NAACP & National Bar Association Brief on the Racial Makeup of Juries in Support of Judge Olu...

7/23/2019 NAACP & National Bar Association Brief on the Racial Makeup of Juries in Support of Judge Olu Stevens

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Brief concerns the scope of a trial court’s discretion when the Commonwealth

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Commonwealth’s position threatens the liberty interests of minority criminal

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e'84 (=4 F#$D A&'4: 8)'%7%(% )> & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4 8)66#'7(D5 8)#$(%

=&@4 4%(&C:7%=4? A$)84?#$4% () %&>4G#&$? &G&7'%( 7'(4'(7)'&: $&87&: ?7%8$767'&(7)'.

R' !"#$%& () *+&#,-./ 5 B=78= )$7G7'&(4? 7' Q4>>4$%)' *)#'(D5 (=4 M'7(4? L(&(4 L#A$464

*)#$( =4:? (=&(5 #A)' )CF48(7)'5 &(()$'4D% 6#%( A$)@7?4 & $&84H'4#($&: C&%7% >)$

4J4$87%7'G A4$46A()$D 8=&::4'G4% B=4' & ?4>4'?&'( 7% & 646C4$ )> & ?7%(7'8( G$)#A

&'? (=4 A$)%48#()$ %44I% () %($7I4 & F#$)$ )> (=4 %&64 G$)#A. 2,- M.L. ,N5 NS 1/NO-3.

Z=7:4 6&'D K#4%(7)' (=4 4>>48(7@4'4%% )> (=4 A$)(48(7)'% &>>)$?4? #'?4$ !"#$%&5

(=)%4 A$)(48(7)'% 8&' =&@4 ') 4>>48( 7> (=4 *)66)'B4&:(= >&7:% () A$)@7?4 & F#$D A&'4:

8)'%7%(7'G )> & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4 8)66#'7(D 7' (=4 >7$%( 7'%(&'84.



6

(2 #=> Trial Court Properly Recognized James Doss’s Right to B .B@?

(?CAA3*>IF@CD CH F=> (CNNJD@FG :BA !DH?@DE>R9 ,O>D :@F=CJF +

*=CS@DE CH *GAF>NBF@I ,TILJA@CD

E=4 *)66)'B4&:(= %A4'?% 6#8= )> 7(% C$74> &??$4%%7'G (=4 (4%( >)$ & @647"

A"-4+ %=)B7'G )> & @7):&(7)' )> (=4 >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' $4K#7$464'( &% 4%(&C:7%=4? CD (=4

M'7(4? L(&(4% L#A$464 *)#$( &'? (=7% *)#$(. E=4 (4%( 4JA$4%%4? 7' 5,6+& () D4$$%,645

2XN M.L. XY,5 X-2 1/N,N35 7% (=&(5 7' )$?4$ () 4%(&C:7%= & @647" A"-4+ @7):&(7)' )> (=4

>&7$H8$)%%H%48(7)' $4K#7$464'(5 (=4 ?4>4'?&'( 6#%( %=)BT 1/3 (=4 G$)#A &::4G4? () C4

4J8:#?4? 7% & ?7%(7'8(7@4 G$)#A 7' (=4 8)66#'7(Dh 103 (=4 $4A$4%4'(&(7)' )> (=7% G$)#A

7' @4'7$4% >$)6 B=78= F#$74% &$4 %4:48(4? 7% ')( >&7$ &'? $4&%)'&C:4 7' $4:&(7)' () (=4

'#6C4$ )> %#8= A4$%)'% 7' (=4 8)66#'7(Dh &'? 1X3 (=7% #'?4$$4A$4%4'(&(7)' 7% ?#4

() %D%(46&(78 4J8:#%7)' )> (=4 G$)#A 7' (=4 F#$DH%4:48(7)' A$)84%%.

The Commonwealth’s A$76&$D 8)'(4'(7)' 7% (=&( d4>4'?&'( d)%% >&7:4? ()

4%(&C:7%= (=&( (=4 #'?4$$4A$4%4'(&(7)' )> =7% F#$D A&'4: B&% ?#4 () %D%(46&(78

4J8:#%7)'. Z=7:4 (=4 *)66)'B4&:(= >&7:4? () A$4%4'( 4@7?4'84 C4>)$4 (=4 ($7&: 8)#$(

4%(&C:7%=7'G (=&( 7(% A$)84%% B&% >$44 )> %D%(46&(78 4J8:#%7)'%5 4@4' &%%#67'G (=&(

B&% (=4 8&%45 !"# 2-."! !* , ),-2 02*%%8%#0!-*+ *) !"# 0*44&+-!( 0,++*! %*3#3( 9#

9,%#' *+ , 2#:&-2#4#+! *) %(%!#4,!-0 #;03&%-*+ . R'?44?5 %#8= & 8)'8:#%7)' ?4>74%

:)G78.

R>5 &% (=4 M.L. L#A$464 *)#$( =&% $48)G'7\4?5 7( 7% >#'?&64'(&: () (=4 %4:48(7)'

)> &' 76A&$(7&: F#$D (=&( & A4(7( F#$D C4 %4:48(4? >$)6 & F#$D A&'4: (=&( $4A$4%4'(% &

>&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4 8)66#'7(D5 $++ >"/1%6 5 2/N M.L. &( Y0OH0N5 (=4 >&7:#$4 )> (=4

*)66)'B4&:(= () A$)@7?4 & F#$D A&'4: (=&( $4A$4%4'(% & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' @7):&(4%

(=&( $7G=( $4G&$?:4%% )> B=4(=4$ %#8= & ?4>7874'8D B&% ?#4 () 7'%7?7)#% ?7%8$767'&()$D



7

A$&8(784% )$ (=$)#G= =&AA4'%(&'84 C&%4? )' & $&'?)6 A$)84?#$4 &?)A(4? CD (=4

*)66)'B4&:(=. <"# 2#%&3! )2*4 !"# /#2%/#0!-1# *) !"# 02-4-+,3 '#)#+',+! -% !"#

%,4#. R' 47(=4$ 8&%45 (=4 8$767'&: ?4>4'?&'(5 B=)%4 :7C4$(D 7'(4$4%(% &$4 A:&84? &(

$7%I CD (=4 *)66)'B4&:(=5 7% >)$84? () %4:48( =7% A4(7( F#$D >$)6 & F#$D A&'4: (=&(

A$)@7?4% =76 B7(= ') >&7$ A)%%7C7:7(D )> %4&(7'G & ?7@4$%4 F#$D A&'4:5 B=78= 6)$&:7(D

&'? %(&(7%(78&: &'&:D%7% %=)B 7% '484%%&$D >)$ (=4 ?4>4'?&'( () =&@4 & ($#:D >&7$ ($7&:.

;D (=7% &$G#64'(5 (=4 9;< &'? 9<<*" &$4 ')( &%%4$(7'G (=&( & ($7&: 8)#$( 7%

6+N,46+C () ?7%8=&$G4 & F#$D A&'4: 7> (=4$4 7% & %=)B7'G )> G$)%% #'?4$$4A$4%4'(&(7)'

C#( ') %=)B7'G )> %D%(46&(78 4J8:#%7)'. +&(=4$5 )#$ A)%7(7)' 7% (=&( (=4 64$4 >&8( (=4

?7%8=&$G4 )> (=4 F#$D A&'4: 7% ')( 8)'%(7(#(7)'&::D 6&'?&(4? B7(=)#( & %=)B7'G )>

%D%(46&(78 4J8:#%7)' ?)4% ')( 64&' (=&( (=4 $7G=( () & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4

8)66#'7(D ?)4% ')( 4J7%( B7(=)#( & %=)B7'G )> %D%(46&(78 4J8:#%7)'. E=4 $7G=( ?)4%

%(7:: 4J7%(5 &'? (=4 ($7&: 8)#$( %=)#:? C4 &::)B4? ?7%8$4(7)' () ?7%8=&$G4 (=4 F#$D A&'4:

7> (=4 87$8#6%(&'84% B&$$&'( %#8= $4:74>.

;D B&D )> 4J&6A:45 7> & A&$(D &%I4? >)$ & 8)'(7'#&'84 &'? (=4 ($7&: F#?G4

?4(4$67'4? (=&( (=4 87$8#6%(&'84% ?7? ')( 8)'%(7(#(7)'&::D $4K#7$4 (=4 G$&'(7'G )> &

8)'(7'#&'84 7' )$?4$ () A$)(48( &'D ?#4 A$)84%% 8)'84$'%5 (=7% ?)4% ')( 64&' (=&( (=4

($7&: 8)#$( 8)#:? ')( ')'4(=4:4%% G$&'( & 8)'(7'#&'845 &'? 7( ?)4% ')( 64&' (=&( (=4

($7&: 8)#$( B)#:? &C#%4 7(% ?7%8$4(7)' 7> 7( ?487?4? () ?) %). E=4 7%%#4 7% ')( B=4(=4$

(=4 ($7&: 8)#$( =4$4 B&% 6+N,46+C () ?7%8=&$G4 (=7% F#$D5 (=4 7%%#4 7% B=4(=4$ (=4 ($7&:

8)#$( =&? (=4 ?7%8$4(7)' () ?) %) 7' (=4 7'(4$4%( )> >&7$'4%%.

!!2 #0, (%--%":,+7#0 -!*(0+$+#,$!U,* #0, P+*!* %. #0, #$!+7

COURT’S RULING, WHICH WAS BASED ON A RECOGNITION THAT THE

8'$4 /+",7 &!& "%# (%"*#!#'#, + .+!$ ($%**3*,(#!%" %. #0,

(%--'"!#4



8

;4>)$4 B4 4J&67'4 B=4(=4$ (=4 &8(7)'% )> (=4 ($7&: 8)#$( 8)'%(7(#(4? &' &C#%4

)> ?7%8$4(7)'5 7( 7% 76A)$(&'( () 8:&$7>D (=&( (=4 7%%#4 =4$4 7% 9eE B=4(=4$ &' <>$78&'H

<64$78&' 8$767'&: ?4>4'?&'( =&% & $7G=( () &' <>$78&'H<64$78&' )' =7% )$ =4$ A4(7(

F#$D. E=&( 7% ')( (=4 NBA’s and NAACP’s A&$(78#:&$ 8)'84$'5 &'? B4 ?) ')( C4:74@4

(=&( B&% (=4 ($7&: 8)#$( ’s A&$(78#:&$ 8)'84$'. R' 7(% C$74>5 (=4 *)66)'B4&:(= 6&I4% &

G$4&( 4>>)$( () 8=&$&8(4$7\4 (=4 7%%#4 &% B=4(=4$ (=4 ($7&: 8)#$( 8&' ?7%8=&$G4 & A4(7(

F#$D C48&#%4 ') <>$78&'H<64$78&'% B4$4 %4&(4? )' (=4 F#$D. i)B4@4$5 (=4

*)66)'B4&:(= 67%8)'%($#4% )$ 67%&AA$4=4'?% (=4 #'?4$:D7'G C&%7% >)$ (=4 ($7&:

court’s $#:7'G.

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6&(4$7&::D 7'8)'%7%(4'( B7(= (=4 #%#&: F#$D A&'4: 8)6A)%7(7)'. R'?44?5 (=4

*)66)'B4&:(= $4:74% )' (=7% >&8( &% & C&%7% >)$ 7(% &$G#64'( (=&( (=4$4 B&% ')

%=)B7'G )> %D%(46&(78 4J8:#%7)' )> <>$78&'H<64$78&'%5 C48&#%4 (=7% A&$(78#:&$ F#$D

A&'4: B&% &' &')6&:D. Z=7:4 %#8= $4&%)'7'G CD (=4 *)66)'B4&:(= 7% >:&B4?5 (=4

*)66)'B4&:(= 67%%4% (=4 :&$G4$ 7%%#4.

R' (=7% 8&%45 Q&64% d)%% ?7? ')( =&@4 &' )AA)$(#'7(D () %4:48( =7% F#$D >$)6 &

A)): )> F#$)$% (=&( B4$4 & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4 8)66#'7(D. E=7% B&% (=4 ($7&:

8)#$( ’s primary concern, which the trial 8)#$( 4JA$4%%4? )' & '#6C4$ )> )88&%7)'%.

9)B 7( &AA4&$% (=4 ($7&: 8)#$( 8)'8:#?4? (=&(5 %7'84 (=4$4 B&% )'4 <>$78&'H<64$78&'

)' (=4 F#$D A&'4:5 7( B)#:? ')( 7664?7&(4:D %($7I4 (=4 A&'4: C&%4? )' & =)A4 (=&( (=4

?4>48( 7' (=4 F#$D A&'4: 8)#:? C4 4>>48(7@4:D $464?74? 7> (=4 )'4 <>$78&'H<64$78&'



9

F#$)$ 6&?4 7( () (=4 A4(7( F#$D. i)B4@4$5 &>(4$ (=&( F#$)$ B&% %($78I4' &'? (=4

?4>4'?&'( $4'4B4? =7% )CF48(7)'5 (=4 ($7&: 8)#$( 8)'8:#?4? (=&( (=4 #'>&7$'4%% )> (=4

A$)84%% =&? ')( C44' $464?74? &'? (=&( F#%(7845 4@4' 7> ')( 6&'?&(4?5 %(7:: B&$$&'(4?

(=4 %($7I7'G )> (=4 F#$D A&'4:.

R( 7% &' )@4$H%76A:7>78&(7)' >)$ (=4 *)66)'B4&:(= () &$G#4 (=&( (=4 ($7&: 8)#$(

%($#8I (=4 F#$D A&'4: C48&#%4 (=4$4 B&% ') <>$78&'H<64$78&'% )' (=4 A4(7( F#$D.

+&(=4$5 (=4 ($7&: 8)#$( %($#8I (=4 F#$D A&'4: C48&#%4 (=4 F#$D A&'4:5 &% 7'7(7&::D

A$)@7?4? CD (=4 *)66)'B4&:(=5 >&7:4? () $4A$4%4'( & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4

8)66#'7(D5 &'? (=&( 7'7(7&: ?4>48( B&% ')( :&(4$ $464?74?. <G&7'5 (=4 7%%#4 7% ')(

B=4(=4$ &' <>$78&'H<64$78&' %7(% )' (=4 A4(7( F#$D. +&(=4$5 (=4 7%%#4 7% B=4(=4$ (=4

F#$D A&'4: %(&$(% >$)6 &' 7'7(7&: A)7'( )> C47'G & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4 8)66#'7(D.

i4$45 (=4 *)66)'B4&:(= 7% &((46A(7'G () 4:767'&(4 & ($7&: court’s &C7:7(D ()

?7%8=&$G4 & F#$D A&'4: 7> 7( ?4(4$67'4% (=&( (=4 F#$D A&'4: 26%$$1/ >&7:% () $4A$4%4'( &

>&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4 8)66#'7(D. E=&( 7% B=&( 7% &( 7%%#4 =4$45 ')(B7(=%(&'?7'G

(=4 A=$&%7'G (=4 *)66)'B4&:(= =&% #%4? 7' 7(% 84$(7>74? 7%%#4%.

!!!2 #0, (%--%":,+7#0 -!*(%"#$',* !#* %:" $!10# +"& #0, $!10#*

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$,7+#, #% #0, /+$#!(!/+#!%" !" #0, /$%(,** !" 1,",$+7 +"& #%

/'$/%*,.'7 &!*($!-!"+#!%" !"#,"&,& #% ,<(7'&, + 1$%'/ .$%-

8'$4 /+$#!(!/+#!%" P+*,& %" $+(,

R' (=7% 8&%45 (=4 ($7&: 8)#$( ?7? ')(=7'G 6)$4 (=&' 4J4$87%4 7(% ?7%8$4(7)' &'?

)$?4$ (=&( & '4B F#$D A&'4: C4 %4&(4?. E=4 *)66)'B4&:(= %44I% () A$)=7C7( ($7&:

8)#$(% >$)6 4J4$87%7'G %#8= ?7%8$4(7)' CD &$G#7'G (=&( 7( =&% & $7G=( () ?46&'? (=4

8&%4 A$)844? )' (=4 7'7(7&: F#$D A&'4: &'? 7'?7@7?#&: F#$)$% =&@4 & $7G=( () ')( C4

4J8:#?4? >$)6 F#$D A&$(787A&(7)'. E=4 *)66)'B4&:(= 67%&AA$4=4'?% (=4 $7G=(% 7( 7%



10

&%%4$(7'G.

<% () 7'?7@7?#&: F#$)$%5 7( 7% 8:4&$ (=&( &' f&' 7'?7@7?#&: F#$)$ ?)4% ')( =&@4 &

$7G=( () %7( )' &'D A&$(78#:&$ A4(7( F#$D . . . .” E+%62+ () D-<%11,75 YSY M.L. 205 2O 1/NN03.

Q#$)$% ?) A)%%4%% & $7G=( () ')( C4 4J8:#?4? >$)6 F#$D A&$(787A&(7)' C&%4? %):4:D )'

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>&8(% =4$4.

*)#$(% =&@4 $48)G'7\4? (=&( 7( 7% 76A$)A4$ >)$ &(()$'4D% () 4J8:#?4 & F#$)$ )'

(=4 C&%7% )> $&84. 9++K +)2)K !"#$%&5 2,- M.L. ,N 1=):?7'G Q4>>4$%)' *)#'(D A$)%48#()$

=&? () A$)@7?4 $&84H'4#($&: $4&%)'% >)$ %($7I7'G C:&8I% >$)6 (=4 F#$D @4'7$4

summoned for petitioner’s trial). i)B4@4$5 (=4 #'?4$:D7'G 8)'84$' 7% (=&(5 7> &

A$)%48#()$ A$)=7C7(% & F#$)$ >$)6 A&$(787A&(7'G )' (=4 A4(7( F#$D )' (=4 C&%7% )> $&845

%#8= &8(% A4$A4(#&::D &'? %D%(46&(78&::D ?4'D (=&( F#$)$ (=4 $7G=( () A&$(787A&(4 7' (=4

F#$D A$)84%%5 &% (=4 A$)%48#()$ B)#:? #%4 $&84 () 8)'(7'#&::D %($7I4 (=&( F#$)$ 7'

>#(#$4 8&%4%. 9++ 2+&+6"11/ F%G+6$ () H?4%5 2NN M.L. 2SS5 2SN 1/NN/3 1$48)G'7\7'G (=&(

striking a juror on the basis of race forecloses, as to that juror, “a significant

opportunity to participate in civic life.”). E=4 F#$)$ =&% & $7G=( () ')( C4 %#CF48(4? ()

(=&( (DA4 )> 7'?7@7?#&:7\4? 4J8:#%7)'.

R' (=7% 8&%45 (=4 ($7&: 8)#$( ?7? ')( %($7I4 )$ 4J8:#?4 &'D A&$(78#:&$ F#$)$. E=4

($7&: 8)#$( ?7%8=&$G4? (=4 4'(7$4 F#$D A&'4:5 &'? (=4 C&%7% >)$ (=&( ?487%7)' B&% ')(

C48&#%4 )> (=4 $&84 )> &'D A&$(78#:&$ F#$)$5 C#( C48&#%4 (=4 F#$D A&'4:5 &% 7'7(7&::D

A$)@7?4? CD (=4 *)66)'B4&:(=5 >&7:4? () &>>)$? (=4 8$767'&: ?4>4'?&'( (=4

)AA)$(#'7(D () %4:48( =7% A4(7( F#$D >$)6 & A)): (=&( B&% & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4

8)66#'7(D. 9) A&$(78#:&$ F#$)$ B&% ?4'74? &' )AA)$(#'7(D () A&$(787A&(4 7' (=4 F#$D



11

A$)84%%5 &'? -+ ),0!= %*4# *) !"# %,4# 6&2*2% 5#2# 0,33#' 9,0> !* !"# 6&2*2 /,+#3

!"# )*33*5-+. ',( . j+ //U/NU0S/25 SNTYST0-.

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8&%4% A$)=7C7(7'G (=4 A4$46A()$D %($7I4% )> &' 7'?7@7?#&: F#$)$ )' (=4 C&%7% )> $&84 &%

& F#%(7>78&(7)' >)$ A$)=7C7(7'G (=4 ?7%8=&$G4 )> & F#$D A&'4: ?#4 () 7(% 7'7(7&: >&7:#$4 ()

$4A$4%4'( & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4 8)66#'7(D. E=7% *)#$( %=)#:? $4F48( (=4

Commonwealth’s reasoning on this point.

R( %=)#:? &:%) C4 64'(7)'4? (=&( (=4 L7J(= <64'?64'( 7% A$76&$7:D 8)'84$'4?

B7(= (=4 $7G=(% )> (=4 8$767'&: ?4>4'?&'(. 9++ !+62?,4$ () 974#?5 YYN M.L. X/25 X/N

(2010)(“The Sixth Amendment secures to criminal defendants the right to be tried by

&' 76A&$(7al jury . . . “). R'?44?5 )':D (=4 8$767'&: ?4>4'?&'( 7% &( $7%I )> :)%7'G =7%

:7C4$(D 7'(4$4%(. E=#%5 (=4$4 6#%( C4 %)64 8)66)' %4'%4 &'? C&:&'87'G )> 7'(4$4%(

(=&( %=)#:? C4 8)'%7?4$4? )' (=7% 7%%#4. P@4' 7> (=4 *)66)'B4&:(= B4$4 8)$$48( 7'

7(% 7'(4$A$4(&(7)' as to individual jurors’ rights5 B=78= 7( 7% ')(5 %#8= $7G=(% %(7:: 6#%(

G7@4 B&D () (=4 :7C4$(D 7'(4$4%(% )> (=4 8$767'&: ?4>4'?&'( B=) =&% & $7G=( () ?$&B =7%

A4(7( F#$D >$)6 & F#$D A&'4: (=&( $4A$4%4'(% & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4 8)66#'7(D.

<% () (=4 *)66)'B4&:(=5 7( 6&I4% (=4 8)'8:#%)$D &$G#64'( (=&( 7( =&? & $7G=(

() A$)844? B7(= & ?#:D %4:48(4? F#$D 7' (=4 &C%4'84 )> A$76& >&874 4@7?4'84 )> &

@7):&(7)' )> (=4 >&7$H8$)%%H%48(7)' $4K#7$464'(. `7$%(5 7( %=)#:? C4 46A=&%7\4? (=&(5

(=4$4 7% ') K#4%(7)' (=&( (=4 F#$D A&'4: &( 7%%#4 =4$4 B&% ')( $4A$4%4'(&(7@4 )> & >&7$

8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4 8)66#'7(D 1&'? (=4 *)66)'B4&:(= ?7? ')( A#( &'D 4@7?4'84 7'

(=4 $48)$? %=)B7'G )(=4$B7%43. E=#%5 B=&( (=4 *)66)'B4&:(= 7% $4&::D &%%4$(7'G 7%

(=&(5 4@4' B=4' & F#$D A&'4: 26%$$1/ >&7:% () $4A$4%4'( & >&7$ 8$)%%H%48(7)' )> (=4



12

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<%77%&G+"1#?5 X/X L.Z.X? Y,,5 YN- 1[D. 0S/S3 (“[T]he trial court is vested with

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unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.” E%%C/+"6 >46+ I

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agreed that the composition of this jury panel was “unusual.” VR 11/18/2014,

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NAACP & National Bar Association Brief on the Racial Makeup of Juries in Support of Judge Olu...

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Transcript of NAACP & National Bar Association Brief on the Racial Makeup of Juries in Support of Judge Olu...