources have yet to be developed and implemented
Thanks
