N° 1 • 2019 International Diplomat

I N T E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M AT - D IVA �

International DiplomatN° 1 • 2019

Interview with

Olga AlgayerovaExecutive Secretary of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Interview with Ambassador Idriss Jazairy

Interview with Google VPVint Cerf

D IVA - I N T E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M AT� I N T E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M AT - D IVA �

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Sommaireinternational6 InterviewwithOlgaAlgayerova ExecutiveSecretaryofUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope9 InterviewwithAmbassadorIdrissJazairy ExecutiveDirector,GenevaCentreforHumanRightsAdvancementandGlobalDialogue

12 ProfesseurDominiqueBourg

16 InterviewwithVintCerf ChiefInternetEvangelistandVPofGoogle

culture19 InterviewwithMaestroHermanMakarenko Worldfamousorchestraconductor,UNESCOArtistforPeace22 InterviewwithBakhtiyorSayfullaev UzbekistanMinisterofCulture

24 IsAfricathatfar?

26 InterviewwithSveinOlavHoff Norway’smostrenownedarthistorianandspecialistofthe NorwegianpainterHenrikSørensen

28 TheHawaiianIslandsCelebrates175YearsofIndependence

32 Astana’sCongressofWorldReligions fostersthebuildingofpeace

36 InterviewdeBenSalama auteuretrealisateur

38 NewGorbachevfilm combineshopeandgoodwillwithpersonalandpoliticaltragedies.

40 LeChemindecroixdeKateriTekakwitha,lasainteiroquoise

42 ChristinedeFrance uneamazoneautempsdesmousquetaires

44 Arc-et-Senans lavilleidéaledeClaudeNicolasLedoux

46 FerdinandHodler

EditorialGratitude

“Have you noticed,” my colleagueasked,“howmanyofustakeeverythingfor granted? Just think about it! Whatwethinkofasnormaltoday–enoughfood, water, shelter, proper housing,schools for children, kindergarten, acareer,safe job,normalworkinghours– all these things came about becausethepeople inthepast fought for thesethingsasrights…righttohealth,rightto education, workers protection etc.Today, I would say that most peopletendtobelievethattheserightsaretheminimumrequirementforahappylife,but without the past generations noneofthesewouldexist.

“One thing I like about the U.S.,” mycolleague continued, “is their annualcelebration of Thanksgiving. Althoughit has become a commercial event, it’stheoneholidaythatseemstounitetheUS,acrossreligion,raceandsocialclass.Almost everybody celebrates this day.Onceayear,theyshowgratitudetotheirfriends, family,co-workersandothers.It’s a good thing to do, and althoughsome might say – rightly – that weshoulddosomoreoftenwithouthavingtobe ‘forced todoso’,weneverthelesstoo often fail to do so without beingforcedbycircumstances.”

So,letushereinDivaalsomakeasortofmeaculpa,doourdutyand, takingadvantage of the occasion, expressgratitude to all our readers and thepeoplewhosupportus,eitherbygivingoftheirprecioustimeorbyjustreadingthese short lines.Thankyou forbeingthere,forwithoutyou,wewouldnotbearound.

Perhaps some of these quotes caninspire us all to reflect on all that wehavetobethankfulforinourlives,notjustnow,butthroughouttheyear:• “Attimes,ourownlightgoesoutandis rekindled by a spark from anotherperson. Each of us has cause to thinkwithdeepgratitudeofthosewhohavelighted the flame within us.” – AlbertSchweitzer• “Agratefulmindisagreatmind,anditwillattractgreatthingstoit.”–HelenChan• “Gratitude turns what we have intoenough.”–Anonymous• “Gratitude is a powerful catalyst forhappiness.It’sthesparkthatlightsafireofjoyinyoursoul.”–AmyCollette• “Gratitude makes sense of our past,brings peace for today, and creates avisionfortomorrow.”–MelodyBeattie• “Thankfulness is the beginning ofgratitude. Gratitude is the completionof thankfulness. Thankfulness may

TheviewsexpressedaretheresponsibilityoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofDIVA

www.divainternational.chIssn:1234987235868745

DIVAisapublicationofGraficimLtd

Onthiscover:OlgaAlgayerova

Mailingaddress:DIVAInternationalDiplomatp/aSalledePresse1PalaisdesNations1211Geneva10

E-mail:[email protected]:+41229174301

consist merely of words. Gratitude isshowninacts.”–HenriFrédéricAmiel• “Happiness cannot be traveled to,owned, earned, worn or consumed.Happiness is the spiritual experienceoflivingeveryminutewithlove,grace,andgratitude.”–DenisWaitley• “Joyisthesimplestformofgratitude.”–KarlBarth• “Noonewhoachievessuccessdoessowithoutthehelpofothers.Thewiseandconfident acknowledge this help withgratitude.”–AlfredNorthWhitehead

SoonthesenoteswehereinDivawishyouallawonderfulholidayseasonandahappyNewYear.Marit

Editor:MaritFosseDeputyeditor:SanjayAcharya

GraphicDesign:IrisHariz

Friendscontributingtothisissue:SanjayAcharya,AnnegretMathari,AlbinaGoosens,Jean-MichelWissmer,Pierre-MichelVirot,PeterKenny,RobertJ.Parsons,CelhiadeLavarenne,MaritFosse,EkatarinaPincheuskaya,ChristianDavid,LeonSui

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Sheisoneofthesepersonsyoulikeassoonasyoumeetthem.MsAlgayerovahasalongandimpressivecareer.Apositivewoman,sheisalsohardworking,andshesetsherstandardshigh, for herself and perhaps for others. We had the goodfortunetomeetwithher,ayearafterherarrivalinGeneva.

Q: Congratulations! You were the first woman to be appointed Under-Secretary-General by United Nations Secretary-General, António Guterres. How does that feel?Itwasreallyanhonor.Iwasveryhappybecauseithadbeenmy dream for a long time to work in the United Nations.Secretary-GeneralAntonioGuterreshasmadegenderparityoneofthecornerstonesofhismandateandhasachieveditforthefirsttimeintheUNSeniorManagementGroup.DeputySecretary-General Amina Mohamed is also taking a moreprominentrolethanmanyofherpredecessors.

Q: Could you tell us a little about yourself?IamaSlovaknational.IstudiedeconomicsinBratislava,thenaftersomeyearsIdidanMBAinLondon,andfinallyIcourseda Masters’ in Contemporary Diplomacy at the University

Interview with

Olga AlgayerovaExecutive Secretary of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

of Malta. I have worked in foreign trade and internationalrelations. After the political changes that took place in mycountry, I startedworking foraSpanishcompany. Iwas infacttheCEOofabigSpanishcompany,andthenIwashiredbythebiggestSlovakpharmaceuticalmanufacturerasheadoftheirexportdepartment.Inthatcapacity,Iestablished73officesabroad. Itwasoneof themost successful endeavorsof my life. It was new and creative because I was buildingsomethingnew.Thecompanywaslatermergedwithanevenbiggerpharmaceuticalmanufacturer.Then,JanKubiscalledmeandaskedmetocomeandworkwith him as his deputy foreign minister. So I suddenlyswitched from economic diplomacy to real diplomacy formycountry.IservedtwoyearswithJanKubis,andanothertwo years with his successor, Miroslav Lajčák. After that,there was a change of government, and I set up my ownNGOfortheUnitedNationsDevelopmentGoals.Wewereworkingalotforwomen’sandchildren’srights.Forexample,IpersonallyworkedtwoyearsonimplementingtheUnitedNationsConventionontheRightsof theChild inGeorgia.Afterthatexperience,IwasappointedforeignadvisertothePrimeMinisterforaboutsixmonths.Afterthesesixmonths,I was appointed Permanent representative to the UnitedNationsandOSCEinVienna,andIstayedthereforfiveyearsbeforecomingtoGeneva.

Q: What are your main objectives for the UNECE?I was hired by the Secretary-General who came to officewithabigreformprogram,so,myfirstactionistosupporthim.Ifeelit’snecessarytoreformthewholeUnitedNations,and this implicitly affects the UNECE because we cannotcontinuedoingthesamethingsweusedtodo30or40yearsago.However,reformdoesnotnecessarilymeancuts,itcanalsomeangrowth.Thenyoustarttothinkaboutitall.Whatis it all about? Are we doing the right things for memberstates,forpeople?TheobjectiveofthereformistomaketheUNmoreefficientsothatwecanbettersupportourMemberStates in implementing the 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment.AchievingtheSDGswillbeamajorchallengerequiring continuous efforts and the integration withinnational programs and strategies of the agreed objectives.There is stillprogress tobemadeon this front. Itwill alsorequireaccrued international cooperation,given theglobalnature of many of the issues that cannot be solved only atnational level. I would mention climate change, reducinginequalitiesandanticipatingtheimpactofageingsocietiesasthreeofthemainchallengesourregionisfacing.

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Q: Do you have a different approach on reform from others?Well,youhavetoreform,stayfocused,andthendothethingsthatarerelevant. Ifyoudonotprovide therelevant things,thecutsarrive.Ontheotherhand,donorswillfollowifyoucomeupwithrelevantprojects.

Q: For me it seems like you are doing it very business-like. It’s like the member states are your clients.Well, that isexactlywhat it is,however,wehaveourvisionaswell.

Q: The UNECE is a very technical organization focused on lots of specific technical issues, rules and regulations. How does this play into it? Does it make it more difficult to be innovative?I would not say more difficult, as we have professionalsworkingintheorganization.Theyneedtomakethemostoftheirrealexpertise,toworktogetherandbetheavant-garde.It’snoteasyofcourse.Wedonotcoverthewholerange.Somepeopledonotlikethewordniche,soletmeputitthisway.Inthefieldofenvironmentwedonotcovereverything,buttheissuesthatwedocoverareveryimportant,andsomearenotonlyregionalissuesbutglobalissues,likewatercooperationorairpollution.IthinkthattheUNECEisaverygoodorganization,butofcourseweneedtodobetter.Innovationandprogresstodayare moving so fast that you need to move fast too. This isthereasonwhyyoualsoneedtogointonewareas,andthatmeansthatyouhavetophaseoutofalltheobsoleteandnon-relevantissues.Iseethatasmymanagerialtask.

Q: The organization is working on road safety, ecology,specificationsforinstanceoilrigsetc.Doyoufeelthattheworkoftheorganizationisnotaswell-knownasitshouldbe?Therearetwoanglesonthisissue.Wehavenetworksofexpertsandin-houseprofessionals.WhenIsaidthatweareworkinginquitenarrowareasofexpertise,inthoseareaspeopleknowwellwhatwearedoing.Ithinkweshouldworkmorepoliticallyhere.Theexpertsknowusbecauseweworktogether.Wehaveanetworkofsome18,000experts.Thequestionis:doesyourForeign Minister know about us and our activities? Perhapsnot,sothisiswhatweareworkingon.

Q: I just recently heard that you even have experts on forest management. Yes,andinthisfieldwecollaboratecloselywiththeFAO.

Q: What are the others UN organizations that you arecollaboratingwith?We collaborate for instance with WHO, with WIPO, withUN-Habitat or with UN Environment, to name just a few.AndwecollaboratewithmanyotherorganizationsoutsideoftheUN,suchastheIRU,inthefieldoftransport.Wehavesomanyorganizationswithwhichwecollaboratethatitwouldbetoomuchtolistthemallhere.Wearealsocollaboratingwith many universities and the private sector around theworld.

Q: Could you tell us something about the Water Convention?ItwasoriginallyaregionalconventionforEuropeandCentral


Ihavealsodevotedpartofmycareertocivilsociety.IservedastheExecutiveDirectorofACORD-aninternationalconsortiumofNGOs,encompassingOxfam,Novib(Netherlands)andCCFD(France) among others. We carried out numerous projectsand initiatives to enhance the protection and empowermentofvictimsofcivilstrifeinAfrica.From1995to1998,IwasamemberoftheBoardofCARE/USA.In addition to my current function as Executive Director oftheGenevaCentre, Iamalso theUNSpecialRapporteuronthenegativeimpactoftheunilateralcoercivemeasuresontheenjoymentofhumanrights.

2) Looking back at, what is the position that gave you the most personal satisfaction? Thefirstpositionthatgavemegreatestpersonalsatisfactionwasthat of President of the International Fund for Developmentwhere I led this specialised agency of the United Nations todevelopapproachestoempowertheruralpoorandinparticularsmallholderfarmersandtheirhusbands.Povertywasnottheirfate but just reigned in the imagination of international whowere unable to see this low level of income could signal anuntappedpotential thatneededtobeunleashed.Followingonthe footsteps of my eminent predecessor, Abdul Mohsen AlSudeary,Iwasputinthepositionofbeingabletounleashthispotential,thusdemonstratingthatthoseruraldwellerswhowereseen as a burden on society were in reality its“New Frontier”

1) Mr. Ambassador you have a long and impressive career. First of all, could you tell us a little about yourself? IamcurrentlytheExecutiveDirectoroftheGenevaCentreforHuman Rights Advancement and Global Dialogue, a think-tank holding special consultative status with the UN. I haveheld this position since July 2016. I was previously a BoardmemberoftheGenevaCentre.

Priortomycurrentprofessionalrole,Irepresentedmynativecountry Algeria through different functions: After havingserved as a Presidential Adviser to the former President ofAlgeriaHouariBoumediennefor7years,IwasnominatedasAmbassadorofAlgeriatoBelgium,theUSA,theHolySeeandtheUNofficeinGeneva.

At the inter-governmental multilateral level, I was electedin 1984 and subsequently re-elected President of theInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment,aRome-based UN specialized agency which plays a major role toscale up rural development and to enhance the social andeconomic empowerment of poor people. I have also heldother functions in the field of international relations andhumanrights;in2009,IwasthePresidentoftheConferenceon Disarmament. The following year, I was the Chairmanof the Council of the International Organization forMigration.

Interview with Ambassador

Idriss Jazairy Executive Director, Geneva Centre for Human Rights Advancement and Global Dialogue

Asia,butithasnowbeenopentoallUNMemberStates.ChadandSenegal were the first countriesoutside our region to becomePartiesin2018,andmanymorehaveexpressedtheirintentiontojoin. Thisisanexamplewhereoneofourregionalconventionsisbecomingglobal.Anotherexampleisthat,withtheengagementofoursisterregionalcommissions in the UN, ourconventions can inspire otherregions.OurAarhusconventionon environmental democracyisoneexample.LatinAmericancountries have looked at ourexperience, have negotiated theEscazú Agreement,andarenowgoingtoratifyit.

Q: So you are a kind of innovating hub?This is what I tried to indicate.On some key issues forsustainable development suchas transboundary cooperation,resourceuse,pollutionprevention,sustainabletransportetc.,wehavedecadesofexperience,whichcanbesharedwithothers.

Q: You talked earlier about donors. Are they generous towards you, or is it difficult to raise money for your projects?Onethingistoraisemoney,andanotherthingistohavethecapacitytoabsorbit.So,Ithinkwecoulddomorebutnotmuchmorewithourcurrentstaffnumbers.Weare188peopleintheorganization,andweuseabout180consultants.Overthelastyears,ourbudgethasbeencut,andcut.Wewillseewhatthenextonewillbring.Iwishthatwecouldhavemorein-houseexperts.

Q: You have recently created a UN Trust Fund for road safety. Could you tell us more about that?Weareveryhappytohost theUNRoadSafetyTrustFund.It was established in April 2018 by a General Assemblyresolution.Sincethattimewehavedonequitealot.Thefundneededsomeconstitutionaldocuments,andwehavehadourfirst two meetings of the Advisory Board and the SteeringCommittee. These two bodies are broadly representative,not only of the UN organizations, we have the privatesector,NGOs,academiaandofcourseMemberStatesfromallregionsbecauseit’saglobalinitiative.TheFundhasjustapprovedfivepilotprojectsforatotalofapproximatelyUSD1 million. These 5 projects will address key components ofnationalroadsafetysystemsinanumberoflow-andmiddle-incomecountries,whichconstitutethetargetoftheFund.

Q: Will the secretariat be based here in Geneva?Yes. Here at the UNECE, we are the custodian of the UNRoadSafetyAgreements,andwehostthesecretariatofUNSecretary-General’sSpecialEnvoy forRoadSafety,Mr JeanTodt.Nowwewillestablishthesecretariatof theUNRoadSafetyTrustFund.AlltheRegionalCommissionscooperatewith us. You know, everybody talks about the number ofpersonswhodieannuallyofmalaria,butnobodytalksaboutthedeathsfromroadaccidents,whichkillmorethantwiceasmuchasmalaria.Sothereisalotofworktobedone.Weneedpolitical support, money and the private sector. Everybodyneedstobeengagedinthisissue.

Q; Listening to you talk about the way you work, I get the impression that you are drawing a lot on your experience from the private sector. But now, my final question: how is it to be a woman among all these men?We’llneedtoattractmorewomen,toachievegenderbalance.We need to work more for women’s empowerment. AtUNECE,wehavereachedgenderparityatseniorlevelssomeyearsago,sowearedoingprettywell.Butmostimportantly,alltheseeffortswillhavetobesustainedovertime!That’stherealchallenge.Even inourregion there isa lot todo!Ourstatisticaldivisioncalculatedthatwomeninourregionearn28%less thanmenonaverage.Thismeansnotonly lowerwagesbutalso lowerpensions,andhigherrisksofpoverty.Thisissimplynotfair!

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6) You are the author of several publication. Are you working on something now? TheGenevaCentrepursuesitsmandatethroughtheorganizationofpaneldebatesatUNOG,thepublicationofstudiesandtheorganizationoftrainingcourses.TheGenevaCentre’sstudiesaddressissuesofimportancetostakeholdersintheGlobalNorthandtheGlobalSouth.Theaimwithourpublicationsistoofferadepoliticisedviewofhumanrightsissuesandtopromotetheprinciplesofunderstanding,constructivehumanisticdialogueandrespectofothers.Thisisatatimewhenhumanrightsarebeingpoliticizedandinvokedselectivelytoembarrasspoliticalfoes.IntheCentre’spublications,weanalysetheoutcomesofpaneldebatesheldatUNGenevawhereweidentifypointsofcommunalitiesandmutualenhancementintheaspirationsofdecision-makers–intheGlobalNorthandintheGlobalSouth–topromoteandadvancehumanrights.Thesummaryrecordsof thepanelproceedingsare then followedbyan intellectualthink piece where we identify lessons learned and points ofguidancetostakeholders.

AsofAugust2018,theGenevaCentre’spublicationsinclude:(1) In defence of Special Procedures of the Human RightsCouncil:AnalternativenarrativefromtheSouth(2) Islamophobia and the implementation of UN HumanRightsCouncilResolution16/18:Reachingout(3)De-radicalisationortheroll-backofextremistviolence:Proceedingsofthepanelmeeting(4)MuslimsinEurope:Theroadtosocialharmony(5)Women’srightsintheArabregion:Mythsandrealities(6)Therighttodevelopment,30yearslater:Achievements,challengesandthewayforward(7)IslamandChristianity,thegreatconvergence:Workingjointlytowardsequalcitizenshiprights(8) Human rights: Enhancing equal citizenship rights ineducation

Moreover,theGenevaCentrehasorganizedmanyotherpaneldebatesattheUNtopromoteandadvancehumanrightsintheArabregion.StaffoftheGenevaCentre,undermysupervision,arecurrentlypreparingfollow-uppublicationstopaneldebatesthatwereorganizedin2017andin2018.

Thefollowingpublicationswillbeissuedduringthecourseoftheyear:(1) Religions, creeds and value systems: Joining forces toenhanceequalcitizenshiprights:25June2018(2) Protecting people on the move: Internally displacedpeople (IDPs) in the context of the refugee and migrantcrisis:21March2018(3)Improvingaccesstojusticeforworkers:thecaseofUAE:20March2018(4) Veiling/unveiling: The headscarf in Christianity, IslamandJudaism:23February2018(5) Migration and human solidarity: A challenge and anopportunityforEuropeandtheMENAregion:14December2017(6)Women’s rights in theArabregion:Betweenmythandreality:15September2017

7) Based upon your experience, what advice would you give to the younger generation? In view of the current circumstances and the contemporarytensionsbeingplayedoutintheMiddleEast,NorthAfricaandinEurope,IstronglyappealtotheyoungergenerationtorediscoverthecommonvaluesofsocietiesinEuropeandintheArabregion.Wearenowwitnessingtheriseinextremesonbothsides;thesurgeofxenophobicpopulisminEuropeandtheupheavalofextremistmilitancyintheArabregion.InEurope,theadverseimpactofglobalizationandthefinancialcrisishavegivenriseto the notion of a lost generation in which Europe’s youthexperienceagreaterdegreeofimpoverishment,inequalityandunemployment.Populistpartieshavetakenadvantageof thissocialvacuumbyrelyingonfearmongeringandscapegoatingofexogenousgroups–suchasmigrantsandrefugees-toprovidelegitimacy to their political ideologies. They have becomecrediblepoliticalactorsinmanycountriesandhavesucceededingainingelectoralsupportinlocalandnationalelections.

In the Arab region, the collapse of post-independenceideologies,geopoliticalpowergamesandproxywarshaveleftasocialandpoliticalvacuumthathasbeenfilledbyterroristgroupsinstrumentalizingreligionintheirsearchforlegitimacy.Extremist violence cause widespread indignation fuellingindiscriminatexenophobicresponsesthatunderminenationalunity. This feeds the recruitment propaganda of extremistgroups. The persistence of political and social unrest in theArabregionhavebecomethemaindriversofpoverty,societaldeclineand instability.Withoutprospects for a stable future,youth–atanearlystageoftheirlives–thereforebecomepronetodespair.Inthisconnection,thebeststarting-pointtoaddressandroll-backtheseominoustrendsistoidentifypointsofcommonalitiesbetweenAbrahamicfaithsonwhichfuturegenerationscanpintheir faith to promote solidarity and greater understanding.Thisnewnarrative–thatwebelongtoonehumanityandhavea common starting-ground - would enable youth to protectthemselvesfromheinousideologiesthatfostersocialdivisionandsplitupsocieties.Allworldreligionsconverge,with10%specificity, and 90% similarity. However, we tend to focuson the 10% that divide humanity instead of using the 90%as a common starting-point for humanity to promote peace,toleranceandleadingtotrueempathyindiversity.

Itisessentialthereforetohelpthecurrentgenerationdiscoverthat they can develop a sense of well-being and fraternitythrough communities of faith and by broadening the spacefor common purpose and mutual understanding. This couldeventuallycontributetothepromotionofpeace,socialjusticeand inter-religious harmony between and within societies.Only through dialogue between populations and regions ofall culturesandreligious faithscanbridgesofunderstandingbebuiltbetweenthem,therebyfosteringsocialcohesionandharmony.Weasdecision-makershavethemoralresponsibilitytoofferyouththebuildingblockstocreateacommonfutureintheinterestofhumanity.Itwecanbuildtogetherandidentifyacommonpathforthefuture,wewillbeabletobetterappreciateone another and to live in peace and in harmony. EP

of development. This is how we developed our innovativeand unorthodox approach to micro-credit, replacing assets ascollateralbygroupsolidarity.WepursuedthispolicyconsistentlythroughoutAfrica,LatinAmericaandAsia.Thesettingupofmicro-creditclubssoonbecamethetriggerthatunleashedtheproductivity of smallholder farmers and rural dwellers. WeappliedthisapproachinparticularwiththeGrameenBankinBangladesh whose Director obtained a Nobel prize throughthesuccessoftheplanweputinplacetogether.Ourinitiativeheralded a new era of micro-credit worldwide and even indevelopedcountriesincludingtheUS.

Thesecondpositionthathasgivenmegreatsatisfactionisthatof Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on theadverseimpactofunilateralcoercivemeasures.ThelatterarethesanctionsthatindividualStatesorgroupsofStatesapplytotargetedStates,usuallybutnotalwaysdevelopingandweakercountries,withoutthesealoflegitimacyoftheSecurityCouncil.It was in this capacity, that I, together with my colleague,AristideNononsi,theIndependentExpertfortheSudan,wereabletonegotiatethroughquietdiplomacybetweentheSudanandtheUStheprogressiveliftingofsanctionswhichhadbeenimposedontheSudanforovertwodecades.Theywerefinallylifted in September 2017 after a year and a half of sustainedgoodofficesbyourtwomandates.Thisisthemeasureofwhatmandate-holderscanachievethroughfosteringgoodwillandnotjustbynamingandshamingconcernedStates.

3) You were the Special Rapporteur of the UN Human Rights Council on unilateral coercive measures. Could you be so kind to tell us what that’s all about. Do these measures have an impact, if yes what would that be? On 26 September 2014, the Human Rights Council adoptedresolution 27/21andCorr.1on human rights and unilateralcoercive measures. The resolution stresses that unilateralcoercivemeasuresandlegislationarecontrarytointernationallaw, international humanitarian law, the Charter and thenorms and principles governing peaceful relations amongStates,andhighlightsthatonlong-term,thesemeasuresmayresult insocialproblemsandraisehumanitarianconcerns inthe States targeted. Highlighting the deep-rooted problemsand grievances within the international system and in orderto ensure multilateralism, mutual respect and the peacefulsettlementofdisputes,theHumanRightsCouncildecidedtocreatethemandateoftheSpecialRapporteuronthenegativeimpact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment ofhumanrights.Atthe28thsessionoftheHumanRightsCouncil,IwasappointedbythelatterasthefirstSpecialRapporteuronthenegativeimpactoftheunilateralcoercivemeasuresontheenjoyment of human rights. I took office of this importantfunction on 1 May 2015 for a five-year mandate which wasrenewedinSeptember2017.

The adverse effects of international coercive measuresin general on the enjoyment of human rights of targetedpopulationshavebeenwidelydocumented.Thequestionariseswhetherextraterritorialsanctionsdisplayspecificfeatures,i.e.whethertheyarelikelytohavespecificadverseconsequences

onhumanrights,thatcanbedistinguishedfromthosearisingfromtheuseofsanctionsingeneral.Suchspecificeffectsflowfromextraterritorialsanctions,totheextentthattheyaffecttheability of the targeted country - and its population -, as wellasthatofthirdcountriesnotinvolvedinthedisputebetweensourceandtargetcountries,tointeractwiththeglobalbusinessandfinancialcommunity.Mostinternationalbusinesses,whilelegallynotsubjecttothejurisdictionofthetargetingState,willinpracticebeunwillingtoentertainanyeconomicrelationswithpartiesinthetargetedStatethatmightleadtotheir“violating”theprovisionsof theextraterritorial sanctionsregime—andthusmightjeopardizetheirabilitytopursuetheirownbusinessactivities in the targetingState.Thishas led to thedamagingpractice of over-compliance by trading partners of targetedcountries.Theresultisade factoblockadeofthetargetState,voluntarilycompliedwithbyeconomicactorsthatarenotevenlegally subject to the jurisdiction of the targeting State. ThedistinctadditionalimpactofextraterritorialsanctionsmayalsoberelatedtotheireffectsonthetargetedState’sabilitytogainaccess to internationalfinancial institutions, foreignfinancialmarketsandinternationalaid.

Extraterritorial application of unilateral sanctions may alsohave an adverse impact on the enjoyment of human rightsin third countries, which are not targeted directly, but arepreventedby theoperationof theextraterritorial foreign lawfromentertainingeconomicrelationswiththetargetcountry.

4) You are the Executive Director and founder of the Geneva Centre for Human Rights Advancement and Global Dialogue. How did you get the idea to set up this organization? TheGenevaCentrewasestablishedin2014byourChairmanHE Dr. Hanif Hassan Ali Al Qassim. The Centre was set-upwith the aim of promoting global dialogue and offering analternative narrative on issues related to the promotion andto the advancement of human rights in the Arab region.AnotherdrivingfactorbehindthedecisiontocreatetheCentreambition was to act as a platform for better understandingbetween a variety of stakeholders involved in the promotionandprotectionofhumanrights.TheCentre’svisionisthereforetobuildonsuchanunderstandingandtopromotetoleranceandmutualrespectamongpeoplesandregions.

5) What are the objectives and the mission of the organisation? TheGenevaCentreisathink-tankdedicatedtothepromotionof human rights through cross-cultural, religious and cross-civilizationdialoguebetweentheGlobalNorthandtheGlobalSouth, and through training of the upcoming generations ofstakeholders in the Arab region. The Centre works towards avalue-drivenhumanrightssystem,steeringclearofpoliticisationandbuildingbridgesbetweendifferentnarrativesthereonoftheGlobalNorthandof theGlobalSouth.Ourobjective is toactas a platform for dialogue between a variety of stakeholdersinvolved in the promotion and protection of human rights.The Centre advocates giving human rights due recognition ingovernancethroughouttheworldandaimstopromotemutualunderstandingandcooperativerelationsbetweenpeople.


D IVA - I N T E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M AT�� I N T E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M AT - D IVA ��

Dominique Bourg En matière d’environnement, le discours politique et son

action sont en train de nous faire mourir !

Christian DaViD (anCien réDaCteur en Chef un speCial)

Le Campus situé au sud de Lausanne est très étendu, il y règne une activité intense. J’ai rendez-vous avec le Professeur Dominique Bourg

qui me laisse seul dans son bureau pendant quelques minutes. J’ai ainsi l’opportunité de remarquer qu’il a disposé, sur ses rayonnages

de nombreux ouvrages qui traitent d’économie, d’anthropologie, d’écologie, de science et de philosophie.

Professeur expertsontchangé.Lapublicationen2009dulivredeTimJackson«Prospéritésanscroissance»,inspiréparunrapportdelacommissionbritanniquesurledéveloppementdurable,a marqué une rupture. Ce rapport souligne l’impossibilitédepoursuivreindéfinimentlacroissanceetdonnedespistespourorganiserunesociétéavecdesfluxd’énergieetdesfluxdematièresdécroissants.Jedoutefortqu’onpuisseresterau-dessousdelabarrede1,5°,sitantestquecesoitpossible,sansuneréductionabsoluedenotreconsommationénergétique.La population commence aussi à intégrer la notion dedécroissance.J’aiparticipérécemmentàuneémissionsurcethèmeàlaRTS.Ilyadeuxans,aborderunetellethématiqueétaitimpossible.

Les choses sont en train de tourner et il faudrait peut-êtreque lesgrandesorganisations internationalesarrêtentd’êtresoumisesauxgrandsgroupesetregardentlaréalitéenface.L’ONU est schizophrène, elle distille d’excellentes analysesmais continue de fonctionner sur son logiciel classique. Ilfaut vraiment changer ce paradigme qui est devenu uneidéologiepureetquinousmaintientsurunevoiedestructriceetdangereuse.

Votre approche réunit politique, économie, philosophie, science. Comment un philosophe devient-il environnementaliste, est-ce compatible ?Jelislalittératurescientifiquetouslesjours:sivousparcourezles50premièrespagesdes«Scénariosdeladurabilité»(quevous pouvez télécharger gratuitement), vous verrez qu’onne peut pas parler sérieusement d’environnement sans unedescription scientifiquement fondée. C’est à partir de cemomentqu’onpeutcommenceràphilosopher.

Au travers de votre expertise, distillée dans vos cursus et vos différentes activités passées, quel est votre constat sur la situation actuelle de notre planète ?Leconstatestdramatiqueetalarmantetceladevientvisiblepour la population. Ainsi, depuis 10 ans, le phénomènedes cyclones en Atlantique nord est devenu hors normesavecdesrafalesdeventsouventsupérieuresà300km/h.LecycloneOphéliaenoctobre2017estmontéjusqu’enEcosseet ensuite s’est dirigé vers la Norvège. Il n’y avait pas demodélisationdisponibleetiladisparuenpartiedesmodèlesmétéorologiques.Cen’était jamaisarrivéetpersonnenes’yattendait.

Il faut donc maintenant faire évoluer les capacités demodélisation et les faire remonter vers le Nord. Un autreexemple est la pluviométrie: pour le cyclone Florence,c’est complètement fou. L’empilement de nuages étaitspectaculaire.Harveyen2017avaitengendrédesinondationsextraordinaires. La même chose s’est produite en juilletdernierauJapon

Un cyclone, Zorba, a frappé la méditerranée et a atteint laGrèce,cequin’étaitjamaisarrivé;d’oùl’expressionnouvellede«médicane»pourcephénomène.Durantl’étéprécédent,laGrèceaconnudegigantesquesincendiesdeforêt.Leseffets

Dominique Bourg, professeur à la faculté des géoscienceset de l’environnement est une sommité mondiale dans sondomaine. Il est régulièrementconsultépar lesplusgrandesinstancespoursaconnaissanceetsonexpertise.

De quelle manière traitez-vous, dans vos cours, les questions environnementales ?La plupart des formations dans le monde abordent ledéveloppementdurabledansuneoptiqueliéeàunethéorieéconomiquemainstreamquinetientcomptequedutravailhumain et du capital comme facteurs de production, sansintégrer l’énergie, ni d’ailleurs les effets des productions etconsommationsurlesécosystèmes.Cen’estpasnotrecas.

L’article3alinéa5delaconventioncadresurleschangementsclimatiques(UNFCCC)associelacroissanceéconomiqueaudéveloppementdurableetstipulequ’ilfautéviterquelaluttecontre lechangementclimatiquen’entrave lecommerce.Ledéveloppement durable incite à la croissance. On a voulunous faire croire depuis 40 ans, que lorsque le PIB quiaugmente, on peut découpler, c’est-à-dire faire notammentbaisser la consommation d’énergie. C’est vrai par point dePIB–onparlededécouplagerelatif–,maisnonauregarddel’augmentationduPIB,dans l’absolu.Rienque l’andernier,les émissions mondiales de carbone ont cru de 2%. Laconsommation de pétrole continue d’augmenter et elle estpasséecesdernièresannéesde90à100millionsdebarilsjour.Ils’agitd’unevraiemenace.Eneffet,lepassageàl’extractionnon conventionnelle par fracturation des roches a un effetdévastateur.LacourbedeGaussquiétaitutiliséepourfigurerl’évolutiondel’exploitationd’unensembledepuitsdepétrolene fonctionnepasdans lecasde la fracturation.A l’échellemondiale,l’exploitationdesressourcesnonconventionnellespourraitsetarirbrutalement.

Les deux grands objectifs du développement durable sonttrès clairs: la diminution des problèmes d’environnementglobauxetlaréductiondesinégalitésentermesderichessesur Terre. Mais depuis 1987, date de cette définition(rapport Brundtland), les problèmes globaux ont explosé.Les écarts entre les plus riches et les moins riches se sontconsidérablement agrandis. Nous sommes parvenus à unratiode1à428d’écartentrelespayslespluspauvresetlesplusriches(exempleduQataretduZimbabwe).Nonseulementles deux objectifs du développement durable n’ont pas étéatteints,mais c’est l’inversequi s’estproduit.Unrapportdel’ONUpubliéen2016montrequedepuislesannées2000,lesfluxdematièrescroissentplusvitequelePIBmondial.Comment voulez-vous qu’un pizzaiolo cuise une pizza deplus en plus grande avec de moins en moins de pâte et degarniture!Seulunéconomistepeutycroire.

Notreformation(1)intègrelanotiondedurabilitéforte,cen’estpasuneformationdedéveloppementdurablemêmes’ilcomportedesaspectspositifs.Impossibledeparveniràquoiquecesoitsansplafonnerlesproductionetconsommation.D’autres formations conservent ce référencementinternational qui, selon nous, induit à l’erreur. Pourtant les


D IVA - I N T E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M AT��


del’incendieontétéaggravésparlespressionseuropéennes sur les finances publiquesgrecques:l’absenceduservicemétéorologiquearendulescanadairspeuefficaces,carignorantdu sens des vents, les pompiers étaient souséquipés. Enfin, les populations ne pouvaientpas rejoindre la mer pour se réfugier carl’accèsàlamerestgrillagé.Cetépisodeestuncondensédenéolibéralisme.Ilestclairqueleréchauffementclimatiquemultiplielaforcedecesévènements.Lacaniculea étéobservée l’étédernier sur laquasi-totalitédel’hémisphèrenord.Celan’étaitjamaisarrivé.Lescaniculesantérieurescomme2003àl’ouestdel’Europe,2010enRussie,ouen 2007 sur une partie de l’Australie, avaienttoujours été conscrites géographiquement.Des records de température, sans précédentshistoriques, apparaissent désormais. LesincendiesdeforêtssemultiplientenCalifornieenhiver,enSuède.

Ce discours international mainstream devient doncinsupportable car il est complètement décalé par rapport àtoutcequ’onvoitetàtoutcequ’onsait.Ainsi aux États-Unis, le coût des catastrophesnaturelles(incendies, inondations, vagues de chaleur,sécheresse et cyclones) s’élevait à 3 milliards de dollarspendant ladécennie80.Onpasseà20milliardsdedollarsdurant la première décennie du siècle et 40 milliards dedollarspendantlapremièremoitiédeladeuxièmedécenniedusiècle.L’andernieravecHarveyonatteint200milliardsdedollars.(2)

Laquestionqu’onseposeest:maisqu’est-cequ’onattend,lediscoursetsurtout l’actionpolitiquessontentraindenousfairemourir!

Ce que j’apprécie dans le rapport du GIEC 1,5 ° c’est quetout est documenté et consultable à la fois par les citoyenset par ceux qui les gouvernent. D’ailleurs, rien n’empêchedormaislapopulationd’intenterdesprocèsàsesdirigeantspuisqu’ils ne pourront pas arguer qu’ils n’étaient pasinformésetcelaacommencéauxPaysBas.Lespopulationscommencentàcomprendre: lesmanifestationsàParis,SanFrancisco,rassemblentdesdizainesdemilliersdepersonnes(150’000 le 8 septembre en France), ce qui n’était jamaisarrivé. Ces manifestants n’étaient pas, pour la plupart, desécologistesetn’avaientpasl’habitudedemanifester.Ils’agitd’un bouleversement profond car jusqu’à maintenant, lespopulationsnepercevaientpaslechangementclimatiqueetne comprenaient pas comment il pourrait bouleverser leurenvironnement:c’estfini.

Votre analyse est-elle partagée, contestée et quels sont les arguments de cette contestation ?Cette analyse est partagée par énormément d’experts. Les«économistesmainstream»,lesprochesdesmilieuxd’affaire,

lesclimatosceptiques,nesontévidemmentpasd’accordmaisils n’avancent pas d’arguments scientifiques, mais plutôttechniques,aumieux.

Lascienceproduitdesénoncésvalides,latechniqueproduitdesobjets.Unénoncéscientifiqueest leplusvraisemblablepossibleoufaux.Unobjetestutile,inutile,beau,laid,chaud,etc…

Les perspectives d’évolution technique du genre humainportées par le transhumanisme me paraissent à la foisillusoires, partielles et dangereuses. On ne peut attendredes techniques qu’elles dissolvent magiquement toutes lesdifficultés. Leur présentation néolibérale et individualisterelève d’ailleurs d’un fétichisme grotesque. On fait parexemple comme si le champion du monde du jeu de Goavaitétébattuparunordinateur;enignorantquecederniera emmagasiné les connaissances de milliers de chercheurs,l’inventiondesymbolesetd’écrituressanslesquelsiln’yauraitpas de mathématiques, etc. L’intelligence artificielle n’estpasenelle-mêmeintelligente.Elleprolongeetassistenotreintelligence collective. Cet argumentaire et imaginaire esttechno-marchand,ilfautfairedel’argentavecdestechniquesquiserontvendues,leprofitseraimmédiatmaislavisiondulongtermeesttotalementabsente.

L’industriedespesticides,quantàelle,aimposéaumondedesprotocolesrigidesetpécuniairementcouteuxd’évaluationdesesmolécules,aunomdesquelselleprétenddélégitimerlesévaluationsde lasphèrepublique.C’estuncomble!Désolépour eux, ces gens ne font pas de science mais produisentdes objets dont ils ne devraient pas évaluer eux-mêmesla dangerosité, étant juges et parties. La confusion qu’asuscitéelenéolibéralismeambiantesteffrayante.Quandunlaboratoiresortuneétudevraimentscientifique,ellen’estpasacceptéecarellen’apassuiviceprotocole«standard»!Parconséquent,onnesortpas,parexemple,duprincipedose=poison,alorsquelanocivitéd’unperturbateurendocrinienn’estpasdirectementcorréléeàladose.Certainessubstancessont en effet plus destructives à faible concentration. Les

Carte météorologique de l ’ouragan Ophélia

protocoles ne correspondent pas aux arcanes de la nature.Lemaïs860, testésurdesratsmâleset femellesfaitgrossirlesunsetmaigrirlesautres,Monsantoafaitlamoyennedesdeux!L’industriea imposécettemanièrede fonctionneretempoisonneair,eauetsols.Enoutreelleoffreunerésiliencetrès faible au changement climatique, à la différence del’agroécologie.

Cependant, il n’y a pas d’humanité sans technique. Latechnique est un intermédiaire entre nous et les autres etentrenouset lemonde.Elleest constituéedematériauxetd’énergie.Oncommenceàpouvoirexploiterunsiteminiersanspétrole,etilfaudras’enpasserplustardpourconstruiredes barrages ou des panneaux photovoltaïques et autreséoliennes.Maisl’énergieglobaledontnousdisposeronsalorsdiminuerafortement.

La population est-elle capable de comprendre ?Une partie de la population est tirée vers le bas par desémissions de télévision vulgaires et surtout des nichesinformationnelles numériques. Il est ainsi difficile demobiliser les gens sur ces questions, même si la donnechangecommenousl’avonsévoquéprécédemment.Sivousessayez de leur faire prendre conscience, que toute actionéconomiqueettoutachatlaissentuneempreintecarboneetque par exemple, un voyage en avion à Barcelone pour 20CHFestuneineptie,vousrisquezd’êtreinjuriécopieusement,etjesaisdequoijeparle!Lesélitesdeleurcôtésontaumieuxindifférentesetaupirecyniquesetsontsouventprêtesàtoutpour maintenir leurs intérêts. Ainsi, Nicolas Hulot voulaitquitter le gouvernement français, depuis mai dernier carilnepouvaitpasagir,ona réussi à l’amadouer.Quand il adémissionnéendirectpendantuneémissionderadio,ilnesavaitprobablementpasqu’ilallaitlefaireavantd’entrerdanslestudio.

Quel pourrait et quel devrait être le rôle d’institutions européennes et mondiales comme l’ONU et comment faire pour que leurs recommandations et leurs actions aboutissent en la matière ?J’aimerais bien quel’ONU suive lesrecommandationsdesesexpertsetpasles grands groupeselle pourrait aussis’interroger surla compatibilitédes ODD entreeux et avec lespréconisations duGIEC. Le rapport

1.5°duGIECnousdonnelecheminpourlesdixansàvenir.Ilapportedesréférencesclairessivousmontezà1.6°Cou,à1.7,voilàcequirisquedeseproduire,cequi,entreparenthèses,estuneopportunitésupplémentairepourlesfuturesactionsenjustice.Jepensequenouspouvonsfaireunepartieducheminsansquecelanenousfassechangerdesystème.Unefoiscetteétapefranchie,lesmentalitésetlesouverturesserontdifférentes,nouspourronsalorscommenceràmonterla marche suivante. Je ne comprends pas qu’on ne le fassepascarcettepremièrephaseestcréatriced’emploisetferaitaugmenterlePIB.Le Secrétaire général M. Guterres a pris la mesure dela situation et a fixé le délai à deux ans pour changer detrajectoire.Le Directeur de l’ONU à Genève a déclaré récemment,en s’adressant à la société civile, «si vous laissez la miseen œuvre des ODD aux gouvernements, on ne va pas yarriver»Il a raison, lamiseenœuvredesaccordsdeParis s’éloignedejourenjour,alorsmêmequ’ilsnousconduisentàplusde3°!Jevouslaisselesoindefairelecomptedespaysdontlapopulationnesaitriensurlechangementclimatiqueouquisont soit climatosceptiques, soit populistes, et souvent lesdeux.

(1) Un MOOC (cours en ligne) sur l’écologie politique, estUnMOOC(coursenligne)surl’écologiepolitique,estdispenséparlePr.Bourg:https://www.coursera.org/learn/ecologie-politique

(2) Sur les 7200 principales catastrophes de ces 20 dernièresSurles7200principalescatastrophesdeces20dernièresannées,91%sontd’origineclimatique(AFP)

Une vue de l ’ouragan Florence depuis la station spatiale internationale, Photo ESA/NASA



InearlyJunethisyear,FrancescoPisano,theDirectoroftheUnitedNationsLibraryinvitedMrVintonG. Cerf, the vice president andchiefinternetpromoterofGoogleto give a lecture during his visittoGeneva.Widelyknownasoneof the “Fathers of the Internet”,Mr Cerf is the co-designer ofthe TCP/IP protocols and thearchitecture of the Internet. Hehasservedinexecutivepositionsat MCI, the Corporation forNationalResearchInitiativesandthe Defense Advanced ResearchProjects Agency and on thefaculty of Stanford University.Mr Cerf is an active péromoterand contributes to global policydevelopment and continuedspreadoftheInternet.Whatmostpeoplemightnotknowisthatheisalsoa fanof librariesandveryconcernedabouthowwecanpreservedocumentsandarchivesinthisnumericage.Wehadachance tomeetwithhim,andnowwewill leave thefloortoMrCerf…

Q: Mr. Cerf, could you tell us a little about yourself?Ihavebeeninterestedinscience,mathematicsandcomputersfora longtime.WhenIwas10yearsoldIgotachemistryset andworked throughallkindsof experiments.Weevenmadenitroglycerin,whichwasstupid,butwediditanyway.Fortunately we did not blow anything up. I got fascinatedbymathematics. I enjoyeddoingalgebrawhen Iwas in5thgrade,becauseIgotmoreofthestuff.IwasalsofascinatedbyScientific American,althoughIcouldnotunderstanditatthedepthIneededto.Iwasalsointerestedinmechanicalthings.I used to take apart the vacuum cleaner and the washingmachine then put them back together again. There wasalwaysascrewleftover,whichtaughtmeaboutredundancy,butitseemedtowork,sothatwasOK.

I was introduced to my first computer in 1958. It wastube-based machine, called Semi-Automated Ground

Environment (SAGE). It wastaking data from the distantearlywarningradarsinCanada,transmitting them overtelephonelinestoSantaMonicain California, and analyzingthem, figuring out whether theRussians were flying over thepole. We wanted to make surethatitcoulddistinguishbetweenCanadian geese flying over thepole or Russian bombers. I gotfascinatedbythat.In 1960 my best friend gotaccess to a computer at UCLAwhile we were still in a highschool. We were in the SanFernando Valley. So, I startedworking with computers in1960 when I was 17 years old.I had jobs with a companycalledNorthAmericanAviation

doingsoftwareprogramminginthesummer.I tookclassesin computer science and mathematics at Stanford as anundergraduateandwenttoworkforIBMin1965runningacommercialtimesharingsystemforthem.Itwasintheveryearlydaysofcommercialservices.IwentbacktoschoolforaPhDandenrolledatUCLA,asIrealizedthatIneededtoknow more about computing, programming and operatingsystem design etc. Although I started my training as amathematician,IdiscoveredthatI’mreallyanengineer,asinproblemresolutions,andIliketobuildthingsthatwork.WhileIwasagraduatestudentasUCLA,Ididafairlysubstantialdissertationonanabstracttopic,SchedulingMultiprocessingSystems.MostofmyworkingtimewasontheArkanetprojectlater,so,Istillconsidermyselfasprimarilyinengineeringnotatheoretician.ThetheoryunderlieswhateverI’mdoing,butthisisforunderstandingwhyitshouldwork.Butit’smakingitworkthatistheimportantpart,it’sgettingitoutthere,andgetting people to use it that are the most important thingsforme.

Q: How do you get the ideas?Remember,engineeringthrivesonproblemsthatpeopledraw

Interview with

Chief Internet Evangelist and VP of Google

Vint Cerfe

yourattentionto.So,inthecaseoftheInternet,BobKahn,mypartner inthisdesign,wastheonewhorecognizedtheneedforopennetworkingwithmultiplenetworks,andthatitwouldwork.Heistheonewhoconceivedthatidea.Sincehisbackgroundwasnotinsoftwareoroperatingsystems,hegotintouchwithmewhenIwasatStanford,saying,“Hereisthisproblem.Canweworktogethertosolveit?”Wediditinaboutsixmonthsandwroteapaperaboutitandpublishedit in 1974, describing what the Internet protocols were,andhow itwouldwork. Ihadagraduate student’s teamatStamforddoingthedetaildesignoftheTCP/IPprotocols.ByDecember 1974 we had published the first complete speckof the TCP protocol, and then we started implementing itin 1975. It was an international effort, so, we should keepinmindthatitwasnotexclusivelyanAmericanactivity.In1974,whenIwasatStanford,IhadresearchersfromJapan,Norway, France and colleagues from the U.K., and theneventuallyGermanyandItaly.Wewereallpartofthisprojectsoitwasveryinternationalincharacter,eventhoughitwasdriven by the US Defense Department, and the DefenseMinistryintheUKwasalsoverymuchpartofit.By1975,weweredoingthreeseparateindependentimplementations.TwointheU.S.andoneintheU.K..Thenwediscoveredthemistakes, the protocol errors and so on, so, four times weiteratedthedesignoftheprotocol.Theforthversionistheoneyouusenow.Itwasessentiallydonein1978.ByJanuary1983,wehadimplementedtheprotocolinabout30differentoperativesystems.WetoldeverybodythatitwaseitherthroughtheArpanetortheothernetworksthattheyhadtoimplementTCP/IPprotocolsbyJanuary1983orthey

wereoffthenet.So,everybodydidit.In1983weturnedtheInterneton.Wehadthreenetworksworking,andsincethentheInternethasbeenonwiththesethreenetworks.Of course, since then, a number of institutions havebeen created to promote the Internet and to continue thestandardization,whileotherorganizationshavebeenworkingonplanetaryextensionswhicharenotTCP/IPprotocols,andwehavehadtoinventanewsetofprotocols.Eventhatwasinspiredbyproblemsthatwecananticipate.Whathappensif we need networking in every space? We knew we weregoingtoneedit.Weknewthatwewouldneeditnotonlyforexploration,butweimaginedwhatmighthappen100yearsfromnowifweactuallyhadpeopleontheMoonorMars,ororbitinginthespaceinlong-termfacilities.Howwouldtheycommunicatewitheachother,andwhatwouldthatlooklike?So,wedidthedesignoftheprotocolsonthesepresumptionsthattherewouldbeagrowingpopulationofpeopleandspacecraftneededtocommunicatelocallyandbacktoearth.

Q: Today we are in 2018. How do you see the future?Firstofall,thereisnodoubtinmymindthatcommunicationislikelytobethroughtheInternet–butitcouldbesomethingnew–andwillbeeverywhere.Today,Wi-Fiiseverywhere.Even in this building Wi-Fi is everywhere, so, networkingisassumedtobethenormtoday.Andwewillbesurprisedwhenitisnotavailable,whenit’snotofgoodquality.That’stheonethingforsure.Second thing, there will be billions of devices that will beprogrammableandabletocommunicateusingtheInternet.We are seeing examples of that, and they will create a lot


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UN

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of headaches, whether it’s bugs in thesoftwareorotherproblems.Eventually,weturn to computers and networks withouteven thinking that it’s a computer. ThinkaboutGoogleHome,Alexia.Yousee, theydo not look like computers; they do nothave keyboards, but they are somethingyou interact with orally. Eventually thoseassistantsatGooglewillbeabletointeractwith them just like you and I right now,having a conversation or commanding, orwemightbeabletocommunicateinanotherwaywiththesedevices.Youshouldbeabletosendanemailtoyourassistantorcallheronthephoneanddictatesomething.Allthosemodalitiesthatweuseinworkingwithpeoplewillalsoworkforcomputers.Ithinkthatisagoalthatmanyofushaveforfindingawaytomakecomputersaseasilydealtwithaspeopleare.

Q: It’s very interesting, but what will happen to the human beings?Well,anumberofthings.Thetrendsarealreadyclear.Firstof all, we will be instruments ourselves, more thoroughly.Forexamplewe’llhavedevicesinourbodytrackingstateofhealthregularly,gatheringdata,analyzingthemandpossiblyaggregatingthem.Wecandetectforexamplethebeginningofanepidemicofsomekind.Ithinkalsowe’llbepersonalizingourselves, so, we’ll analyze a person’s metabolism and willbeabletotellwhat isnot functioningwell,andevenknowwhat could be done. So, gathering data about ourselvesI thinkwouldbequitenormal, and tobeexpected. Ihopeitwill improveour stateofhealthasa result.ThemachinelanguagetranslationisfunctioningsowellthatwecouldhaveaconversationwhereIspeakEnglishandyouspeakFrenchandgetittranslatedinrealtime.I saw a Chinese-English translation device when I was inShanghairecently. IwouldspeakEnglish,andthemachinetranslateditintoChinese,andtheyalsohadapersonspeakingChinese,andthemachinetranslateditintoEnglish.Wediditlive,infrontofpeoplewherenoneofushadpracticedthephrases.Itactuallyworkedverywell.

Q: People say about artificial intelligence that the machines will become so powerful that they will take over. What do you think about this?Iknowthesescaryargumentsthatmachinescanworkbetterthat we can, that they will get better with everything, andthe machines will replace us. I’m not of that persuasion. Ithink that with these tools we will get better and better atimprovingourabilitiesandmakinguseofthetools:gettingworkdonemorequickly,makingbetterdecisions,analyzingthingsmorethoroughly.Iseethisasatool-buildingexercise,notasathreat.

Itistruethatjobswillgoaway,butnewjobswillbecreated.The challenge is: how do we reskill people whose jobs aretakenaway?Weneedtoencouragepeoplewillingtodothat,

andthisisthereasonwhykidsshouldbetaughtnewthings.Thus, when their jobs end, they are capable of learningsomethingnew.

Q: You are very inspiring person to listen to. What is the main message for the future generation?Well,Ihaveseveralthings.Firstofall,whenyouareyoungit’sOKtotakerisk.Sodon’tbetoocautious.Youcanalwaysrecoverfrombusinessfailureorsomethinglikethat.Second,I would say, learn how to think critically and analytically.It’s very useful. Third, I would say that you really need toexpressyourideasarticulatelytootherpeopleifyouwanttoaccomplish anything big. So, you have to learn how to sellyourideastopeople.Ihave learnedthatmorethanonce.IguessIwouldencouragethemtowritesoftwarejustbecausethecriticalthinkingthatgoesintowritingsoftwareisagoodexercise.I would say that patience and persistence are two veryimportant things if you would like to get significant workdone. Sometimes it takes a long time for some changes totakeplace,soit’simportantnottogiveup.

Q: And finally, for the diplomatic community in Geneva, what would you say for them? What kind of advice would you give to these people?Well I would say that the Internet and the various devicesaregoingtobepartofdaily lifewhetheryoulike itornot.Secondly,internationalimplicationsofthesedeviceswillbeexported across national boundaries, so, we need to agreehow we do law enforcement under those circumstances.Interpolisanexampleofthis.Weallhavetoagreethatthereareabusesthattakeplaceinthenetwork,andwemightagreecollectivelythattheabusesareunacceptableandrejectthatkindofbehavior.So,Ithinkpeopleshouldgrowupunafraidof the Internet but see it as atool for connecting with otherpeople, for pursuing objectivesthatcanbeaccomplishedwithintheenvironment,tomakeuseofitandtoaddtotheInternet.

MF

When Maestro Makarenko was appointed as UNESCOArtist for Peace it was “in recognition of his commitmentto promote music as a vehicle for dialogue and mutualunderstandingamongpeople,hiscontributiontopeaceandtolerance, notably through the performances of the Kyiv-Classic Orchestra, and his profound commitment to theidealsandaimsoftheOrganization[UNESCO]”.We had a chance to meet with him during the MaqomArt International Forum, in Shakhrisabz, Uzbekistan, inSeptemberthisyear,andwewerecurioustolearnmoreabouthimandhisart.So,nowwewill leavethefloortoMaestroMakarenko.

Q:Mestrocouldyoutellusalittlewhoyouare?MynameisHermanMakarenko,andI’maUNESCOArtistfor Peace, an ambassador at large of Ukrainian culture,a conductor of the National Opera of Ukraine, the artisticdirector and chief conductor of Kiev Classic Orchestra,a doctor and a professor. I teach l music at the NationalAcademyofKiev,Ukraine.

Q: Where does your interest in music in general comefrom?Iwasbornintoamusicalfamily.Myfatherwasaleadoperasinger,atenor,andmymotherwasaballerina,so,sincemyearlyyearsIhavebeenacquaintedwithopera,operettasandballet.

Evenmynamecomesfromanopera,thankstomyfatherandhisfavouriterole.Myfathersangthegreattenorrolesinmanyof thewellknownoperassuchasLenski inEugene Ogenin,Cavaradossi, inToscaand inHermaninTchaikovsky’sThe Queen of Spades.This lastwasoneofmy father’spreferredroles.WhenIwasborn,inUkraine,myfatherwasontour,performing in other cities in the former Soviet Union. Mymotherandgrand-mothersenthimatelegramsaying:“Ourcongratulations.Asonhasbeenborn.Whatshouldwenamehim? Nicolas, Michael...” Father replied “Congratulations!His name can only be Herman.” So, thanks to Father, toopera,tomusic,Ihavemynameandmylife.I was born almost backstage at the opera. My mothercontinuedtoperformonstageuntilthesixthmonthofherpregnancy. She told me about it when I grew older. I waslivingwithmyparents,andwewentonmanyconcerttripstogether.OnecouldsaythatIalmostlivedinoperahouses,inGeorgia,Belorussia,Ukraine.Inotherwords,Iwasbornintotheworldofoperaticmusic,andIdreamtonlyaboutoperatheatreswhenIwasa littleboy. In thebeginning, I startedto play the piano and dreamt about performing togetherwith opera singers. I did not know that I could become aconductor. For me conductors were celestial beings sittinginthesky,lookingdownontheorchestra,comingdowntoconducttheorchestra,andoncetheperformancewasover,returningthesky.Ithoughtthattheywerecitizensofanotherworld!

Interview with Kyiv Classic Orchestra, Ukrainian conductor

Maestro Herman MakarenkoWorld famous orchestra conductor, UNESCO Artist for Peace

i n t e r n a t i o n a l c u l t u r e


titlefromIrinaBukovina.Itisnotonlyamatterofatitle,butof prestige. I need to fulfil my obligations The goals of theorganisationarepeace,goodness,understanding,tolerance.These are very important in our modern world. In thetwenty-first century, we struggle to understand each other.We need to understand each other, to respect each othersothatwecanlivetogether,andthisistheonlywayforthefutureofhumankind.Maybesomepeopledounderstandit,maybeothersdon’t,butweknowthatwecan live inpeaceonlybyunderstandingeachother. In this case, culture is averyimportantinstrumentforunderstanding–asortofsoftpowerbetweencountries.Irespectpoliticians,diplomatsetc.,butculturetodayisthemostimportantelementtome.Cultureandmusicareinmyopinionthelanguagesthatleastneedatranslator;theyareindependentofrace,colour,region,gender, age, politics. I can understand because three timeswehavecelebratedtheanniversariesoftheUnitedNations,60,65and70,andweplayedthemusicofallthecontinents.WhenIreceivedthetitleofUNESCOArtistforPeace,Iledthe Chamber Orchestra in the UNESCO headquarters inParis,andweplayedmusicfromdifferentcontinents.In June this year, we did the same, and then some peoplecame to see me telling me that they remembered our lastperformance. It went very well. We presented music from

Australia,NorthAmerica,Africa,OceaniaandofcourseEurope.Yousee, theculturesofdifferentcountries are so different, but the difference isso nice, it is beauty. Every country has its ownbeauty. It’s like flowers. A rose is beautiful, butoneflowerisnotbetterthananyother.Theyaredifferenttypesofbeauty.

Q: Why did you accept to come here toUzbekistantoattendthisforum?Weknowthatmusicisthespiritofpeople.TheysaythatMaqamismusicofthespirit,andthanksto Maqam we can know and open ourselves tothe spirit of Uzbekistan and their people. Thisspiritisinmyopinionsobeautiful,sorich,andthisinternationalforumofMaqamartisagreatevent inculturenotonly forUzbekistanbut forthe culture of the entire world. Guests from 70countries,fromdifferentcontinentsoftheworldhave said that this is a forum of friendship andforumofpeace.

Q: Finally, do you have a message for ourreaders?Iwouldliketosaythatthemostimportantthingin modern life is peace. I would like to ask alltheworld’sdiplomats todoeverythingtheycanfor peace. It is very important because we havechildren, grandchildren. We have to let themgrow, and one instrument for guiding them astheygrowismusic.

EP

Editor’s note

UNESCO Artists for Peace are internationally-renowned personalities who use their influence, charisma and prestige to help promote UNESCO’s message and programmes. UNESCO works with these distinguished personalities to heighten the public’s awareness of key development issues and inform it of the Organization’s action is in these fields.

As well as performing all over the world, Mr Makarenko has published important works including a monograph on Music and Philosophy: Schopenhauer, Wagner, Nietzsche and another, The Conductor’s Creative Work: The Dimensions of Aesthetics and Art History, as well as a manual for higher education students.

As a promoter of cultural diversity, Mr. Makarenko’s musical repertoire spans folklore and classical works from North and Latin America, Asia and the Pacific, as well as those of Europe and his own region.

Inthenationalmusicconservatory,IlearnedthatI could study to become a conductor. After mystudies,IbegantoworkintheNationalOperaofUkraine.Thatwasin1987,andsincethenIhavebeen working and conducting at the NationalOperaofUkraine. [Maestro is a humble man so let us brieflymention that Maestro Herman MakarenkoattendedtheMykolaLysenkoMusicSchoolandthe Tchaikovsky Kyiv State Conservatory wherehestudiedpiano.Bytheageof29hewasalreadya prize winner in a Soviet young performerscompetition.]After I finished the National Music academy in1990Ibegantoteachthere.

Q:Mostpeopleincludingmyselfwonderwhatonefeelswhenyouconductinganorchestra.Ever since the very beginning I have felt like aman from space without gravitation. I swim intheair,infeelingsandemotions.It’smypersonalimpression. I have written scholarly papers. IntheformerSovietUnion,wehadtodoadoctoraldissertation, and before that, we had a PhDcandidate dissertation. My first dissertation wasinphilosophy,on irrationalism in thequestionsof irrestatic music in the nineteenth century. Itis Schopenhauer, of course, classical GermanphilosophyandpriortoGermanphilosophy.Afterthatone,therewasthedoctoraldissertation,whichmade me a doctor of philosophy, and I’m alsoa doctor of musicology. My second dissertationwasaboutthecreationofconductinginamulti-integrationversion–notonlymuseology,inarts, inethics,butinalldifferentfields.Itinvolvedalotreadingandwork–dissertations,articles,monographsetc.IntheendIsaidtomyself,“HowcanIsayitsimply, insimplesentencesaboutconducting?”Therefore,Icameupwiththefollowing.Whatisconducting?Yougotothepodiumandyouhavetoputfire intothespirit intheorchestra,andtoswitchonthemusicians.Withthephilharmonicorchestra,Iswitchonalltheparticipants.Afterthiswehaveaveryhightemperature.Thiswecanputintothehandsofthepublic,thusswitchingonthepublic.Afterallthis,it’slikeanuclearexplosionandwegetalotofapplause.Yousee,todaythepubliccomestolisten.Todaywehaveaveryhightechnicallevel,andwecantuneintogoogleoryoutubetohearanyinterpretationofanypieceor performance. But people buy tickets and go to listen tothe philharmonic, to the opera house, because they wouldlike toexperience freshemotions.Theconductormustputtheseemotions,thisfire,intotheorchestra,alltogether,anditisonlythen,whenwearealltogether,thatwecangiveittothepublic.

Q: Where do you get the inspiration from to create thiskindoffire?It’s a very interesting question and a very difficult one toanswer because it’s very important that artists have silence

andpeacefulsurroundings.Then,I feel thattherearegoodfeelings inside my head. Nine years ago, I received a giftfromGod,mytwins,sonanddaughter,sorightnowit’sverydifficult tobealoneandget the silence.But life is life, andI try to find inspiration in the contact with my wife, withmy children. Right now, here in Uzbekistan, Scarcizhabs, Ienjoywalking.So,nowIwalkbetween40minutestoanhour.Therefore,Iambornandrebornduringmywalking.Moreimportantisournervoussystem.Ihavetoldmywifethat being a conductor is really a dangerous job. Why?Simply because it’s all about emotions. When you want togiveemotionstothepublic,youshareyours,butyoucannotshareitall.IfIhave,let’ssay,anemotionrankingatthetopof a scale of 100, the public will perhaps receive 50 or 60.Wehavealotofemotionseverytime,so,weneedtobe“re-born”andtoreconstructournervoussystem.Letmeexplain.Iwillbeleavinghereon10SeptemberasIwillconducttheKievOrchestraandthenIwillstarttorehearseforthenextperformance.Duringtheseason,it’sverydifficult,butlifeislife.

Q:YouareaUNESCOArtistforPeace.Whydidyouacceptthisposition?UNESCOArtist forPeace is the titlegivenby theDirectorGeneralofUNESCO.Ihavehadthehonourofreceivingthis

c u l t u r e c u l t u r e


It is not every day that one has the chance to run into theMinister of Culture in person, without knowing who he is,andbegrantedanexclusiveinterview.Thiswashowwemetthis gracious, friendly man, who is not only the Minister ofCulturebutalsoamanofgreatpersonalculture.WehadthepossibilityofmeetingwithhiminthenewlyopenedmuseumofShakheiabz,inUzbekistan.Themuseumisapuremarvel,dedicatedtotheMaqomart,thetraditionalmusicthatonefindsinmanyofthecentralAsiancountries,anditsconstructionisoneofHisExcellency’smostrecentachievements.

Uzbekistan recently organized the world’s first MaqomartInternationalForum,attheinitiativePresidentofUzbekistan,ShavkatMiromonovichMirziyoyevand.Itwasatremendoussuccess,nationally,regionallyandinternationally,withmorethan70countriesrepresented.

Q: You, personally, and your country overall, have a very rich culture. How do you, as Minister of Culture, manage to keep alive and cultivate this spirit of Uzbek culture at the practical level? President Shavkat Miromonovich Mirziyoyev pays specialattentiontothedevelopmentofcultureandart,sowehavehisunwaveringsupport.TheMaqomartInternationalForum,forexample,washisidea.Overthepastyearandahalf,some20 resolutions, emanating from both the president and thecabinetoftheRepublic’scultureminister,havebeenadopted,andtheyarecurrentlybeingimplemented.

Inparticular,thesalariesofpeopleactiveincultureandartwere raised. The activity of the state philharmonic societywas restored. Further, a ten-year program was set up tostrengthen thematerialand technicalbaseof therepublic’smuseumsandtheaters(thereare37ofthem).

Interview with

Bakhtiyor SayfullaevUzbekistan Minister of Culture

Q: Did this involve an increase in the budget for the cultural sector?Yes, an impressive amount is being invested in developingthis sector. The president will soon sign a decree on thestrengtheningofthematerialandtechnicalbasefortheculturalinstitutions.Also,aresolutionwasadoptedonstrengtheninganddevelopmentofcircusartintheRepublic.Itshouldbenoted that this year there is an additional innovation foruniversitiesofcreativeorientation. Inanumberofcreativeareas,traditionaltestswerereplacedbycreativeexams.

InTashkent, thecenterof theUzbekmaqam(instrumentalmusic and singing) is being built. To develop the art ofmaqaminthemusicschoolsoftheRepublic,whichnumberover300,specialistmaqamstudyandtrainingprogramshavebeensetup.

Q: Now that the economy is booming, one wonders what you are doing to encourage people to stay in these traditional activities, where the salaries might be less attractive than elsewhere?The state pays great attention to preserving the materialand cultural values of the Republic. We have 7,474 objectsdesignated as belonging to our cultural heritage in theRepublic.Forexample, inthecityofShakhrisabz,therearesome 20 cultural heritage objects. In late September, therewillbeaninternationaldancefestivalinthecityofKhiva.

Q: How many festivals do you organize per year?Alotoffestivalsareheldeveryyear.Everymonththereareseveralfestivals.

Q: Could you tell us more about this maqam museum? Themuseumopenedyesterday.ThePresidentcameupwith

this idea to open the maqam museum here and to openthe Maqam center in Tashkent. We will constantly updatethe collection and acquire more old instruments and doexhibits.

Q: What about the visual arts, painting or sculpture? I haven’t: What about the visual arts, painting or sculpture? I haven’tWhat about the visual arts, painting or sculpture? I haven’t about the visual arts, painting or sculpture? I haven’tabout the visual arts, painting or sculpture? I haven’t the visual arts, painting or sculpture? I haven’tthe visual arts, painting or sculpture? I haven’t visual arts, painting or sculpture? I haven’tvisual arts, painting or sculpture? I haven’t arts, painting or sculpture? I haven’tarts, painting or sculpture? I haven’t, painting or sculpture? I haven’tpainting or sculpture? I haven’t or sculpture? I haven’tor sculpture? I haven’t sculpture? I haven’tsculpture? I haven’t? I haven’tI haven’t see much of this kind of art. Forartists,thereisaseparateinstitute,theAcademyofArtsinTashkent.ThisisnotpartoftheMinistryofCulturebuta separate entity, dealing only with these areas. One of themostfamousmuseumsistheSavitskyStateMuseumofArtinNukus.

Under the leadership of the new president, weare moving to the international level. We havean agreement with the Louvre Museum. In 2021weplantoopenanexhibitionthere.Thedirectorof the Louvre museum will soon arrive here todiscussallthisfurther.

IntheBritishMuseumwewillbegivenaplaceforapermanentexhibition.WearegivingtotheBritishMuseumouroldtraditionalcostumes,andwewillhaveaspecialplacededicatedtoourhistory.

Q: Finally, your Excellency, what is your vision for the culture of Uzbekistan? Wearedevelopingandwillcontinuetodevelopit,preserving our cultural heritage. As you can see,we are not standing still. Our President recently

openedtheborderstoourneighboringcountries,andpeoplecannoweasilyvisit them.Thestandardof livingofpeopleasawhole is risingand improving.Peoplehavehope forabrighterfutureowingtothepoliciesofthepresidentofourRepublic.Andaveryimportantpointisthatallourcitiesareverysafeplacestolive.

The main principle of our president is: everything for thepeople.AsaministerIhavetothinkfirstandforemostabouthow this can benefit our people. They are at the center ofourattention thewhole time.Theirwell-being isourmainconcern. MF



WheneverIstartadiscussiononAfrica,inUkraine,inmostof the cases I come across dogmas, myths and stereotypes.Deadly diseases like AIDS, Ebola, Malaria and pictures ofextremepovertycomeintothemindatfirst.Patheticstoriesof drowning immigrants close to the European shores andpictures of malnourished children on television screenscertainlydonotaddappetitetoexplore the region any closer.Moreover,thecontinentistoofarfromhometerritoryandisquite unknown, still hiddenbehind dark mysteriouslegends.

For centuries, we have beenfed by media, which hasgenerallyshownAfricaindarkshades. From childhood, weare brought up by the storieswhere ‘the good’ fights ‘theevil’ and good always turnsout to be the winner. If youobservecarefully,youwillseein popular cartoons we raisechildren with character traits,like “Lion King”, “Bamby”,“Nu pogodi”, the evils andthe villains are depicted indistinctive dark colors. Inclassic ballet “Swan Lake” wesee evil Odile clad in a blackattireamongthe‘’snowwhitegoodones’’.Thecolourblackisstillwaitingitsturntobeglorifiedsomeday!

The recent history of Africa is marred with colonialism,apartheid, slavery, ethnic conflicts, genocides and thecontinenthavehadveryfewopportunitiestobeglorifiedinfrontoftheworld.Itdoesnotmean,thattheworlddidnotknow about Africa. Western Europe smelled the wealth ofthose regionsandreached thoseborderscenturiesagoandeventuallyconcurredandcolonizedthem.Theylivedthere,ruled there, looted themoutof theirwealthcompletely formorethanacentury.Itwon’tbeanoverstatementtosaythatamajorsourceofEurope’swealthisAfrica.WhenAfricacameoutofitscolonialdays,likeinAsia,theynotonlyfoundtheirwealthlootedbutalsofoundthattheoverwhelmingshareoftheirpopulationwerekept faraway fromthe lightofbasiceducationforgenerations.

Ukraine fortunatelyhasnosuchcolonialpastacrossoceanandmaybe thereforenot thatwellversedwithpeopleand

cultureof the theseplaces. It’squitenatural thatwhenyoudon’tknowsomebody,youareapprehensiveaboutthem.

For someunknownreason,many in theworld refer to thecontinent Africa as if it’s a large country as a whole. It isamusing,justlikethewaymostAmericansrefertothevast

Soviet Union as Russia. Thecontinent of Africa containsfiftyfour sovereign countriesandthelandoftheAfricacanhouse whole of China, India,contiguous US and much ofEurope.PeopleandculturesofAfricans starting from Egyptto South Arica is as differentand diverse as that of SiberiatoUzbekistan.

One beauty of Africa todayis that the continent isextremelyyoung. Around half of thepopulation of 1.2 billionpeople is less than twenty-fiveyearsofage.Theseyoungpopulations empowered byinternetandsmartphonescandowonders.

You know, countries of theAfrican continent are leaders

inmobilebanking today. Inmy last trip to the tinynationof Malawi, I visited the picturesque lake Malawi. For alandlockedcountry,thisbeautifullakewithwhitesandbeachisamajortouristattraction.MylocaldriverChikondiboughtfishonthewaybackwithallthemoneyhehadwithhimforhisfamily.Thencameacallfromhissister.Shecametoknowthatbrotherwasvisitingthelakesideondutyandwantedsomefish too. It isverymuch like thepractice inUkraine;when we buy ‘Bichki’ on the way from Odessa to Kiev.Chikondiconfessedheusedallsparemoneytobuyfishforhisfamilyandcanonlybuyforherifshesendssome.Innotime came a signal on his mobile device. An intimation ofmoneybeingtransferedfromhissisterandChikondiboughtfish instantly on the roadside. Indian company Airtel hasmadeamajorinvestmentinthatregion.

Myjobtakesmetomanycountriesindifferentcontinents.Ihaveseentrafficjaminallthemajorcapitals.DarEsSalamisalsonotoriousforitstrafficjams,especiallyontheirairportroad.Wegotstuckat the jam.Thehotel taxidriversaid, it

Is Africa that far?

The true size of Africa

lookedlikeweweretostayontheroadforquitesometimeandofferedaserviceofconnectingtoWi-Fiforanhourinhiscar.Ipaidclosetoadollarandspentmostproductivetimeinatrafficjam.

YouknowGhana tobea leader in testing“blockchain” fortheirlandandpropertyregistrationprocess.Iamfortunateto have met the famous university professor whom thePresidenthasappointedasanadvisorforthispurpose.

Ukraine, being a bread basket, has a lot to offer to thedevelopingcountriesofAfrica in thefieldof foodsecurity.WithrichexperienceandexpertiseUkrainianscanbeofmuchhelptotheagriculturalandfoodsectorsinAfrica,whereinmany cases they are at the early stages of introduction ofmodern cultivation, irrigation and storage. In addition todirect supplies of readymade food products like poultry,dairy,vegetableoil,Ukrainehasa lot tooffer to thenationbuildingaspirations inAfricawith theirexpertise inheavyengineering,miningequipment,infrastructuredevelopment,post-harvestgrainhandling,foodprocessingandITsectors.

During11th-15thMay2018inthemajorevent-Fifty-firstSession of the Economic Commission for Africa and theAnnualConferenceofAfricanMinistersofFinance,PlanningandEconomicDevelopment-finance&planningministersoffifty-fourcountriesgatheredunderoneroofinthe UN headquarter Addis Ababa (https://www.uneca.org/cfm2018). There, once again I felt the diverse aspirationsofdifferentAfricancountries andalso their aspirationanddesiretocreateacontinentalfreezoneforbusiness.

Foranybusiness,thatiswillingtoexploretheopportunitiesinAfrica,thefirstandmostimportantstepistoidentifytheareasoffocus.Smallcountriescanshowgoodprospect,butindividuallyoffersmallclientele.Therefore,consideringthegroundrealitieslikelogisticalandfinancialaspects,onehastodecideonaneffectiveentryplan.

Africa is large and diverse, you can find there; the pristinebeauty of Zanzibar (Tanzania), wildlife extravaganza ofMaasaimara (Kenya), the remains of the oldest humanLusy inAddisAbaba(Ethiopia)andunknownpyramidsof

Sudan.FreshTilapiaattheSourceofNileinUgandaorNilePerchattheJunctionoftwoNilesatKhartoumcanmeettheexpectationsofanydemandingtastebuds.Nowonder‘VisitRwanda’isthesponsoroftheEnglishfootballteamArsenalfortheseason2018-2019.

WestartthedaywithasipofArabica(aregioninEthiopia),relishthetestsofCacaofromIvorycoast,greetthelovedoneswith Kenyan roses, engagement rings with diamonds fromCongoanddancewithrhythmsofAfrica-Africasomehowhelpsuscelebrateourlives.Somaybeit’shightimetoknowAfricacloser?

Suvra Chakraborty, Dubai, UAEDirector AMC Overseas FZE// Promoter of Ukrainian products in the Middle East & Africa//Official Representative of the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia//International Consultant of ITC (UN & WTO), Geneva, Switzerland//Visiting Lecturer of Maastricht University, the Netherlands//Visiting Lecturer of Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Portugal//Honorary President of Kyiv Classic Orchestra, Ukraine

Meeting with Ms Vera Songwe, Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission on Africa

empowered by internet and smart phones can do wonders. You know, countries of the African continent are leaders in mobile banking today. In my last trip to the tiny nation of Malawi, I visited the picturesque lake Malawi. For a landlocked country, this beautiful lake with white sand beach is a major tourist attraction. My local driver Chikondi bought fish on the way back with all the money he had with him for his family. Then came a call from his sister. She came to know that brother was visiting the lake side on duty and wanted some fish too. It is very much like the practice in Ukraine; when we buy 'Bichki' on the way from Odessa to Kiev. Chikondi confessed he used all spare money to buy fish for his family and can only buy for her if she sends some. In no time came a signal on his mobile device. An intimation of money being transfered from his sister and Chikondi bought fish instantly on the roadside. Indian company Airtel has made a major investment in that region.

My job takes me to many countries in different continents. I have seen traffic jam in all the major capitals. Dar Es Salam is also notorious for its traffic jams, especially on their airport road. We got stuck at the jam. The hotel taxi driver said, it looked like we were to stay on the road for quite sometime and offered a service of connecting to Wi-Fi for an hour in his car. I paid close to a dollar and spent most productive time in a traffic jam. You know Ghana to be a leader in testing “blockchain” for their land and property registration process. I am fortunate to have met the famous university professor whom the President has appointed as an advisor for this purpose. Ukraine, being a bread basket, has a lot to offer to the developing countries of Africa in the field of food security. With rich experience and expertise Ukrainians can be of much help to the agricultural and food sectors in Africa, where in many cases they are at the early stages of introduction of modern cultivation, irrigation and storage. In addition to direct supplies of readymade food products like poultry, dairy, vegetable oil, Ukraine has a lot to offer to the nation building aspirations in Africa with their expertise in heavy engineering, mining equipment, infrastructure development, post-harvest grain handling, food processing and IT sectors. During 11th-15th May 2018 in the major event - Fifty-first Session of the Economic Commission for Africa and the Annual Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development - finance & planning ministers of fifty-four countries gathered under one roof in

the UN headquarter Addis Ababa (https://www.uneca.org/cfm2018). There, once again I felt the diverse aspirations of different African countries and also their aspiration and desire to create a continental free zone for business.

Meeting with Ms Vera Songwe, Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission on Africa For any business, that is willing to explore the opportunities in Africa, the first and most important step is to identify the areas of focus. Small countries can show good prospect, but individually offer small clientele. Therefore, considering the ground realities like logistical and financial aspects, one has to decide on an effective entry plan. Africa is large and diverse, you can find there; the pristine beauty of Zanzibar (Tanzania), wildlife extravaganza of Maasaimara (Kenya), the remains of the oldest human Lusy in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) and unknown pyramids of Sudan. Fresh Tilapia at the Source of Nile in Uganda or Nile Perch at the Junction of two Niles at Khartoum can meet the expectations of any demanding taste buds. No wonder ‘Visit Rwanda’ is the sponsor of the English football team Arsenal for the season 2018-2019. We start the day with a sip of Arabica (a region in Ethiopia), relish the tests of Cacao from Ivory coast, greet the loved ones with Kenyan roses, engagement rings with diamonds from Congo and dance with rhythms of Africa - Africa somehow helps us celebrate our lives. So maybe it’s high time to know Africa closer? Suvra Chakraborty, Dubai, UAE Director AMC Overseas FZE// Promoter of Ukrainian products in the Middle East & Africa// Official Representative of the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia// International Consultant of ITC (UN & WTO), Geneva, Switzerland// Visiting Lecturer of Maastricht University, the Netherlands// Visiting Lecturer of Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Portugal// Honorary President of Kyiv Classic Orchestra, Ukraine



Interview with

Svein Olav HoffNorway’s most renowned art historian and specialist of the Norwegian painter Henrik Sørensen

The Dream of Peace: an Artist’s Vision

Who has not seen the huge painting in the United Nations Library’s great hall? It has been there since 1938, and was completely finished in 1939. Most people do not even know that it was a Norwegian painter, Henrik Sørensen who painted “The Dream of Peace”.

On September the 21st, the United Nations Library and the Norwegian Mission in Geneva organized aLibraryTalk,whereNorway’sbestknownexpertandart-criticcametotalktousaboutthepainter,abouthissocialcommitmentandnottheleastaboutthepaintingitself.Itwasindeedaveryinterestingmoment,and,althoughitmaysoundincredible,itwasonlyafewdaysearlierthatMr.Hoffhadseenthemasterpieceforthefirsttime!HehadapproachedtheUnitedNationsinGenevaseveraltimesinthemid-1980stogetachancetoseeandstudythepainting,butallinvain.Formorethanonehour,thisinspiringmantoldtheaudienceaboutSørensen,thepaintingandSørensen’scareer.WehadachancetomeetwithHoffbriefly,toknowalittlebitmoreaboutthemanwhohadcaughtourtotalattentionformorethanonehour.

Q: Could you tell us a little about yourself, and why you are interested in Henrik Sørensen?I amaNorwegianarthistorianandhaveamaster’sdegreeinHenrikSørensen’sworks,andIevenwrotemydoctoratedissertationonhim.Hehasfascinatedmemywholemylife,notonlyasapainter,butalsoasapersonandnot least forhis social commitment. Sørensen said that an artist reallybelongs to a country’s elite and a country’s superstructure,thusitisnotjustarightbutadutytobeengagedandtohavesocialcommitments.WhenIwaswritingthemaster’sdegreedissertation,backin1982,itwasthecentenaryofSørensen’sbirth. At that time, there were two camps in Norway. Onesaid that this was the country’s most amazing painter, andthe other side, on the contrary, said that this person hadterrorizedNorwegianspiritualandartistic life for50years.According to the latter, Sørensen had stood in the way ofwomenandmodernistdevelopment.Ithinkitwasexpressedvery dualistically, and therefore I wanted to conciliate thetwo.Ihadstudiedhistoryandsocialanthropologyandwasabout to reallybecomeapublic affairs specialist. Instead, Ibecame an art historian, specialized in Henrik Sørensenand in particular his social commitment, and not just thepainter.Q: Why has Norway never been keen on making this painting known?This is due in particular to two things. First, there was apersonnamedAdolfHitler.Beforethewar,Sørensenassistedinthesettingupoftwopeaceorganizations–theNorwegianWomen’s International League for Peace and Freedom andPeopleRiseagainstWar.Thoseorganizationsbothexistedinthepre-warperiod,andthenthewararrivedwiththeNazis.After1945,talkingaboutpeacesufferedfromalossofbothinterestandimpetusforawhile.TheGermanswerebeaten,so,thecountrywastoberebuiltandridofthetraitors.Thatwastheattitude.Therefore,Ithinkthatisoneofthereasonsthispaintingwasforgotten.NorwegianauthoritiesandNorwegianpoliticianshaveneverbeen clever at organizing events, so it is thanks to TorildSkaar who made it possible for us to come here today. Ihave organized a large exhibition, The Parisians, dedicatedto the Norwegian artists Krogh, Sørensen and Helberg attheLillehammerArtMuseumwhere Iwork. It is said thattheseartists traveledhome fromParis in1920s– I tend tosaythattheytravelledhometoNorwaytonationalfameandinternationalforgetting.Thethingisthatanartistandartworkmustbekeptaliveandmustbe soldandexhibited internationally.TheNorwegianmuseumdirectorsandthepoliticianshavenotbeengoodatpromotingNorwegianartabroad.IthasbeentheroleoftheNorwegianambassadors,andoften,theyhavehadapotfullofmoney.Somehavespentitonwinewhileothershaveuseditforvisualart.Yet,therehasbeennospecificfocusonthevisualarts.Lately,overthepastyears,theyhavebeenbetterinliteratureandmusic,buttherehasbeennothingspecialforthepictorialartists.

Once more, art must be kept alive. Why didn’t I come inhere the first time I wanted to see this painting? Perhapsthe way I approached the United Nations, orally and verycolloquially,madethemclosealldoors.OnecouldsayIwasnot exactly welcome. That I am currently speaking here isgreat,butitcouldhavebeenotherNorwegiansrepresentingtheestablishment,thedirectoroftheNationalMuseumforinstance.Therehavebeenmanywhocouldhavetalkedaboutthe1930sandputthisintothepropercontextforexample.The arts must be kept alive. Things are often forgotten,and Norwegian politicians should have done internationalpromotion to a much greater extent, to make Norwegiancultureandartknownabroad.Q: How is it being an artist in Norway?Myself, I am not an artist, but an art critic. The artists arecomplaining,butIwouldsaythattheyhaverelativelygoodconditionsincomparisontoartistsinmanyothercountries.The authorities have many special arrangements for artistsandpublicexhibitschemesetc.Q: Do you think that this event will make Norwegian art more visible or that the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs will be more willing to support Norwegian art?I hope that it will generate better understanding about itall.Onemustputthisincontextandnotleastinaculturalpolicycontext.TheNorwegianForeignMinisterreachesoutdirectlytoNorwegianpainters.Thenthereisnocompetition,no committees, no management. Do you want to do that?OK.Thenyougetsomuchtodoit.However,asIhavesaid,pastartworkhastobekeptcurrent,alive.Q: How do you keep artistic works “alive”?Well,youcould,forinstance,organizeexhibitions;organizelecturestotalkaboutit.Contrastit,putitincontext,comparewith modern art – it must not just be a picture behind acurtain. Just like Norwegian writers. You are talking aboutclassicsinNorway;mykidshavenotreadtheauthorJonasLie,orBjelland,Ibsenetc.Thingsmustbekeptalike.Q: You are the director of a museum.No, not any longer, I have just stepped down as the chiefdirector.Now, Iam justa specialadviserandwillorganizeexhibitions for the rest of my life. I have just set up anexhibitioncalledPariserene,whichisanexhibitionaboutthecentralNorwegianartistslivinginParisfromthe1920suptothewar.Imostlyorganizehistoricalexhibitions.Q: What will the next exhibition be?Ihavestarted to lookatanother forgottenpainterandwillorganize an exhibition about him, Bernard Folkestad, whocamefromHorten.Hediedin1933.ThenI’llcontinuewithcontemporaryart.Iamalsospecializedinthisarea.

Editor’s note:Svein Olav Hoff has published many books and articles on Norwegian modern and contemporary art. MF


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In1842,theyoungKingoftheHawaiianIslands,KamehamehaIIIsentadelegationofthreementotheothersideoftheworldonavitalmission:tosecureassurancesfromthethreemajorworld powers at the time — Great Britain, France and theUnitedStates—thattheywouldrespect,upholdandprotectthesovereigntyoftheKingdomoftheHawaiianIslandsasanindependentstate.

Ifthedelegationsucceeded,Hawaiiwouldbethefirstnon-European country to be accepted as an equal in the euro-centric Family of Nations. The Kingdom of the HawaiianIslands would be a sovereign state under internationallaw with equal standing to the colonial powers. Thus theHawaiianIslandswouldbeprotectedfromfallingvictimtocolonization.Thestrategyworked…

The StoryIn 1842, faced with the threat of foreign encroachment onhis Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands, His Majesty KingKamehameha III deemed it prudent and necessary todispatch a delegation from the Hawaiian Kingdom to theUnitedStatesandEuropewiththepowertonegotiatetreaties

Thisyear,2018isthe175thanniversaryofanhistoricmoment…whentheKingdomoftheHawaiianIslandswasrecognizedasasovereignstate—anequalamongthemajorpowersoftheworld.ThisistheamazingstoryofhowanenlightenedHawaiianmonarchkepthiskingdomfrombeingcolonized.

andtoultimatelysecurerecognitionoftheHawaiianIslandsasasovereign,independentstatebythethreemajorpowersof theworld: theUnitedKingdom, theKingdomofFranceandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

OnApril8,1842Kamehameha III commissionedhis chiefaideMr.TimoteoHa’alilio,alongwithMr.WilliamRichardsandSirGeorgeSimpsonasjointMinistersPlenipotentiarytofulfill thismission.Simpson leftsoonafter forEnglandviaAlaskaandSiberia,whileHa’alilioandRichardsdepartedonJuly8,1842viaMexicoandtheUnitedStates.

WhileinWashington,D.C.,onDecember19,1842,HaʻalilioandRichardssecuredfromPresidentTyler,assuranceoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica’srecognitionofHawaiianindependence.

They thenproceeded toEurope to joinSimpson (whohadtraveled westward through Asia and Europe) to engage intalkswithGreatBritainandFrance.OnMarch17,1843,attheurgingofKingLeopoldofBelgium,KingLouis-PhillipeofFrancerecognizedHawaiianindependenceandonApril1,1843,LordAberdeenonbehalfofHerBritannicMajesty

The Hawaiian Islands Celebrates

175 Years of Independence

QueenVictoriaassured theHawaiiandelegation that:“Her Majesty’s Government was willing and had determined to recognize the independence of the [Hawaiian] Islands under their present sovereign.”

On November 28, 1843, at the Court of London,representativesoftheBritishandFrenchGovernmentssignedanagreement,nowcalled theAnglo-Franco Proclamation,formally recognizing theKingdomof theHawaiian Islandsasasovereign,independentnation-state.

National HolidayAfterthegreatachievementofgainingformalinternationalrecognition, King Kamehameha III thereafter establishedNovember28asanofficialnationalholidayoftheHawaiianKingdom to be celebrated in perpetuity as Lā Kūʻokoʻa,HawaiianIndependenceDay.

But that “perpetuity” lasted just 50 years. In 1893, a smallgroupofwealthybusinessmenintentonhandingthecountryover to theUnitedStates.deposed theQueenandusurpedthekingdomgovernment.In1894,theusurpersproclaimedtheKingdomtobethe“RepublicofHawaii.”ThenextyeartheRepublicproceededtopurgethenationalholidaysoftheKingdom.Lā Ku’oko’a wasreplacedby theAmericanholiday,ThanksgivingDay.

Fiveyears later, througha seriesofblatantlyunlawfulacts,inabjectviolationof international lawsand treatiesand in

completecontraventiontotheHawaiianKingdom’sstatusasasovereignstate,theU.S.claimedithadannexedtheHawaiianIslands and heavy-handed de-nationalization policies wentinto full swing to Americanize the Hawaiian people forassimilationintotheUnitedStates.

At first Hawaiians protested and celebrated Lā Ku’oko’aanyway, telling the story of the national heroes who hadtravelled to Europe to secure recognition of Hawaii’ssovereignty.Butover time, thegrowingU.S. encroachmentoverterritoryandrelentlessAmericanindoctrinationledtothe1959fabrication,theso-called“StateofHawaii.”Memoryofthehistoricevents,achievementsandtheholidaysoftheKingdomrecededandfaded.

RevivalButoverthepast twodecadesHawaiiansbegantouncoverwhatreallyhappenedtotheircountry—thatitisnotastateoftheUnitedStates;thatthesovereignstatusofthekingdomwas never relinquished or extinguished; that the HawaiianKingdom still exists as a sovereign state in continuity; thatinternational law supports the correction of internationalwrongfulacts;thattheUnitedStatesclaimedthatHawaiihadbeenadopted when in reality, Hawaii had been abducted… kidnapped… bytheU.S.

InthetraditionandspiritofKingKamehamehaIIIandtheother patriots who established Hawaii as an enlightened,sovereign country, contemporary Hawaiian patriots have



been engaged in many fronts to free their country from the grasp ofthekidnapper…to rebuild thenationand the livesof thepeople… toreactivate the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands as a fully functioningindependentcountry.

AsthecampaigntofreeandrestoretheHawaiianKingdomblossomed,so has the celebration of Lā Ku’oko’a, Hawaii Independence Day.The holiday has been revived and its observance is steadily growing inpopularity,evidenceofthereawakeningandreactivationoftheKingdomoftheHawaiianIslands!

175thAnniversaryThis year, 2018, the Hawaiian Kingdom is celebrating the 175th anniversary of the recognition of independence with events throughout the Hawaiian Islands, in London, Paris, Washington, D.C., and other places.

International StatureAs a result of the recognition of theHawaiianKingdomasanindependentstate, theHawaiianKingdombecamethe first non-Euro-centric countryto gain equal status in the Family ofNationsandenteredintoequaltreatieswith the major powers of the world,eventually establishing over ninetydiplomatic legations and consulatesaround the world. Since none of thetreaties were abrogated, they maystillbeineffect.Followingisapartiallist of the 46 nations with whomthe Hawaiian Kingdom had treatyrelationsduringthe19thCentury.

•Austria-Hungaryin1875•Belgiumin1862•Denmarkin1846•France1846and1857•Germanyin1879•GreatBritainin1836,1846and1851•Italyin1863•Japanin1871and1886•Netherlandsin1862•Portugalin1882•Russiain1869•Samoain1887•Spainin1863•SwissConfederationin1864•SwedenandNorwayin1852• United States in 1849, 1870, 1875,1883,1884

More Treaties…The Hawaiian Kingdom may havemany more treaties. Under treatylaw, the terms of a treaty also applytocolonialandterritorialholdingsofthetreatyparties.Thatmeansformercolonies and territories that are nowindependent states are successorparties to the treaty arrangements oftheirformercolonialoradministrativepowers.Thus,ofthe193MemberStatesoftheUnitedNations,it’spossible173ofthemare ineitheranoriginalorasuccessor treatyrelationshipwith theHawaiianKingdom.

c u l t u r e

Pour son 90ème anniversaire, l’Association de la PresseEtrangère en Suisse et au Liechtenstein (APES), dont lesiège est à l’ONU, à Genève, a organisé une expositiondu photographe suisse Pierre-Michel Virot, sous le titre«Explore,Rapporte,Inspire».Cettepremièremanifestationau Palais des Nations, en novembre dernier, soutenuepar laMissionpermanentede laSuisseauprèsde l’ONUet des organisations internationales, sera suivie d’unenouvelleprésentationplusélargie,àUNI-Dufour,danslequartiergenevoisdePlainpalais,du27févrierau1ermarsprochain.

Les cinquante photographies artistiques de très hautequalité tirées sur acrylique proviennent des reportageseffectués par le photographe membre de l’APES et quasiattitré depuis dix-huit ans. Les images ont été réaliséesprincipalement lors des voyages de presse à l’étranger del’Association.L’exposition est articulée autour d’une douzaine dethématiquesdevues,prisesdansvingt-sixpaysmembresde l’ONU. Derrière l’objectif, on sent le profondémerveillementdureporterdevantlabeautésidiversifiéedes paysages et de la nature traversés. Son regard trèsfortementhumainsur lesêtres, à travers l’expressiondesvisagesetdesattitudessaisisàvif.Sacuriositédeslieuxdeviedeshommesetdesfemmesrencontréesauquatrecoinsdelaplanète.

Une profonde humanitéTémoin du monde et de sa diversité, tout comme sescollègues journalistes de l’APES, Pierre-Michel VIROTnous rappelle qu’il suffit d’approcher les peuples et leuruniverspourserendrecomptedel’extraordinaireproximitéquenousentretenons lesuns lesautres, loindesclivagesetdesbarrièresculturellesquel’ondressetropfacilementpournouséloignerdel’universelquinousrassemble:celled’uneprofondehumanité.

Réflexion journalistiqueL’exposition apporte aussi une réflexion sur la mise envaleur de l’action de la Genève internationale, grâce autravail des journalistes. Ce travail, en version augmentéesoixante-cinq photos couvrant trente pays, présenté àl’Université de Genève fin février 2019, sera l’occasiond’assisteràunegrandesoirée-débat sur le thème :«Quelavenirpourlejournalisme?«Ilestprévuquel’expositiontourneenSuisse.

Une exposition photopour les

90 ans de l’APESpar Jean Musy, photos Pierre-Michel Virot

Planètesauvage(Namibie)--Affichedel’exposition

Instantdejeunesse(campderéfugiéssyriensàGazientep/Turquie)

c u l t u r e

I N T E R N AT I O N A L D I P LO M AT - D IVA ��


Astana’s Congress of World Religions




AstanaissometimescalledtheDubaioftheSteppesbecauseof its modern buildings. In December 1997 this new andverticalcityontheIshimRiverreplacedAlmatyasthecapitalofKazakhstan.

Astana’s symbol is the Bayterek Tower. This 97-metre-highmonument,builtin1997,resemblesagiantfootballliketheWorldCuptrophy.Theglimmeringballatthetopisatributeto the legendary Samruk, a bird that is said to live only inKazakhstanandthatlaysgoldeneggs.Bayterekis,accordingtolegend,thetreeofknowledge.At the top of the tower, visitors can place a hand in thehandprintofPresidentNursultanNazarbayev,moldedinametalblock.Thetopofthetoweroffersaviewontothenewbusinesscentreandtheblue-domedpresidentialpalace.Asfarastheeyecanseethereissteppe–notrees,anditstartsrightoutsidethetown.The manna from its petroleum has allowed Kazakhstan toconstructoriginalbuildingswithlittleconsiderationfortheexpense. One of the internationally renowned architectswhose design is evident in the capital is Briton NormanFosterwhoseeye-catchingworkcanbe seen incityhall in

London,Berlin’sReichstagandHonkKong’sairport.Fosterhad been mandated to design the Bayterek tower - thedesigner,however,wasPresidentNazarbayevhimself.SomeofFoster’sarchitecturalflagshipsinAstanacanbeseenintheKhanShatyrbuilding,acommercialandleisurecentreshapedlikeagiantyurt,andthefive-floorhighPeacePyramidwhereinOctobertheCongressofWorldReligionstookplace.

Cooperation not isolationLeaders of different religions decided to collaborate withgovernments, international organizations and civil societyinsolvingconflictsandcontributingtoworldwidestability.Theycommittedthemselvestosupportforpoliticalsolutionstoarmedconflicts,asthefinaldeclarationstated,includingactingasmediatorsbetweenconflictingparties.“Weasreligiousleadersneedtoworkwithourgovernmentstotakethiscommitmentseriouslyandtakeaction,”ArchbishopUrmasViilma from Estonia said on behalf of the LutheranWorld Federation speaking to the 82 delegations from 45countries.“Cooperationisneededtoday,notisolation.”Thethemeof theCongress“ReligiousLeaders foraSecureWorld”wasareminderthatinaworldmarkedbyinsecurity

Astana’s Congress of World Religions fosters the building of peace

Religious leadersdecidedatan internationalcongress inAstana toact forpoliticalsolutionsofarmedconflicts.Theystatedaneedforcooperation.

By Annegret Mathari

andinjustice,religiousleadersneedtotakeresponsibilityandjointly contribute to the wellbeing of all, Viilma explained.The holistic approach to “human security” is also reflectedintheUNAgenda2030forSustainableDevelopment(goalnumber 16), he added: “Promote peaceful and inclusivesocieties for sustainable development, provide access tojustice forallandbuildeffective,accountableand inclusiveinstitutionsatlevels.”Representatives of different religions, among Christians -Catholics,Lutherans,Orthodoxchurches-includingforthefirst timealsotheCopticOrthodoxChurchfromEgypt,aswellasJews,Muslims,BuddhistsandTaoistsemphasizedtheimportanceofacommondialogueformutualunderstandingandconfidence.AttheVICongresssince2003,representativesofinternationalorganizationsalsoparticipated.“Humansecuritycannotbeachievedwithoutsustainabledialogue,”saidtherepresentativeof the UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, NassirAbdulazizAl-Nasser.

Separation of religion and politicsTheheadoftheVaticandelegation,CardinalFrancescoCoccopalmerio,saidthat to avoid ambiguity andmutualinstrumentalization,religionandpoliticsshouldremaindistinct.WhileOvadiaYosef,SephardiChiefRabbiofIsrael,pointedout,that-accordingtohisexperience–almostallconflictsaretheresultoftheinabilitytolisten.Mixing religion and politics can be problematic, as wasdemonstratedbythefactthatcoincidingwiththeCongressin Astana, in Istanbul, the Ecumenical Patriarchate whoseheadisBartholomewIsaiditwasceasingitscondemnationof leaders of schismatic Orthodox churches in Ukraine, asteptowardsestablishinganecclesiasticallyindependent–orautocephalous–churchinUkraine.Ukraine’sPresidentPetroPoroshenkohailedtheannounce-ment,whiletheRussianchurchdenouncedit.Sincethelate1600s, the church in Ukraine has been formally under thejurisdictionoftheRussianOrthodoxChurchbutcallsforitsindependenceincreasedsinceMoscow’s2014annexationoftheCrimeanPeninsulafromUkraine.

Diversity is strength“Religious diversity is strength, not a weakness,”said Swissdiplomat Thomas Greminger, Secretary General of theOrganization for Security and Cooperation (OSCE) at thecongress. In many countries, xenophobia is increasing, hesaid.Somearegoingsofartodrawalinebetweennationalreligionsandothersandclaim,thelatterareadangerforthecountry.“Suchideasareerroneous,”hesaid.Thereligiousleadersalsodecidedattheircongresstosupportandrespect religiousdiversityandcounteractprovocationsofpseudo-religiousrhetoricincitinghatredandextremism.Intheirdeclarationtheycalleduponpoliticiansandmediato renounce the associating of terrorism with any religion,“as this is false and offensive to our religions and harmfulto peaceful coexistence, which undermines mutual trust

and cooperation within and among different religiouscommunities”.The Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, AhmedMohammad al-Tayyeb, said “Terrorism is not made byIslam,ChristianityorJudaism,butit ismadebypoliciesofsuperpowerswhichareunjust.”WithhiswordsthehighestauthorityofSunniIslamechoedPopeFranciswhoreiteratedin recent years on several occasions that “terrorism growswhen there isnootheroptionandwhenmoney ismadeagodandit,insteadoftheperson,isputatthecentreoftheworldeconomy”

Taking actionCongressparticipantsemphasizedtheimportanceoftakingaction for their aims. As a first step, they decided on theopeningofacentreforinter-religiousdialogueinAstanathatwillserveasahubforreconciliationandpeacebuilding.“Therearepeoplewhoknoweachother,wholoveeachotherand cooperate. This platform is important, and it comes

fromacrediblecountryintermsofrespectingthereligions,”MonsignorKhaledAkasheh,headoftheIslamOffice at the Pontifical Council ofInterreligiousDialoguetoldDIVA.Kazakhstansocietyismadeupof18million people, representing morethan 100 ethnic groups, and 18

religious’groupsinwhichMuslimsarenumericallytobiggestgroup.RegardingtheoutcomeoftheCongressArchbishopViilmasaid that if authorities meet on a regular basis, it helpsthem to seek mutual and common things. As an example,he mentioned the ecumenical cooperation of 10 Christiandenominations in Estonia. “When key persons regularlycome together, they start to understand each other better,theyevenbecomefriends,”hetoldDIVAandhenoted,thereis a common message of peace, love and justice in everyreligion.

A gradual processSince the first Congress of World Religions 15 years ago,participantssaidtherehasbeenprogress.Thefirstcongressesdisagreed on many issues or the participants didn’tunderstandeachother’scontent.Atthebeginning,someofthemwouldn’tsitatthesametable,forexampletheAyatollahof Iran and the Israeli’s chiefrabbi had problems with that,accordingtoaparticipant.“Thisisagradualprocess,”KazakhDeputyForeignMinisterYerzhan Ashkibayev said at a press conference. “It is a bigsuccessinthattheparticipantsaretalking(now)aboutpeaceandcooperation.”PresidentNazarbayevpointedoutattheCongressthatAstanahad already been known as a place for peace negotiations.Among other conferences talks in the capital were thosebetween Turkey, Russia and Iran that have taken place inAstanatoputanendtothewarinSyria.

“This platform is important, and it comes from a credible

country in terms of respecting the religions”



Q : Vous un réalisateur et journaliste célèbre. Pourriez-vous nous parler de votre parcours ?JesuisnéenAlgérie,danslesmontagnesdeKabylie.J’aifaitmesétudesenKabyliepuisàAlgerjusqu’aubaccalauréat.EN1972,jesuisarrivéàParispourpréparerleconcoursd’unegrandeécoledecinéma,l’IDHEC(aujourd’huilaFEMIS);l’annéesuivantj’aiétéadmisàcettegrandedecinéma.Alasortiedecetteécole,j’aieuénormémentdedifficultésàtravaillerdanslemilieuducinéma.L’écriturem’aamenéplusfacilementversuneactivitédejournaliste,ainsij’aipufaireunecarrièredanscemétierdurantplusieursannées.AuseindeFranceTélévisionsparexemple,j’aipuoccuperplusieurs postes dont celui de Rédacteur en chef desjournauxtélévisés.

Q : Pour beaucoup de jeunes d’origine magrébine en France vous représentez un modelé à suivre. Que pensez-vous de cela ?Jenesaispassi je suisunmodèle.Cequiest sûr,c’estque l’accès aux médias est plus facile pour des jeunesd’origine magrébine ou africaine qu’à mon époque. Jepensequemagénérationaouvertlavoie,enforçantunpeulesportes.

Q : Combien de films avez-vous fait jusqu’à ce jour ?Jen’aipasfaitbeaucoupdefilms,carj’aisurtoutgagnémavieavecmesactivitésdejournaliste.Iln’yaquedepuisunedizained’annéesquejesuisrevenuàmespremièresamoursenme lançantdans la réalisationdefilmsdocumentaires.J’airéaliséunequinzainedefilmsquiportenttoussurdessujetsquimetiennentàcœur.

Q : Vous venez juste de terminer un film sur l’histoire de la Nouvelle Calédonie. Comment est-ce que l’idée vous est

parvenue, et quel message cherchez-vous à nous faire parvenir.En 2013, j’avais déjà

réalisé, avec Thomas Marie, un film sur la Nouvelle-Calédonie qui s’intitulait «Naissance d’une nation» surle processus de décolonisation, initié en 1988 par MichelRocard,alorsPremierministredelaFrance.ToujoursavecThomas, nous avions envie de retourner dans ce pays, etnous avions décidé de le raconter uniquement à traverslaparolede jeuneskanakd’une tribu,sourcedeviolencescommeilenexistedansplusieursbanlieuesdanslemonde.Jedoisajouterqu’entantAlgérienquiavaitvéculaguerred’Algérie,cequisepasseenNouvelle-Calédoniem’intéresseauplushautpoint.

Q : Qu’est-ce qui vous a le plus marqué dans la réalisation de ce documentaire ?Leséjourdepresquedeuxmoisdanscette tribudeSaint-Louis qui se trouve à moins de 10 kms du centre de lacapitale,Nouméa.Lesmomentsquenousavonsvécuavecles jeunes de cette tribu, m’ont durablement marqué. Lesliensquenousavions tissés restent encore forts,plusieursmoisaprèsletournage.D’ailleurs,nouscontinuonsànoustéléphonermalgréles20000kmsquinousséparent.Q : La colonisation et les conséquences de celle-ci sont-elles quelque chose qui vous tiennent à cœur. Si oui pourquoi ?J’ai vécu la guerre d’Algérie, enfant dans les montagneskabyles,doncjesaiscequec’estqu’unecolonisationetunedécolonisationquisepassemal,c’estàdirepar lesarmes.Ce qui se passe en Nouvelle-Calédonie est différent cargrâceàMichelRocardunprocessusdedécolonisationparledialogueaétémisenplace.Biensûrqueleschosesnesontpascomplètementrégléesdanscepays,maislaguerreaétéévitée.Ilresteaujourd’huiàallerauboutdeceprocessus,

Interview de

Ben Salamaauteur et realisateur

« Saint-Louis, une histoire calédonienne »

et un référendum pour l’autodétermination est prévu finoctobredecetteannée.

Q : Combien de temps est-ce que vous avez mis pour terminer le film et quel a été la plus grande difficulté ?Nousavonsmisdixmois,entrelapréparation,letournageet les finitions en novembre dernier. La difficulté est letournagecarilfallaitobtenirlaconfiancedelatribuetdesjeunesquitémoignentdanslefilm.Cen’estpasfacilepoureuxdelivreràunecaméra,leurvie,leursentimentetleursaspirations.

Q : Finalement Mr Ben Salama, Diva est une revue dont le lectorat est surtout des diplomates. Est-ce que vous avez un message à leur faire parvenir ?Je n’ai pas de message particulier, et j’avoue que je neconnais pas bien le travail des diplomates. Mais peut-êtrepartageons-nous cette démarche d’humilité et d’ouverturequenousdevonsavoir faceà toutenouvelle réalitéqueseprésenteànous.

Stillfromdocumentary



New Gorbachev film combines hope and goodwill with personal and political tragedies.by Hidde Tangerman

In the documentary Meeting Gorbachev the world is reacquainted with the manwho changed the world as we knew it. As the old, polarized Cold War dynamics areshowing signs of resurfacing today, Gorbachev’s message of cooperation and mutualunderstandingdeservestobeheard.

On the 29th of October the LeipzigFilm Festival opened its weeklongprogram with Meeting Gorbachev,the latest documentary by Germanfilmmaker Werner Herzog. The filmis a 90 minute tribute to one of thegreatest political figures of the 20thcenturyandthedrivingforcebehindthereunificationofGermanyandthefalloftheIronCurtain.

The film is part history lesson, partpersonal portrait. It does a great jobof showing Gorbachev as the maincatalyst for ending the Cold War.His combined policies of glasnost (political openness) and perestrojka (economic restructuring) preparedthe communist world for a freedomnonehaddaredtodreamof.It was Gorbachev who tooktheinitiativetostartpeacefuldialogues that ended in thefall of the Iron Curtain andthe disarmament of nuclearweapons.

Yet the most moving partof the film is Gorbachevhimself, themanbehindthepolitician. We learn that heregarded the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a personalaswellasapoliticaltragedy.“Iregretittothisday,”hesaysinthefilm.“Itismyinternalproblem.”Theearlydeathofhiswifestillbringstearstohiseyes.“Whenshedied,mylifewastakenawayfromme,”hestatedemotionally.

Although ill and physically frail at age 87, Gorbachev stillexudestheconfidenceandclear-headednessofthestatesmanhe was. Combining great depth with lucid simplicity, hespeakshistruthwithouthiddenagenda’sordoublemotives.His hope and goodwill for the world is still as sincere andheartfeltasinhispoliticalheyday.

ItwasnocoincidencethattheEuropeanpremierofthefilmtook place in Leipzig, the city famous for its mass protestsagainst communism in the late eighties. A free showing ofthe film was hosted at the Leipzig train station, which wasattendedbyhundredsofpeople.

“IwasonthestreetsinLeipzigintheeighties,”saidCorneliaSchwabewhoattendedthefilmwithafriend.“Wewereveryafraid at the time, but Gorbachev started a new dawn andgaveusstrength.Heisoneofthefewpoliticiansforwhompowerisless important than the wellbeing of the people.”importantthan the wellbeing of the people.”thanthewellbeingofthepeople.”

“All of a sudden Gorbachev was there and changed theworld,” said Frank Heinrich M�ller, who also attended theFrank Heinrich M�ller, who also attended the�ller, who also attended the

Leipzigprotests.“Withallthenuclearweapons things could have gonehorriblywrong.Buthemadepeopletalktoeachother.”

The film also appealed to the younggeneration born after the fall of theBerlin wall, such as student HelenaLamprecht. “Gorbachev was not

someonewhorebelledagainsthisownsystem,”sheremarkedafterthefilm.“Hewasabletoaccomplishgoodthingsthroughdialogue.That’saveryimportantquality.”

Cynically, the documentary coincided with the USthreatening to abscond the Intermediate-Range NuclearForces(I.N.F.)Treaty,whichGorbachevandReaganinitiatedin the eighties, with the ultimate aim of complete nucleardisarmament. Today’s leaders seem less concerned withnucleardisarmamentthantheirillustriouspredecessors.

Seen in that light, Meeting Gorbachev deserves a wideaudience. The spirit of trust, mutual understanding andinternational cooperation that Gorbachev and his politicalcounterpartsrevealedandexpressedisnowmorevalidthanever.Itshouldremindusthatapeacefulworldisnotanaivedream,butaninspiringvisionthatcanliberatecountriesandrigidpoliticalsystems.

In a world of caustic polarity, narrow-minded nationalismandpopulistuprisings,Gorbachev’smessagestillshinesasatestimonyofwhatworldpoliticsiscapableofwhengoodwillandinternationalcooperationprevail.



Le Chemin de croix

de Kateri Tekakwitha,

la sainte iroquoise

Jean-MichelWissmer:Kateri Tekakwitha, L’Entrée du Christ chez les Iroquois. Voyage au cœur de l’Amérique indienne et coloniale,VilledeQuébec,éditionsGID,2017.

Kateri Tekakwitha, L’Entrée du Christ chez les Iroquois, titredu dernier livre de Jean-Michel Wissmer, ouvre une pagepassionnanteetmalconnuedel’histoiredel’AmériqueetdesAmérindiensgrâceà l’extraordinaireaventurespirituelledecettejeuneIroquoiseconvertieauXVIIesiècleparlespèresjésuitesdelaNouvelle-France,l’actuelQuébec,etcanoniséeen2012.AprèslareligieuseetpoétessemexicainesorJuanaInés de la Cruz, dont il est un spécialiste, Jean-MichelWissmer nous propose à nouveau le portrait d’une femmedetêtequis’estbattuepoursesconvictions.L’historienneetromancièreAnneNoschiss’estentrenueavecl’auteur.

Anne Noschis: Jean-Michel Wissmer, quand et commentavez-vous«rencontré»KateriTekakwitha?Jean-Michel Wissmer: A l’été 2008 sur le parvis de lacathédrale de Santa Fe au Nouveau-Mexique où se trouveunemonumentalestatueenbronzedeKateri.QuefaitcetteIroquoise à des milliers de kilomètres de chez elle, et queluivautl’honneurd’untelemplacement?Celaaéveillémacuriosité,etpourrépondreàcetteinterrogationj’aiparcouruleslieuxquiontmarquésondestin.

AN:Etquevousontappriscevoyageetcetteenquête?JMW: Ils m’ont réservé quelques surprises. Le Nouveau-Mexiqueestuneterreprofondémentindienneethispanique;orsilesAmérindienscatholiquessontfiersd’avoirenfinunesainte issue de leur communauté, d’autres, plus attachés àleursanciennestraditions,apprécientbeaucoupmoinscetteconversion opérée au XVIIe siècle par les colonisateurs.KateriestprésentedansdenombreuseséglisesduSud-Ouestaméricain,moinsdans sa régiond’origine; autreparadoxe,elleestpratiquementinconnueauMexique.Deuxsanctuairesluisontconsacrés:l’unàFondadansl’ÉtatdeNewYorkoùelleagrandi,l’autreàKahnawakéausuddeMontréaloùelleavécujusqu’àsamort.Malgrétout,lapopulationindienneesttrèspartagéequantàlafiguredeTekakwitha.

AN: Certains Indiens pensent-ils qu’elle a trahi sa cultured’origine?JMW:Oui,enquelquesorte,etlesujetestvraimentdélicat.Lorsdelavisited’uneréserveindienneauCanada,noussommesentrésdansunechapellequiexposaitdetrèsnombreuxobjetsdédiésàKateri.Leguiden’enapasditunmot…

AN:Etpourtantdansvotrelivrevoussoulignezbienlefaitqu’elle n’a jamais vraiment renié son indianité et qu’elle amêmeopéréunesortedesyncrétisme.JMW: C’est exact. Kateri pratiquait des pénitences quicopiaientlestorturesinfligéesparlesIndiensauxprisonniersde guerre, comme, par exemple, être brûlé vif. Mais, àl’inverse,sesbiographesontdéclaréque,devenuechrétienne,ellenevoulaitplusassisteràcestortures,cequiétaitmalvupar la tribu. Il en va de même de son vœu de chasteté oudesonrefusdumariagequivontcontretouteslestraditionsiroquoises.

AN: Si le pape Benoît XVI l’a canonisée, peut-on dire quec’étaitpourfairetairecettepolémique?

JMW: Il y avait sans doute une recherche d’apaisementaprès toutes les blessures de l’Histoire. Il a toujours ététrès important pour l’Église catholique de trouver desfigures fédératriceset consolatrices.Lepremierchapitredemon livre s’intitule «Le Christ est indien»; il s’agit d’unecitation d’une homélie de Jean-Paul II quand il a déclaréKateri «bienheureuse». Le pape a insisté sur le fait qu’ellereprésentait «les plus nobles traits» du peuple indien quiaurait su «d’instinct» que l’Évangile allait «purifier» leurpropre patrimoine. Aujourd’hui, un culte s’est développé,et siKateriaétécanonisée,c’estqu’elleauraitaccomplidesmiracles, à son époque déjà, et plus récemment, lorsqu’en2006,unjeuneAméricain,dontlevisageavaitétéentièrementdéforméparunebactériemangeusedechair,aétéguériparl’intercessiondeKateri.

AN:L’Égliseadepuistoujoursvalorisélesfiguresdemartyrs;peut-ondirequec’estlecasdeKateri?JMW:Absolument.D’aprèssesbiographesjésuites,Kateriaétépersécutéeparsatribuquiconsidéraitquesanouvellefoil’éloignaitdesobligationsdesatribu.Elleaalorsdûs’enfuir,poursuivieparunonclefurieux,etseréfugierau«villagedela prière» de Saint-François-Xavier du Sault (aujourd’huiKahnawaké)auprèsd’autresnéophytes.Victimedèsl’enfanced’une épidémie de variole, Kateri est handicapée: le visagegrêlé,ladémarchehésitante,ellesevoilepourseprotégerdelalumière.Maladeetaffaiblieparlespénitencesqu’elles’impose,ellemeurtà24ans.C’estbienunefiguredemartyre.

AN:Voussoulignezjustementqu’elleapousséunpeutroploinsespénitencesetquemêmesesdirecteursdeconsciences’ensontinquiétés.Vousconsacrezd’ailleursdenombreusespages aux tortures indiennes qui auraient inspiré Kateri età toute cette culture doloriste chrétienne qui a ensuite étérécupéréeparlesaliénistesetlespsychanalystes.JMW: L’une des difficultés de ce livre était d’éviter tant lespiègesdel’hagiographiequeceuxdeladéfensedecertainescauses,c’est-à-diretenterd’adopterlapositionlaplusobjectivepossiblesansfroisserlessensibilités.Monessaiseveutsurtoutuneétudesociologique,ethnologiqueethistorique.Littéraireaussi,carKateriaintéressé–etjediraismêmefasciné–desécrivainsaussidifférentsqueLéonardCohen,JosephBoydenouChateaubriand.

AN:L’originalitédevotre livreestsonaspectcomparatiste.Pouvez-vousnousendireplus?JMW: En tant que mexicaniste, j’ai voulu en effet montrerl’unitéetlacohérencedumondeindiendunordausudducontinentaméricain,aspectquiesttrèsmalconnu.Ilyadesurprenantesressemblancesentrelesconceptionsreligieuseset les rituels des Incas ou des Aztèques et celles des tribusd’Amérique du Nord et ce malgré toutes leurs spécificités.Au-delà des clichés, je crois que le monde des Indiens ducontinentaméricainmérited’êtremieuxétudié,sanstabousetavectoutlerespectquel’ondoitàcespopulationsquiontétésacrifiéesparlesdifférentesnationscolonisatrices.KateriTekakwitha est l’occasion d’ouvrir une nouvelle fenêtre surtoutescesquestions.




Jean-Michel Wissmer : Anne Noschis, dès les premières pages de votre essai, vous vous étonnez du peu d’intérêt qu’a suscitée une figure aussi importante de l’Ancien Régime. Comment l’expliquez-vous ?Anne Noschis: Il est vrai que Christine de France (1606-1663) est une grande figure de l’Ancien Régime. Elle aindéniablementunestaturede«femmed’Etat»,pournepasdireunhommed’Etat.Laprincesse,mariéeauducdeSavoieàl’âgede13ans,seretrouveveuveà31;promuerégenteduduchédePiémont-Savoie,elledoitaffronteruneguerrecivile(1639-1640) fomentée par les «princes beaux-frères» (enitalienGuerra dei cognati,Guerredesbeaux-frères).Contretoute attente, servant aussi bien son pays de naissance quesonpaysd’alliance, laduchessesortvainqueured’unconflitperdu d’avance. Tel est le principal mérite de cette femmeexceptionnelledontjetaislesautresréalisationsd’importance,enmatièreéconomique,artistiqueetarchitecturale.Sileshistoriensfrançaisneluiontpasprêtél’attentionqu’ellemérite,c’est–ettelleestmonhypothèse–parcequ’ilssesontconcentréssursesparents,HenriIVetMariedeMédicis,ainsiquesursafratrie,LouisXIIIroideFrance,Gastond’Orléansl’éternel frondeur, Henriette-Marie reine d’Angleterre, et, endemi-teintes Elisabeth reine d’Espagne. Et cela sans oublierlepropreneveudeChristine,Louis-Dieudonné,futurLouisXIV,soleilrayonnantaucieldeshistoriens,desromanciersetdescinéastes.

JMW : Vous faites une description extrêmement vivante et détaillée de tous les éléments de la vie quotidienne de l’époque (alimentation, habillement, fêtes, etc.). Quelles ont été vos sources ?

Christine de Franceune amazone au temps des mousquetaires

Legrandtalentdel’historienneAnneNoschisestdenousfairedécouvrirdespersonnalitéspeuconnuesouinjustementoubliéesparl’Histoire.AprèsMadamedeWarens,la«Maman»deRousseau,voiciChristinedeFrance,filled’HenriIV,duchessedeSavoie.

AN:Pourl’alimentationdesenfantsroyauxàSaint-Germain-en-Laye, j’ai utilisé le journal de Jean Herroard, médecinparticulierdujeuneLouisXIII,quiconsignejouraprèsjourlesrepasduprince.Lanourritureestsaineetfrugale(fruits,légumes,laitages,poissons,volaillesbouillies,peuoupasdebœuf);lepainestbis,desquignonsdepainsecconstituentlesen-cas.AlacourdeSavoie,j’aiutiliséunmenud’apparatoffertauxambassadeursd’EspagneetEmpire:ony sertdugibier,desartichauts,desfromages,lesinévitablesgrissini,duraisinetdesmarronsglacés.Lesportraitsdecour,genrepicturalàlamode,m’ontrenseignéesur les vêtements et accessoires des princes et princesses.Henriette-Marie de Bourbon, reine d’Angleterre, envoie parexemple à sa sœur Christine un très beau portrait de sesenfants,peintparvanDyck.LesfêtesàlacourdeTurinsontaiséesàdocumenter:lefavorideChristine,Philipped’Agliè,asdelachorégraphie,organisechaqueannéeungrandballetdontildessinelescostumes,notelesairsetlamusique.CestrésorsreposentauxarchivesdeTurin.EnPiémont,lestatutroyaldeChristinedeFrancem’aaidéedans mes recherches. Les lettres de «Madame Royale», enfrançais, sont publiées dans les annexes d’ouvrages du 19èmeenitalien.Ouvragesrécemmentnumériséspardesuniversitésaméricaines!

JMW : Votre livre est un portrait saisissant de l’Europe du 17ème siècle où les grandes puissances (France, Espagne, Empire) s’affrontent. Quel espect de ce tableau vous a le plus surprise, et avez-vous fait des découvertes ou levé le voile sur des aspects méconnus ?AN:Audébutdu17èmesiècle,quandnaîtlafilled’HenriIV,

la France se relève difficilement des Guerres de religion, leduchédePiémont-SavoieestunEtatdemoindreimportance,tandis que le Saint-Empire romain germanique est unegrandepuissance,l’Espagnenonmoinsfortegrâceàl’ordesAmériques,l’Italiele«théâtredumonde»grâceàl’impulsionde la Renaissance. Cinquante ans plus tard, à la Paix deWestphalie, l’Allemagne est à genoux suite à la Guerre detrenteans, l’Espagneappauvrieetaffaibliepar lacorruptiondesélites,l’Italieenpleinedécadence.LeduchédePiémont-SavoiesortconsolidédelaGuerredesbeaux-frères,laFrances’imposecommepuissance.QuisontlesprincipauxacteursdelamontéeenpuissancedecesdeuxEtats?MadameRoyale,encoreelle,etGiulioMazzarini,diplomatepontifical.Brillant,extraordinairementhabile, le secondestappeléà lacourdeFrance comme ministre, la postérité retient l’intelligencepolitiqueducardinaldeMazarin,oubliesansfaçonceluideChristinedeFrance…En1648,aprèsWestphalie,toutestenplacepourfairedeLouisXIVungrandroietdelaFranceunegrandenation,satanteChristineyaœuvrédansl’ombre.

JMW : Un chapitre, « L’Escalade à Genève », devrait logiquement retenir l’attention des lecteurs Genevois. Vous n’évoquez pas son aspect plus folklorique (comme la Mère Royaume et sa fameuse marmite…). S’agit-il de légendes ?AN:Nulfolklore,eneffet,ducôtésavoyardausujetdel’escalademanquée des murailles de Genève une nuit de décembre1602.Etpourcause.Afindeprendre la richeet stratégiqueRépubliqueréformée,soushauteprotectionfrançaise,leducCharles-EmmanueldeSavoie(beau-pèredeChristine),s’étaitdonné les moyens. Il avait acquis des échelles télescopiqueset des arquebuses dernier cri, désigné ses meilleurs soldats,choisiuncapitainederenom.Maisunesentinellegenevoiseparvient à donner l’alerte, l’attaque savoyarde échoue; lacitédeCalvinyvoitunsignedelaprotectiondivine,leducde Savoie une marque de honte et d’opprobre. Le capitainesavoyardresponsabledudésastrefinitmêmedécapité…Pour donner chair et lustre aux commémorations, ce sontles vainqueurs qui introduisent du folklore (marmites enchocolat, chants et cantiques, défilé en costumes d’époque),nonlesvaincus.

JMW : Sur le tableau qui figure en couverture, Christine est présentée avec des attributs « hermaphrodites », et vous décrivez bien sa bravoure guerrière lors d’une bataille. Comment jugeait-on à l’époque les femmes « viriles » ?AN: Christine hermaphrodite: comme régente du duché,Madame Royale est-elle homme ou femme d’Etat? Commechef de guerre, elle est père de la patrie, haranguant sestroupes,tirantl’épéehorsdufourreau.Commemèredupetitduc et protectrice de son peuple, elle est mère de la patrie.L’iconographie du temps ne choisit pas entre les genres, ellelescumuleoulescombinedansdesreprésentationspicturales.Dansuneautregravure,Christinefigurecommelieutenantenarmes au côté de son mari et comme ange descendu du cielpourluiposerlacouronnesurlatête.Les femmes «viriles» sont généralement mal vues par lesespritsconventionnels;c’estlecasdeJeanned’Arc.Audébutdu19ème siècle, le roiCharles-AlbertdeSavoie interditàun

savantl’accèsauxarchivesconcernantMadameChristine,nonparcequ’elleétaitvirile,maisparcequ’elleavaitunfavori!

JMW : Dans le prolongement de cette question, vous citez Richelieu qui aurait dit : « Le gouvernement des femmes est d’ordinaire le malheur des états ». Le mouvement « ME-TOO » n’aurait pas apprécié… On peut affirmer que la régence de Christine de France après la mort de son mari Victor Amédée 1er prouvera le contraire, n’est-ce pas ?AN: Contrairement à Mazarin, qui offre des crèmes debeauté et des gants parfumés à Madame Royale pour s’enfaire une alliée, Richelieu est épidermiquement allergique àcelle-ci. Au côté de son frère Louis XIII, l’homme rouge larencontre à Grenoble en 1639, l’insulte et la malmène dansle but d’annexer la Savoie. Peine perdue, Christine ignorel’offenseetréveillelesaffectionsfraternellespourneutraliserlegrossiermanant.Mieux,elleobtientduroideFrancesesmeilleurs généraux pour bouter hors du duché les troupesdes «princes beaux-frères», ses ennemis jurés. Dans le casqui nous occupe, la misogynie de Richelieu est stupide etcontreproductive. Le ministre semble oublier le systèmepolitiquedanslequelilvit:ladésignationduroideFranceesteneffetrégieparlaloisalique,soitprimogénituremasculinedans la famille souveraine.Unmâlepremierné règnedoncsur le royaume. Or celui-ci peut être empêché d’exercer lepouvoirpourdiverses raisons:minoritéduprince, absencedu souverain (campagne militaire, emprisonnement), décèsprématuré.DanslestroiscasleConseildoitfaireappelàunerégente, mère ou épouse, du monarque. La France a connuplusieursrégencesféminines,BlanchedeCastille,LouisedeSavoie,Anned’Autriche.Depuis la mort de son époux, duc régnant, Christine deFranceestrégentedepleindroit.Lamisogyniede l’hommerouge révèle surtout sa mauvaise humeur ou sa mauvaiseéducation.LacitationdeRichelieuestauthentique,ellefiguredanssonTestament politique.Lecardinalqualifielui-mêmelarencontredeGrenoblecomme«lesjourslesplussombresde(sa)lumineusefortune».

JMW : On signalera finalement que l’épilogue – qui est un résumé bien utile des événements – les cartes et le lexique permettront au lecteur de se retrouver dans le foisonnement de cette fresque historique. Et l’on ajoutera que ce livre donne très envie de redécouvrir Turin, la capitale piémontaise, ses places, palais et châteaux.AN:Entreautresréalisations,ChristinedeFrancereconstruitet agrandit Turin après la Guerre des beaux-frères. Elle faitd’une bourgade bourbeuse une capitale au rayonnementeuropéen. Couvrant la cité de marbre, elle distribue lesmagnifiquespalaisde laPlaceSaint-Charlesàsespartisans.Les façades Louis XIII, austères et élégantes, disent encoreaujourd’huilagrandeurdelaprincessefrançaiseparachutéedansleduchéàl’âgede13ans.Pourclorecetteévocation,rappelonsquegrâceauxénergiesdéployéesparladuchesseChristinedanssonpaysd’alliance,sonpetit-filsVictor-AmédéeIIdeviendraroideSicileen1713etqu’undescendantcollatéralcoiffera lacouronne italienneen1861.



Après avoir franchi les cols du Jura, un vaste paysagede collines et de forêts se présente à nous. Non loin dela charmante petite ville d’Arbois, une route se dirige enlignedroitesuruneportemajestueusequiabritederrièreses colonnes doriques une grotte artificielle. Passé cetteentrée monumentale, on découvre des bâtiments endemi-cercleavecaucentre laMaisonduDirecteuretsesextraordinairescolonnesentrecoupéesdeblocscubiques.Vous vous trouvez dans la Saline royale d’Arc-et-Senans,oudecequ’ilenreste,carl’architecteavaitprévuuncercleparfaitdont,écrit-il,«laformeestpurecommecellequedécritlesoleildanssacourse»,etquidevaitêtreentouréde nombreux édifices destinés à l’industrie du sel. Cequ’il avait prévu n’était pas seulement une usine, maisunevilleidéaleavecsonmarché,sesbains,sesécoles,unhospice, une maison de jeux et de plaisir, une église, uncimetière et…une prison! Le demi-cercle que l’on peutadmireraujourd’huialignedesbâtimentssurlesquelssont

Arc-et-Senansla ville idéale de Claude Nicolas LedouxIl y a en Franche-Comté un lieu étonnant né du rêve d’un grand visionnaire, l’architecte Claude Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806), incarnant à la fois le Siècle des Lumières et la modernité.

sculptées des urnes renversées dont l’eau qui s’écoule estpétrifiéedanslapierre.

Chaque bâtiment a une fonction industrielle, ce que l’onatendanceàoublierdevanttantdemonumentalitéetderecherche esthétique. Il s’agit bien pourtant d’une salineavec ses fours, ses ateliers, ses magasins, ses logementspourlesouvriersetleurfamille.Pourunevisionpeut-êtreplus concrète, il faudra se rendre non loin de là à Salinsdont la saline transformée en musée permet de mieuxcapter ce que fut vraiment la vie d’une telle entreprise.C’estd’ailleursàSalinsquel’eausaumâtreétaitacheminéeà Arc-et-Senans à travers des canalisations souterraines.La saumure était alors chauffée et le sel recueilli parévaporation.

MaisrevenonsàArc-et-Senans.UnbâtimentdelaSalineroyaleabriteunmuséequiexposelesmaquettesdetousles

Photos:Jean-MichelWissmer

monumentsdeLedouxdont laplupartsontrestés,hélas,àl’étatdeprojetouontétédétruits.Maisgrâceauxplansque nous a laissés l’architecte, on a pu les reconstituer.L’undesplusétonnantsestsansdoutelamaisondestinéeaux surveillants de la source de la rivière la Loue d’uneincroyable modernité et que n’aurait pas renié un LeCorbusier.CequiestfrappantchezLedouxestcemélangeentre les références à l’Antiquité classique et des lignesrésolumentmodernesetépurées.

SiLedouxétaitunidéaliste,ilaaussiétéauservicedel’AncienRégimeet fut trèsappréciéde lanoblessequi luipassadenombreusescommandes.Ilestaussil’architectedesbarrièresdepéagedeParissaccagéesparunpeupleencolèrelorsdesémeutesdejuillet1789.Iln’enresteaujourd’huiquequatre:lesrotondesdeMonceauetdelaVillette(laplusbelle),etlesbarrièresduTrôneetd’Enfer.Onl’auracompris,Ledouxlerêveuretl’architectepréférédel’aristocratien’estplusen

odeurdesainteté.Ilseraincarcéréen1793etéchapperadepeuàlaguillotine.Ruinéetdésabusé,ilmeurtàsoixante-dixansle18novembre1806.

J’ai connu la Saline royale d’Arc-et-Senans il y a plus de40 ans alors que le site était abandonné. Les bâtimentsouverts à tous les vents étaient envahis par les hautesherbes. C’est aujourd’hui un haut-lieu du patrimoine deFranche-Comtéinscritaupatrimoinemondialdel’Unesco,accueillantcongrèsetvisiteursquipeuventmêmeypasserla nuit. Finalement, Ledoux aura réalisé son rêve malgréles épreuveset lesdésillusions. Il a écrit: «Ignorez-vousce qu’il en coûte à ceux qui osent changer la masse desidéesreçues?».

Jean-MichelWissmer

La saline se visite toute l’année. Site : www.salineroyale.com



Ferdinand HodlerByRobertJamesParsons

The year 2018 has been and still is the year of FerdinandHodler.Markingtheonehundredthanniversaryofhisdeath,ithasproducedanextensivere-examinationofthe lifeandwork of the Swiss artist. As the year draws to a close, it isworthnotingthattheHodlercelebrationcontinues,oninto2019,intheformofsevensignificantexhibits,oneinBerne(wherehewasborn in1853)and six inGeneva (wherehelivedmostofhislife).

The paintings of the Berne exhibit were shown at Geneva’sMusée Rath until late August, when they were moved toBerne’s Kunstmuseum (within easy walking distance fromthemainstation),wheretheycanbeseenuntil13January.ForthosewhomissedtheGenevashowing,thetriptoBerneisworththetimeandeffort,forboththeGenevaMuséed’artetd’histoireandtheBerneKunstmusemhavedrawnontheirprodigious collections for the occasion. Many of Hodler’sgreatestworks,rarelyseenuntilnow,areondisplay.

Until his death, Hodler was generally ranked as one ofEurope’s greatest artists, rivaling Egon Shiele and GustavKlimt. However, his support of a public denunciation oftheshellingof theReimscathedralby theGermansduringtheFirstWorldWarcausedhimto fall intodisfavor in theGerman-speaking world, which was his primary market.This is one reason that so many of his paintings remainedin Switzerland after his death. Thereupon, he steadilydisappearedfromthemainstreamartscene,resurfacingonlyoccasionallyandbriefly.

FiveofthesixGenevaexhibitsareundertheauspicesoftheMuséed’artetd’histoire,fouratthemainmuseumbuildingon the rue Charles-Galland and the fourth at the MaisonTavelintheoldtown.Allareworthaleisurelyvisit.

Themainmuseumbuildingisthebeststartingpoint.There,onefindsoverfiftyofHodler’spaintings,firstalongthewallsof the monumental staircase leading from the entry to thepaintinggalleries,theninthegalleriesthemselves.

The staircase paintings are not only part of the permanentcollection but also part of the museum’s décor. They areamong those often designated his “patriotic” paintings, forthey depict Swiss bigger-than-life warriors from the lateMiddleAgeswiththeirweaponsandawinegrowerwithhisscythefromtheLavauxregion.TheseweredonefortheSwisspavilion at 1896 World’s Fair in Geneva. A seventh, majorpictureLa retraite de Marignan,(The Retreat from Marignano)overlookingtherightsideofthestairwayisactuallyacarton,a study prepared for what was to be a fresco at the SwissNationalMuseuminZurich.

Its subject is the retreat from the battlefield of MarignanoinSeptember1515,wheretheFrenchkingFrancisIandhisVenetianalliesroutedthecombinedforcesofthePapalStatesbackedbythemercenariesoftheConfederacy,defendingtheduchyofMilan.Thebattle,whichlastedsometwentyhours,wascalled“thebattleofthegiants”byoneoftheleadersof

themercenariesandresultedin10,000to20,000dead.

Hodler’sstudyforMarignan,actuallydoneoncanvasandofthesizeintendedforthefresco(5X3.5m.),wassubmittedin 1896 in a contest held to choose frescoes for the SwissNational Museum. He won the contest, but the museum’sdirector, Heinrich Angst, appalled by the realism of theimagerywithitsabundanceofbloodandatotallackofanysuggestion of heroism on the part of the Swiss (they lookdownright dejected), refused to accept it, designating it “apieceofdetritus”.Amajor controversycalled “thebattleofthefrescoes”brokeout.

Angst was backed by the Municipality of Zurich and theNationalMuseumcommission,alongwithanumberofartcriticsandartists.OntheothersidewasasolidphalanxofartcriticsfromFrench-speakingSwitzerland,majorBerneseart criticsand themajorityofSwissartists.Thecartonwasexhibited to the public with the other contest submissions,and the controversy brought a steady stream of crowds tosee what all the fuss was about. In one week alone, some20,000personscametoviewit.Intheend,afteraprotracteddispute that threatened to go on endlessly, the full FederalCouncilmadethetripinordertoarbitrate.Theyruledthatthe authority of the Federal Fine Arts Commission, whichhadhadthetaskofjudgingthecontest,wasabovethatofamuseumdirector.So,Hodlerwon.Needlesstosay,theragingcontroversyfollowedbytheFederalCounciljudgementonlyenhancedhisreputation,alreadyconsiderable.

La retraite de Marignan wastoturnouttobeoneofapair.At the entry level of the museum, in the Salle des armures(ArmorRoom)isanexhibitofthearmsthatfigureinHodler’shistorical paintings along with that second painting, also acarton oncanvas, almostasbigas theother:La bataille de Morat(The Battle of Morat).

This one was requested directly by the Federal Council, in1911,stipulatingcarefullythatthistimeHodlerwastodepict“anepisode fromavictoriouswarof theConfederates”.HechoseashissubjectMorat,wheretheConfederation’stroopsdefeatedtheFrencharmyofCharles theBold in1476.Thecanvasshows,allacrossthetop,inthebackground,thefleeingcavalryofCharles,emphasizingthesuperiorityoftheSwissinfantry, who prominently occupy the foreground. Theirbattlemodel,basedonacompactcommonersmilitiawithoutaristocratic command, aroused the admiration of manycontemporaries,includingthehistorianandmilitarytheoristNicolò Machiavelli, himself entrusted with organizing themilitiaarmyoftheRepublicofFlorence.

Upstairs,inthepaintinggalleries,therearesomefortymorecanvasses,startingfromHodler’searlydaysonupuntiltheyearofhisdeath.Thereisaself-portraitfrom1872,theyearthat he arrived in Geneva, literally penniless, at the age ofnineteen.Anotherself-portraitisfrom1917,theyearbeforehisdeath.Apaintingfrom1872,Paysage alpestre avant l’orage(Alpine Landscape before the Storm),showstheinfluenceof




the two great Geneva Alpine landscape artists, AlexandreCalameandFrançoisDiday.Thelatter,whodiedin1877,wasatthepeakofhisfamewhenHodlerarrivedinGeneva.

HodlerhimselfneverstoppedpaintingtheAlps.Inthelasttwoyearsofhislife,fromhisapartmentontheMont-Blancembankment,hepaintedLakeGeneva,theSalèveandMountBlancoverandoveragain,eventuallyeliminatingtheurbandevelopmentonthefarsideofthelakeinhisrepresentationsandfocusingonthelakeandthemountains.Ofthelasttwo,Le Lac Léman et le Mont Blanc, l’après-midi(Lake Geneva and Mount Blanc, Afternoon) was done in February 1918. Thesecond,withthesametitle,wasunfinishedwhenhediedinMay.

Hodler,allhis life,wasalsofascinatedbythehumanform.OneofhisclosestfriendswasthepoetLouisDuchosal,whodied in Geneva in 1901. He was described as “puny”, butHodlerhadputhisfaceonthewarrioronthefarrightinLa retraite de Marignan,givinghimthephysiqueofanAmericanfootballplayer.UponbeinginformedofDuchosal’sdeath,hesped to the man’s house and painted him, lying peacefullyandlookingverymuchasleep.

Healsopaintedhisbelovedmistress,AlbertineDupindying.Alongoneentirewallaretwelveportraitsfromthebeginningtothelastyearsofhiscareer,plusfourmoreself-portraits.

In a collateral room of the main galleries is an exhibit ofHodler’s notebooks. He was never without one to sketchin and filled dozens of them. These have been beautifullyreproducedbytheMuseuminasmallbook,Les carnets de Ferdinand Hodler,onsalethere.

Also,inthelabyrinthofthepaintinggalleries,isanexhibit,Hodle(r)estauré (Hodlerestored) built around the extensiveworkofrestorationofthreeofhispaintings.Foranybodywhohasneverencounteredwhatisinvolvedinsuchanoperation,itcanbefascinating,forthedelicatenessofacanvasandthepaintthathasbeenappliedtoitrequirestenderlovingcare,almost superhuman patience and time – that can stretchout into years, depending upon what is discovered in theprocess.

Elsewhere in the galleries, in another collateral room, is adelightfulsmallpaintingofawomanadjustinghergarter,aHodler,hungfarawayfromtheothers,oppositeaRenoirandavanGogh.TherearealsothreelargesplendidcanvasesbyAlexandrePerrier,acontemporaryofHodler’swhosework,exhibitedwithHodler’sattheParisExposition universellein1900andattheViennaSecession,Hodleradmired.

Perrier’sworkisalsoonexhibitattheMaisonTavelwithinanexhibitentitledL’esprit de Hodler dans la peinture genevoise(Hodler’s Spirit in Geneva Painting).Among the thirty-pluspaintingsareAlpinelandscapes,portraitsandsundryothers.They vary from simply nice to extraordinary. In DidierEstoppey’sPaysage de Savoie (le pic de Chalume)(Landscape

ofSavoy:thePeakofClaume)from1901,thepeakisbathedinthepalepinkoftheearlyeveningalpenglowgivingitanetherealqualitythatanyonewhohasseentheAlpsatsunsetwillrecognize.

Finally,theMartinBodmerFoundationinCologny,drawingon the voluminous Jura Br�schweiler Archives, presentseverythingyoueverwantedtoknowaboutFerdinandHodler(andmuch,muchmore).TheArchivescontainsome80,000items, and the selection on display includes photos, pressclippingsandletters,amongmanyothers.

The exhibit, running until 25 August 2019, is organizedaroundthemes(theusualpresentationfortheFoundation’sexhibits), including Hodler’s tumultuous love life thatincluded mistresses, wives, and children who, at the time,wereonbothsidesoflegality.ThereareevenshortfilmclipsshowinghimattheGenevaWorld’sFairof1896,givingusaglimpseofhiminmotion,butwithoutvoice.

Itisapointofinterestthatonthedaybeforehisdeath,HodlerwenttoCologny,andMartinBodmerwasoneofhisadmirers,owingapreliminarysketchforLa retraite de Marignan.

Both the quantity and the immense variety of the pieceson display – not to mention the superb layout, typical oftheFoundation’s exhibits–bringalive themanbehind thepaintings and sketches in the Musée d’art et d’histoire, theman who inspired the contemporaries whose work is ondisplayattheMaisonTavel.




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