Nano Robots in Medical Field

8/3/2019 Nano Robots in Medical Field

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

Nanorobots In

Medicine

PRESENTED BY:

KARTHIK.S

Year : Final EEE

Contact Number : 9952333392

BALA VIGNESH.S

Year : Final EEEContact Number : 9003392866


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ABSTRACT

Nanorobots are

devices measured on the

scale of nanometres.

Nanorobots are

nanodevices that will be

used for the purpose of

maintaining and

protecting the human

body against pathogens.

They will have a

diameter of about 0.5 to

3 microns. The main

element used will be

carbon in the form of

diamond / fullerene

nanocomposites.

Molecular

nanotechnology (MNT),

the umbrella science of

nanomedicine, envisions

nanorobots

manufactured in

nanofactories. Raw

material for making the

nanorobots would be

nearly cost-free, and the

process virtually

pollution-free, makingnanorobots an extremely

affordable and highly

attractive technology.

In this

paper, we are going to

deal with how the

nanorobots are powered,

their method of

locomotion, their

navigational process,

control of such

nanorobots and some

basic tools that the

nanorobots must have to perform the functions

for which they are

designed. Along with

this, we look into some

of the major medical

applications in which

these nanorobots can beused once they come

into the real-world.

The main reason

that makes their usage

in medical applications

most necessary is their

Precision. These


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nanorobots that are in

nano-scale offer

precision also in nano

ranges that makes them

the most accurate result

producers. This

application of

nanotechnology to the

field of medicine is

commonly called as

nanomedicine. Some of

the valuable medical

applications in which

such nanorobots can

serve are in the

treatment of cancer,

heart blocks, artery

cleaning virus killers

with many more

applications still to

imagine.Its even

imagined that a nano

robot has the power to

bring back the dead

persons alive!

NANOTECHNOLOGY

.

Nanorobot is a

wonderful vision of

medicine in the future.

The most advanced

nanomedicine involves

the use of nanorobots as

miniature surgeons.

Advancement in

nanotechnology may

allow us to build

artificial red blood cells

called Respirocytes

capable of carrying

oxygen and carbon

dioxide molecules (i.e.,

functions of natural

blood cells).

Respirocytes are

nanorobots,

tiny mechanical devices

designed to operate on

the molecular level.

Respirocytes can

provide a temporary

replacement for natural

blood cells in the case of

an emergency. Thus


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respirocytes will

literally change the

treatment of heart

disease.

INTRODUCTION:

Nanorobots aredevices measured on the

scale of nanometres (1nm

equals one millionth of 1

millimetre). They would

work at the atomic,

molecular and cellular

level to perform tasks in

the medical applications.

Nanorobots are

nanodevices that will be

used for the purpose of

maintaining and

protecting the human

body against pathogens.

They will have a

diameter of about 0.5 to 3

microns and will be

constructed out of parts

with dimensions in the

range of 1 to 100

nanometres. The main

element used will be

carbon in the form of

diamond / fullerene

nanocomposites because

of the strength and

chemical inertness of

these forms. Many other

light elements such as

oxygen and nitrogen can

be used for special

purposes. To avoid being

attacked by the hosts

immune system, the best

choice for the exterior

coating is a passive

diamond coating. The

smoother and more

flawless the coating, the

less the reaction from the

bodys immune system .

Molecular

nanotechnology (MNT),

the umbrella science of

nanomedicine, envisions

nanorobots manufactured

in nanofactories. The

nanofactories would use


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nano-scale tools capable

of constructing

nanorobots to exacting

specifications. Raw

material for making the

nanorobots would be

nearly cost-free, and the

process virtually

pollution-free, making

nanorobots an extremely

affordable and highly

attractive technology. .

NANOROBOT

DESIGN:

POWERING

NANOROBOTS :

Nanorobots could

get power directly from

the bloodstream. A

nanorobot with mounted

electrodes could form a

battery using the

electrolytes found inblood. Another option is

to create chemical

reactions with blood to

burn it for energy. The

nanorobot would hold a

small supply of

chemicals that would

become a fuel source

when combined with

blood.

A

nanorobot could use the

patient's body heat to

create power, but there

would need to be a

gradient of temperatures

to manage it. Power

generation would be a

result of the Seebeck

effect. The Seebeck

effect occurs when two

conductors made of

different metals are

joined at two points that

are kept at two different

temperatures. The metal

conductors become a

thermocouple, meaning

that they generate voltage

when the junctures are at

different temperatures.

Since it's difficult to rely

on temperature gradients

within the body, it's

unlikely we'll see many

nanorobots use body heat

for power.

While it

might be possible to

create batteries small

enough to fit inside a

nanorobot, they aren't


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generally seen as a viable

power source. The

problem is that batteries

supply a relatively small

amount of power related

to their size and weight,

so a very small battery

would only provide a

fraction of the power a

nanorobot would need. A

more likely candidate is a

capacitor, which has a

slightly better power-to-

weight ratio.

A

nanorobot with a

piezoelectric membrane

could pick up ultrasonic

signals and convert them

into electricity. Systems

using magnetic fields can

either manipulate the

nanorobot directly or

induce an electrical

current in a closed

conducting loop in the

robot.

The

powering of the

nanorobots can be done

also by metabolising

local glucose and oxygen

for energy. Other sources

of energy within the body

can also be used to

supply the necessary

energy for the devices.

NANOROBOT

LOCOMOTION:

Assumingthe nanorobot isn't

designed to float

passively through the

bloodstream, it will need

a means of propulsion to

get around the body.

Because it may have to

travel against the flow of

blood, the propulsion

system has to be

relatively strong for its

size. Another important

consideration is the

safety of the patient. The

system must be able to

move the nanorobot

around without causing

damage to the host.

We can

look at the world of

microscopic organisms

for inspiration.


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Paramecium move

through their

environment using tiny

tail-like limbs called

cilia. By vibrating the

cilia, the paramecium can

swim in any direction.

Similar to cilia are

flagella, which are longer

tail structures. Organisms

whip flagella around in

different ways to move

around. Structures similar

to those flagella can be

used to move these

nanorobots.

We can

manipulate these

structures(arms) by

creating magnetic fields

outside the patient's body

The magnetic fields

cause the robot's arms to

vibrate, pushing it further

through the bloodvessels. Small

appendages can also be

used to grip and crawl

through blood vessels.

.

Other

locomotive devices

include use capacitors to

generate magnetic fields

that would pull

conductive fluids through

one end of an

electromagnetic pump

and shoot it out the back

end. The nanorobot

would move around like

a jet airplane.

Miniaturized jet pumps

could even use blood

plasma to push the

nanorobot forward,

though, unlike the

electromagnetic pump,

there would be need of

moving parts.

Anotherpotential way nanorobots


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could move around is by

using a vibrating

membrane. By alternately

tightening and relaxing

tension on a membrane, a

nanorobot could generate

small amounts of thrust.

On the nanoscale, this

thrust could be

significant enough to act

as a viable source of

motion

NANOROBOT

NAVIGATION:

External

navigation systems might

use a variety of different

methods to pilot the

nanorobot to the right

location. One of these

methods is to use

ultrasonic signals to

detect the nanorobot's

location and direct it to

the right destination.

Doctors would beam

ultrasonic signals into the

patient's body. The

signals would either pass

through the body, reflect

back to the source of the

signals, or both. The

nanorobot could emit

pulses of ultrasonic

signals, which doctors

could detect using special

equipment with

ultrasonic sensors.

Doctors could keep track

of the nanorobot's

location and maneuver it

to the right part of the

patient's body.

The next

way is using a Magnetic

Resonance Imaging

(MRI) device, doctors

could locate and track a

nanorobot by detecting

its magnetic field. As

many hospitals have MRI

machines, this might

become the industry

standard and hospitals

won't have to invest in

expensive, unproven

technologies.

Onboard

systems, or internal

sensors, might also play a

large role in navigation.

A nanorobot with

chemical sensors could

detect and follow the trail


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of specific chemicals to

reach the right location.

A spectroscopic sensor

would allow the

nanorobot to take

samples of surrounding

tissue, analyze them and

follow a path of the right

combination of

chemicals.

NANOROBOT

COMMUNICATION:

Communication

with the device can be

achieved by broadcast-

type acoustic signalling.

Nanorobots will possess

at least rudimentary two-

way communication; will

respond to acoustic

signals; and will be able

to receive power or even

receive programming

instructions from anexternal source via sound

waves. A network of

special stationary

nanorobots might be

strategically positioned

throughout the body,

logging each active

nanorobot as it passes,

and then reporting those

results, allowing an

interface to keep track of

all of the devices in the

body. A doctor could not

only monitor a patient's

progress but change the

instructions of the

nanorobots in progress to

another stage of healing.

When the task is

completed, the

nanorobots would be

flushed from the body.

The

nanorobots will have

simple onboard

computers capable of

performing around 1000

or fewer computations

per second. This is

because their computing

needs are simple They

will be controlled not

only through limiteddesign functionality but

also through

programming and the

aforementioned acoustic

signalling, which can be

used, notably, to turn the

nanorobots off.


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When the

task of the nanorobots is

completed, they can be

retrieved by allowing

them to exfuse

themselves via the usual

human excretory

channels. They can also

be removed by active

scavenger systems. This

feature is design-

dependent.

NANOROBOT

CONTROL:

Nanorobots

require some type of

guidance and control to

perform their tasks.

Nanorobots could either

be remotely controlled by

a computer or

autonomous. When

controllod through an

external computer, the

instructions are sent in

the form of signals which

is received and processed

by the nanorobot to

perform the specified

operation. Autonomous

robots would require a

nanocomputer, which

may seem like a

ridiculous idea but with

the miniaturization of

circuits this is more

possible.

NANOROBOT

TOOLS:

Current

microrobots are only a

few millimeters long and

about a millimeter in

diameter. Compared to

the nanoscale, that's

enormous -- a nanometer

is only one-billionth of a

meter, while a millimeter

is one-thousandth of a

meter. Future nanorobots

will be so small, you'll

only be able to see them

with the help of a

microscope. Nanorobot

tools will need to be even

smaller. A few of the

items that could be

placed in a nanorobot's

toolkit are:

Medicine cavity --

a hollow section


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inside the

nanorobot might

hold small doses of

medicine or

chemicals. The

robot could release

medication directly

to the site of injury

or infection.

Nanorobots could

also carry the

chemicals used in

chemotherapy to

treat cancer directly

at the site.

Although the

amount of

medication is

relatively

miniscule, applying

it directly to the

cancerous tissue

may be more

effective than

traditional

chemotherapy,

which relies on the

body's circulatory

system to carry the

chemicals

throughout the

patient's body.

Probes, knives and

chisels -- to

remove blockages

and plaque, a

nanorobot will

need something to

grab and break

down material.

They might also

need a device to

crush clots into

very small pieces.

If a partial clot

breaks free and

enters the

bloodstream, it

may cause more

problems further

down the

circulatory system.

Microwave

emitters and

ultrasonic signal

generators -- to

destroy cancerous

cells. We need

methods that will

kill a cell without

rupturing it. A

ruptured cancer cell

might release

chemicals that

could cause the

cancer to spread

further. By using

fine-tuned


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microwaves or

ultrasonic signals, a

nanorobot could

break the chemical

bonds in the

cancerous cell,

killing it without

breaking the cell

wall. Alternatively,

the robot could

emit microwaves or

ultrasonic signals

in order to heat the

cancerous cell

enough to destroy

it.

Electrodes -- two

electrodes

protruding from the

nanorobot could

kill cancer cells by

generating an

electric current,

heating the cell up

until it dies.

FIELDS OF

APPLICATION:

The

nanorobots find their

application majorly

important in the medical

innovations though they

can also be used in the

industrial sectors to

automize, repair and

manufacture many wide

possibilities of

machineries. The main

reason that makes their

usage in medical

applications most

necessary is their

Precision. These

nanorobots that are in

nano-scale offer precision

also in nano ranges that

makes them the most

accurate result producers.

This highest range of

accuracy is very essential

in medical

implementations.

NANOROBOTS:

MEDICINE OF THE

FUTURE

There is an interesting

possibility that machines

constructed at the

molecular level

(nanomachines) may be

used to cure the human

body of its various ills.


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This application of

nanotechnology to the

field of medicine is

commonly called as

nanomedicine.

Some possible

applications in medical

industry using nanorobots

are as follows:

1. Skin treatment:To cure skin

diseases, a cream

containing

nanorobots may

be used. It could

remove the right

amount of dead

skin, remove

excess oils, add

missing oils,

apply the right

amounts of

natural

moisturising

compounds, and

even achieve the

elusive goal of

'deep pore

cleaning' by

actually reaching

down into pores

and cleaning them

out. The cream

could be a smart

material with

smooth-on, peel-

off convenience.

2. Virus finders:

Medical

nanodevices

could augment the

immune system

by finding and

disabling

unwanted bacteria

and viruses.

When an invader

is identified, it

can be punctured,

letting its contents

spill out and

ending its

effectiveness. If

the contents were

known to be

hazardous by

themselves, then

the immune

machine could

hold on to it long

enough to

dismantle it more

completely.


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3. Artery cleaners :

Devices working

in the

bloodstream

could nibble away

at arteriosclerotic

deposits,

widening the

affected blood

vessels. Cell

herding devices

could restore

artery walls and

artery linings to

health, by

ensuring that the

right cells and

supporting

structures are in

the right places.

This would

prevent most

heart attacks.


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4. Cosmobots : In

cosmetic use,

these nanorobots

called as

cosmobots can

release the

pigments that are

stored within

themselves in

order to provide a

complete

makeover of the

human skin

making it more

pure and active.

These cosmobots

that lie under the

skin cells can be

programmed by

their owners to

get actuated and

deactuated

whenever they

require such a

makeover.

5. Heart treaters:

Heart surgeries

and

transplantations

will become an

unwanted process

once these

nanorobots come

out with their full

potentials. Any

practical heart

complications can

be solved by

injecting these

nanorobots with


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the necessary

programming and

diagnostic

chemicals needed.

6. Cancer

treatment:

Someone

diagnosed with

cancer might be

offered a new

alternative to

chemotherapy, the

traditional

treatment of

radiation that kills

not just cancer

cells but healthy

human cells also.

A doctor

practicing

nanomedicine

would offer the

patient an

injection of a

special type of

nanorobot that

would seek out

cancer cells and

destroy them,

dispelling the

disease at the

source, leaving

healthy cells

untouched. The

extent of the

hardship to the

patient would

essentially be a

prick to the arm.

A person

undergoing a

nanorobotic

treatment could

expect to have no

awareness of the

molecular devices

working inside

them, other than

rapid betterment

of their health.


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7. NANOROBOTS IN REVIVAL OF DEAD:[DEATH

OF DEATH]

Nanorobots programmed

to cure the damaged

cells,bone marrow,and to

make heart work again.

By injecting the

programmed nanorobots

into the dead body which

is being preserved by

cryonics ,the fatal disease

which caused death will

be eliminated from the

body first ,and the

Nanorobot in

dead body

Preserved by

cryonics.


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nanorobots will make the

coronary artery work so

that the heart receives

energy and it begins to

pump again.

Then the nanorobots will

traverse towards brain

simultaneously and make

the brain to be active

&inturn can also change

the genetic behavior of

the patient.

Thus the person can be

revived from death.

CONCLUSION:

Thus the

nanorobots once coming

into existence will make

treatment of many more

medical complications

more simpler without

much pain and

complexities. It paves the

way for the superior

enhancement of medical

sciences resulting in

easier diagnosis and

highly precisioned

treatments so that the

human health is much

improvised with lessstrains of hospitality.

Thus treatment using

nanorobots will virtually

become painless, the

most task specific, the

most efficient way of

treating the diseases.

Let DEATH OF

DEATH become

possible and life

after death

continue.

Nano Robots in Medical Field

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