Multiple Intelligences, English Multiple Intelligences, English Language Teaching,Language Teaching, and Technologyand Technology

A Winning Combination!A Winning Combination!

Dr. In-Seok KimDr. In-Seok Kim

Professor of ESL and Applied LinguisticsProfessor of ESL and Applied Linguistics

Dongduk Women’s UniversityDongduk Women’s University

President-elect of Asia Pacific Association of Multimedia Assisted Language Learning

iskim@dongduk.ac.kr

http://www.eflcall.com

The Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Traditional View of Intelligences Linguistic Intelligence Mathematical-Logical IntelligenceGardner’s Ground Zero Project(1983)Humans are born with various types

of intelligences –> Seven typesEach person possesses a different

level in each type of intelligence.

LinguisticLinguistic Intelligence Intelligence

The intelligence of wordsThe intelligence of words

Love to play around with the sounds Love to play around with the sounds of language through puns, word of language through puns, word games, and tongue twistersgames, and tongue twisters

Trivia experts, Masters of literacyTrivia experts, Masters of literacy Talk persuasively, Read a lot, Write Talk persuasively, Read a lot, Write

clearlyclearly Journalist, storyteller, poet, lawyer, etc.Journalist, storyteller, poet, lawyer, etc.

The intelligence of numbers and logicThe intelligence of numbers and logic

The ability to reason, sequence, think in The ability to reason, sequence, think in terms of cause-and-effect, create terms of cause-and-effect, create hypotheses, look for numerical patternshypotheses, look for numerical patterns

Enjoy a generally rational outlook on lifeEnjoy a generally rational outlook on life The intelligence of the scientists, The intelligence of the scientists,

accountant, and computer programmers, accountant, and computer programmers, Newton, Einstein, etc.Newton, Einstein, etc.

Logical-MathematicalLogical-Mathematical Intelligence Intelligence

Smart with pictures and imagesSmart with pictures and images

The ability to perceive, transform, and The ability to perceive, transform, and recreate different aspects of the visual-recreate different aspects of the visual-spatial worldspatial world

An acute sensitivity to visualize An acute sensitivity to visualize details details

Can visualize vividly, draw, sketch their Can visualize vividly, draw, sketch their ideas graphically, and orient themselves in ideas graphically, and orient themselves in three-dimensional space with easethree-dimensional space with ease

Visual-SpatialVisual-Spatial Intelligence Intelligence

Architects, photographers, Architects, photographers, artists, pilots, mechanical artists, pilots, mechanical engineersengineers

Designer of the Pyramids in Designer of the Pyramids in Egypt, Thomas Edison, Pable Egypt, Thomas Edison, Pable Piccaso,etc.Piccaso,etc.

Visual-SpatialVisual-Spatial Intelligence Intelligence

The capacity to perceive, appreciate, and The capacity to perceive, appreciate, and

produce rhythms and melodiesproduce rhythms and melodiesHas a good ear, can sing in tune, Has a good ear, can sing in tune,

keep time to musickeep time to musicCan listen to different musical Can listen to different musical

selections with some degree of selections with some degree of discernmentdiscernment

Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, etc.Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, etc.

Musical Musical Intelligence Intelligence

The intelligence of the physical selfThe intelligence of the physical self

Talent in controlling one’s body movement Talent in controlling one’s body movement and handling objects skillfullyand handling objects skillfully

Athletes, craft people, mechanics, and Athletes, craft people, mechanics, and surgeons, carpenter, model-buildingsurgeons, carpenter, model-building

Enjoy physical pursuits like hiking, Enjoy physical pursuits like hiking, dancing, swimming, or boatingdancing, swimming, or boating

Charlie Chaplin, Michael Jackson,etcCharlie Chaplin, Michael Jackson,etc

Bodily-kinestheticBodily-kinesthetic Intelligence Intelligence

The ability to understand and work The ability to understand and work

with otherswith othersA capacity to perceive and be A capacity to perceive and be

responsive to the moods, responsive to the moods, temperaments, intentions, and desires temperaments, intentions, and desires of othersof others

A social director on a cruise ship, A social director on a cruise ship, administrator of a large corporationadministrator of a large corporation

Interpersonal Interpersonal Intelligence Intelligence

Very compassionate and socially Very compassionate and socially

responsible like Gandhi, Machiavelli responsible like Gandhi, Machiavelli

The ability to get inside the skin of The ability to get inside the skin of another person and view the world from another person and view the world from the individual perspectivethe individual perspective

Networkers, negotiators, teachersNetworkers, negotiators, teachers

Interpersonal Interpersonal Intelligence Intelligence

The intelligence of the inner selfThe intelligence of the inner self

Can access one’s own feelings and Can access one’s own feelings and discriminate between many different kinds discriminate between many different kinds of inner emotional statesof inner emotional states

Can use one’s self-understanding to Can use one’s self-understanding to enrich and guide her lifeenrich and guide her life

Very introspective, enjoy meditation, Very introspective, enjoy meditation, contemplation, deep soul searchingcontemplation, deep soul searching

IntrapersonalIntrapersonal Intelligence Intelligence

Independent, highly goal-oriented, Independent, highly goal-oriented,

and self-disciplinedand self-disciplinedCounselors, theologians, self-Counselors, theologians, self-

employed business peopleemployed business peoplePrefer to work on their own rather Prefer to work on their own rather

than with othersthan with others

IntrapersonalIntrapersonal Intelligence Intelligence

One can be strong in one or more One can be strong in one or more

of the above intelligences.of the above intelligences. But all But all possess all seven intelligencespossess all seven intelligences

Any normal person can develop Any normal person can develop every one of the seven kinds of every one of the seven kinds of intelligences to a reasonable level intelligences to a reasonable level of mastery.of mastery.

The Position of The Position of Multiple Intelligences(1)Multiple Intelligences(1)

ExampleExample: German thinker Rudolf Steiner was : German thinker Rudolf Steiner was

a philosopher, writer, scientist, sculptor, social a philosopher, writer, scientist, sculptor, social theorist, architect. He also created a system theorist, architect. He also created a system of dance, a theory of color, and a system of of dance, a theory of color, and a system of gardeninggardening

There are a few people who have There are a few people who have developed only one intelligence to a developed only one intelligence to a high level, while the other intelligences high level, while the other intelligences lagged far behindlagged far behind

The Position of The Position of Multiple Intelligences(2)Multiple Intelligences(2)

We have a few intelligences that stand out, We have a few intelligences that stand out,

some that seem average, and others that we some that seem average, and others that we have difficulty with in our lives.have difficulty with in our lives.

There is room for everyone to shine in this There is room for everyone to shine in this new model of intelligence. new model of intelligence.

The farmer, the parent, the painter, the The farmer, the parent, the painter, the mechanic, and the merchant have as much mechanic, and the merchant have as much right to the term intelligence as do the right to the term intelligence as do the psychiatrist, the brain surgeon, and the law psychiatrist, the brain surgeon, and the law professor.professor.

The Position of The Position of Multiple Intelligences(3)Multiple Intelligences(3)

Through new imaging techniques, scientists can now Through new imaging techniques, scientists can now study the inner workings of the brain, thus opening a study the inner workings of the brain, thus opening a vast frontier of knowledge on human cognition. vast frontier of knowledge on human cognition.

Researchers agree that Intelligence and Learning are Researchers agree that Intelligence and Learning are multi-dimensional.multi-dimensional.

Brain research supports the theory that throughout our Brain research supports the theory that throughout our lives, we are capable of growing new connections lives, we are capable of growing new connections between neurons, and these connections create between neurons, and these connections create learning and memory.learning and memory.

Effective Learning through MIEffective Learning through MI

Effective Learning through MIEffective Learning through MI Memory and intelligence are closely linked. Memory and intelligence are closely linked. Thinking and feeling are connected because Thinking and feeling are connected because

our patterning is emotional. our patterning is emotional. Our emotions open and close the doors to our Our emotions open and close the doors to our

ability to learn new information and perform ability to learn new information and perform specific tasks. specific tasks.

We are most motivated to learn when we are We are most motivated to learn when we are involved in activities for which we possess involved in activities for which we possess some talent.some talent.

Creating a State of Creating a State of “Flow”“Flow”

We learn best when we are in a state We learn best when we are in a state ofof high, relaxed concentrationhigh, relaxed concentration where where an individual is actively engaged in an individual is actively engaged in learning something new, but not to learning something new, but not to the point of frustration.the point of frustration.

Effective Learning through MIEffective Learning through MI

Effective Learning Through M.I. MeansEffective Learning Through M.I. Means “Triple Coding”“Triple Coding” ContentContent

Anytime Anytime threethree or moreor more intelligences are intelligences are usedused to introduce new material to students, to introduce new material to students, the greater their chances of the greater their chances of long term long term retention.retention.

Effective Learning through MIEffective Learning through MI

MI theory offers ESL/EFL teachers a way to MI theory offers ESL/EFL teachers a way to examine their best teaching techniques and examine their best teaching techniques and strategies in light of human differencesstrategies in light of human differences..

Two important steps:Two important steps: The first step: The first step: To identify the activities that we To identify the activities that we

frequently use in our classes and categorize frequently use in our classes and categorize them. And then ask which ones help develop them. And then ask which ones help develop verbal-linguistic intelligence ? verbal-linguistic intelligence ? Logical/mathematical intelligence ? Musical Logical/mathematical intelligence ? Musical intelligence? Etc. intelligence? Etc.

English Language Teaching Through MIEnglish Language Teaching Through MI

Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence note-taking, listening to lectures, readingnote-taking, listening to lectures, reading books, storytelling, debates, group discussions, books, storytelling, debates, group discussions,

worksheets, word games, listening to cassettes or worksheets, word games, listening to cassettes or talking books, student speeches, using word talking books, student speeches, using word processorsprocessors

•• Logical-Mathematical IntelligenceLogical-Mathematical Intelligence

science demonstrations and experiments, logic science demonstrations and experiments, logic puzzles and games, story problems with puzzles and games, story problems with numbers, logical/sequential presentation of numbers, logical/sequential presentation of subject matter, creating codes, calculationssubject matter, creating codes, calculations

English Language Teaching Through MIEnglish Language Teaching Through MI

•• Spatial/Visual IntelligenceSpatial/Visual Intelligence

using charts and grids, maps, diagramsusing charts and grids, maps, diagrams videos, slides, movies, using art, using videos, slides, movies, using art, using graphic organizers, visual awareness activitiesgraphic organizers, visual awareness activities visualization, photography, student drawingsvisualization, photography, student drawingsMusical IntelligenceMusical Intelligence Singing, playing recorded music, playing Singing, playing recorded music, playing

live music (piano, guitar), Jazz Chantslive music (piano, guitar), Jazz Chants music appreciationmusic appreciation

English Language Teaching Through MIEnglish Language Teaching Through MI

•• Bodily/kinesthetic IntelligenceBodily/kinesthetic Intelligence

hands-on activities (information-gap), field tripshands-on activities (information-gap), field trips role-plays, mime, creative movements, cookingrole-plays, mime, creative movements, cooking Mother-may-I ?Mother-may-I ?

•• Interpersonal IntelligenceInterpersonal Intelligence

pair work or peer teaching, conflict mediationpair work or peer teaching, conflict mediation board games, group brainstormingboard games, group brainstorming group problem-solving, project workgroup problem-solving, project work

English Language Teaching Through MIEnglish Language Teaching Through MI

• • Intrapersonal IntelligenceIntrapersonal Intelligence activities with a self-evaluation componentactivities with a self-evaluation component

interest centers, goal setting, individualized interest centers, goal setting, individualized projects, inventories and checklistsprojects, inventories and checklists

options for homeworkoptions for homework

personal journal keeping , reflective learningpersonal journal keeping , reflective learning

computer-assisted self-trainingcomputer-assisted self-training

English Language Teaching Through MIEnglish Language Teaching Through MI

• • The second stepThe second step

To track what we are doing in our To track what we are doing in our lesson planning and teaching. lesson planning and teaching.

TESL/TEFL Multiple Intelligences Weekly TESL/TEFL Multiple Intelligences Weekly Checklist can be used. Checklist can be used.

English Language Teaching Through MIEnglish Language Teaching Through MI

Sample MI Activity

See Activity SheetSee Activity Sheet

Technology Technology Enhances Enhances the the Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences

At leastAt least one-thirdone-third of our students areof our students are

vvi i ssuuaal l learners.learners.

ComputersComputers offer students aoffer students a multi-sensorymulti-sensory smorgasbord.smorgasbord.

Various Various Types of Technology Types of Technology SupportSupport the Intelligencesthe Intelligences

Student thoughts:Student thoughts: Intelligences Intelligences They Feel are They Feel are ActivatedActivated by Technologyby Technology

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70A

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3rd & 4th graders

The The IntegrationIntegration of of M.I. M.I. & &

Technology:Technology: The Positive Effects:The Positive Effects:

Students find topics more interesting when information is Students find topics more interesting when information is presented in a variety of ways.presented in a variety of ways.

Students feel more comfortable and motivated when they Students feel more comfortable and motivated when they

know that their learning styles will be addressed.know that their learning styles will be addressed.

Students believe their learning has more meaning when Students believe their learning has more meaning when the way in which they learn and present new information is the way in which they learn and present new information is acknowledged.acknowledged.

Students are more challenged, engaged, and independent.Students are more challenged, engaged, and independent.

M.I. & Technology:M.I. & Technology: Positive EffectsPositive Effects, , cont.cont.

Students have more control over what and how they learn Students have more control over what and how they learn (self pacing).(self pacing).

Students gain a greater sense of responsibility for their Students gain a greater sense of responsibility for their work.work.

Students remain on task for longer periods of time.Students remain on task for longer periods of time.

PositivePositive Effects,Effects, cont. cont.

Students produce higher quality work, that reflects the Students produce higher quality work, that reflects the increased depth and breadth of their knowledge and increased depth and breadth of their knowledge and talents.talents.

Students become better at critical thinking, organizing & Students become better at critical thinking, organizing & evaluating information, and presenting their new evaluating information, and presenting their new knowledge in creative ways.knowledge in creative ways.

VerbalVerbal / Linguistic / Linguistic Intelligence Intelligence

CD-ROM titles for English Learning

(Tell me more Kids, Q-Steps, Let’s Go series, OUP Picture Dictionary)

keypal programskeypal programs videoconferencing programvideoconferencing program

(Yahoo net meeting, MSN messenger(Yahoo net meeting, MSN messenger

VerbalVerbal / Linguistic / Linguistic Intelligence Intelligence Word processing programsWord processing programs (Word)(Word)

Typing tutorsTyping tutors (Mavis Beacon)(Mavis Beacon)

Desktop publishingDesktop publishing (MicroSoft Publisher)(MicroSoft Publisher)

Electronic librariesElectronic libraries (World Library)(World Library)

Word gamesWord games (Missing Links)(Missing Links)

Story Writing ProgramsStory Writing Programs (Imagination Express; The Amazing (Imagination Express; The Amazing Writing Machine; Storybook Weaver)Writing Machine; Storybook Weaver)

Co: Writer Co: Writer (www.donjohnston.com/catalog/cow4000s.htm)(www.donjohnston.com/catalog/cow4000s.htm)

VerbalVerbal / Linguistic / Linguistic Intelligence Intelligence

Internet Resources for Teachers www.riverdeep.com www.nifl.gov/nifl/eliteracy www.glef.org www.learningspace.org www.iearn.org www.iste.org

LogicalLogical / Mathematical / Mathematical Intelligence Intelligence

Millie’s Mathhouse (The Learning Company)Millie’s Mathhouse (The Learning Company) The Adventures of Jasper WoodburyThe Adventures of Jasper Woodbury (developed by Vanderbilt University)(developed by Vanderbilt University) - Rescue at Boone’s Meadow (5- Rescue at Boone’s Meadow (5thth Grade) Grade) http://peabody.vanderbilt.edu/ltc/Research/http://peabody.vanderbilt.edu/ltc/Research/ jasper.overview.htmljasper.overview.html Critical thinking programsCritical thinking programs (H.O.T.S.- Higher Order (H.O.T.S.- Higher Order

Thinking Skills; Visual Venture) Thinking Skills; Visual Venture) http://www.hots.org

• • Lost Mind of Dr. Brain (Sierra)Lost Mind of Dr. Brain (Sierra)

LogicalLogical / Mathematical / Mathematical Intelligence Intelligence

Math skills tutorialsMath skills tutorials (Math Blaster; Treasure Math Storm; (Math Blaster; Treasure Math Storm; Math Rock!; Cosmic Geometry; Astro Algebra)Math Rock!; Cosmic Geometry; Astro Algebra)

Computer programming tutors Computer programming tutors (LOGO)(LOGO)

Logic gamesLogic games (King's Quest)(King's Quest)

Strategy gamesStrategy games (Strategy Series)(Strategy Series)

Science programs Science programs (Science Tool Kits; DK Multimedia; (Science Tool Kits; DK Multimedia; Gizmos & Gadgets)Gizmos & Gadgets)

Microworld (www.kidsandcomputers.com)Microworld (www.kidsandcomputers.com) Math brain twister programsMath brain twister programs

Visual/Visual/SpatialSpatial Intelligence Intelligence

Magic Books Software (HIT Lab) – virtual reality book

Virtual Explorer (UC/San Diego)Virtual Explorer (UC/San Diego) – –science-science-based reality adventurebased reality adventure (http://www.wilson.ucsd.edu/ve)(http://www.wilson.ucsd.edu/ve)

Drawing ToolsDrawing Tools

Scholastic HyperScreen Software –Scholastic HyperScreen Software – built-in built-in fonts, clip art, and drawing toolsfonts, clip art, and drawing tools

CrossPad; Apple NewtonCrossPad; Apple Newton

Visual/Visual/SpatialSpatial Intelligence Intelligence

Animation programsAnimation programs (Art/Film Director; KidPix)(Art/Film Director; KidPix)

Clip-Art programsClip-Art programs (Print Shop)(Print Shop)

Draw & Paint programsDraw & Paint programs (Print Artist)(Print Artist) Electronic chess gamesElectronic chess games (Chessmaster)(Chessmaster)

Spatial problem solving gamesSpatial problem solving games (Dr.Brain; Thinking Things)(Dr.Brain; Thinking Things)

Electronic puzzle kitsElectronic puzzle kits (Living Jigsaws)(Living Jigsaws)

Geometry programsGeometry programs (Sensei's Geometry; TesselMania, Tetris)(Sensei's Geometry; TesselMania, Tetris)

Digital Imagery/Graphics ProgramsDigital Imagery/Graphics Programs (Adobe, Photo Editor)(Adobe, Photo Editor)

Bodily/Bodily/KinestheticKinesthetic IntelligenceIntelligence

Tetris game (Alexey Pazhitnov) - fast decision Tetris game (Alexey Pazhitnov) - fast decision

making + hands-eye coordinationmaking + hands-eye coordination

http://vadim.www.media.mit.edu/Tetris.htmhttp://vadim.www.media.mit.edu/Tetris.htm StarLogo (MIT’s Media Lab) StarLogo (MIT’s Media Lab)

http://www.media.mit.edu/starlogohttp://www.media.mit.edu/starlogo Personal Science Lab (Broderbund)Personal Science Lab (Broderbund) Jason Project (electronic field trips) Jason Project (electronic field trips)

http://www.jasonproject.orghttp://www.jasonproject.org TPR software TPR software

MusicalMusical/Rhythmic/Rhythmic Intelligence Intelligence

Band-in-a-Box (PG software)Band-in-a-Box (PG software) Singing software Singing software (Transforms voice input into synthesizer (Transforms voice input into synthesizer

sounds)sounds)

Tone recognition and melody enhancers Tone recognition and melody enhancers (Arnold; (Arnold; SimTunes)SimTunes)

Musical instrument digital interfacesMusical instrument digital interfaces (Midi)(Midi)

Musical Problem Solving Musical Problem Solving (Making Music; Music Ace; (Making Music; Music Ace; Dr.Brain) Dr.Brain)

http://www.harmonicvision.com/products.htmhttp://www.harmonicvision.com/products.htm

InterpersonalInterpersonal IntelligenceIntelligence

CUseeMe, CUseeMe, ICQ (web.icq.com)ICQ (web.icq.com) MSN messinger, MSN messinger, Net Meeting (Yahoo) Net Meeting (Yahoo) Electronic bulletin boardsElectronic bulletin boards (Kidsnet)(Kidsnet)

Simulation gamesSimulation games (Sim City)(Sim City)

E-mail programsE-mail programs (Outlook, Eudora)(Outlook, Eudora)

iEARN website http://iearn/org.about/index.htmiEARN website http://iearn/org.about/index.htm Online pen-pal programs (http://keypals.com)Online pen-pal programs (http://keypals.com) Surfaquarium (http://surfaquarium.com)Surfaquarium (http://surfaquarium.com) Multiuser virtual envornments: Tapped In Multiuser virtual envornments: Tapped In http://tappedin.orghttp://tappedin.org

IntrIntrapersonapersonalal Intelligence Intelligence

Personal choice softwarePersonal choice software (Decisions, Decisions) (Decisions, Decisions) Career counseling softwareCareer counseling software (The Perfect Career) (The Perfect Career) Inspiration or kidspiration (www.inspiration.com)Inspiration or kidspiration (www.inspiration.com) Any self-paced programAny self-paced program (Foreign Languages; Personal (Foreign Languages; Personal

finances)finances) Decisions, DecisionsDecisions, Decisions Graphic Organizer Index (www.graphic.org)Graphic Organizer Index (www.graphic.org) Intelligent Tutoring Systems (Dave ESL by MIT)Intelligent Tutoring Systems (Dave ESL by MIT)

Conclusion (1)

MI theory offers ESL/EFL teachers a way to MI theory offers ESL/EFL teachers a way to examine their best teaching techniques and examine their best teaching techniques and strategies in light of human differences.strategies in light of human differences.

Teachers’ language-learning materials affect Teachers’ language-learning materials affect the multiple intelligence profiles of their the multiple intelligence profiles of their students.students.

We must identify the activities that we We must identify the activities that we frequently use in our classes and categorize frequently use in our classes and categorize them to see which ones help develop which them to see which ones help develop which types of students’ intelligencestypes of students’ intelligences

Conclusion (2)

The use of technology in English language teaching The use of technology in English language teaching should be maximized since the technology and MI should be maximized since the technology and MI provides a winning combination. This means that provides a winning combination. This means that English teaching with technology is believed to English teaching with technology is believed to influence students’ learning more than any other influence students’ learning more than any other medium.medium.

The MI-based teaching of English with technology will The MI-based teaching of English with technology will help students develop seven kinds of their help students develop seven kinds of their intelligences. intelligences. This being the case, students can get This being the case, students can get smarter through learning English through technology.smarter through learning English through technology.

Conclusion (3)

In the future multimedia software that will In the future multimedia software that will assist students in developing their assist students in developing their intelligences through learning English is likely intelligences through learning English is likely to be developed.to be developed.

The caveat of MI-based language learning The caveat of MI-based language learning through technology is that such a combination through technology is that such a combination will surely help teachers create activities that will surely help teachers create activities that will be flexible, reflective, logical, and will be flexible, reflective, logical, and

The EndThe End