MuhakeisoA Brief Grammar

Lains S.

CONTENTS 1 �

Contents1 History 3

1.1 What is Muhakeiso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 A Brief History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 A Brief Description of the Muhake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Phonology 42.1 Phones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1.1 Consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1.2 Vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1.3 Double Vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.2 Phonotactics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Morphology 53.1 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.1.1 Animacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1.2 Inanimacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1.3 Declension Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1.4 Nominative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1.5 Accusative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1.6 Dative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.1.7 Genitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1.8 Instrumental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1.9 Vocative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1.10 Plurals & Possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2 Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2.1 Indefinite & Reflexive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.3 Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.3.1 Subordinative Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.3.2 Coordinative Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.4 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4.1 Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4.2 Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.4.3 Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.5 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.6 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.7 Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.7.1 Forming multiples of 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Syntax 104.1 Word Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.2 Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.3 Clause Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.4 Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.5 Copula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

CONTENTS 2 �

5 Writing System 115.1 How it Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.2 Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6 Lexicon 126.1 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.2 Slang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 �

1 History

1.1 What is Muhakeiso

Muhakeiso is the common understanding and catalogging of a intelligent species’language that resides in the planet named Ioroniso, in the solar system of Spica.These members of this species resemble humans, and their vocal system is veryclose to ours, but very limited in the glottal region.Speaking more technically, Muhakeiso is a polysynthetic and isolating(in somewords) language that is designed around the aliens that speak it. Someoligosynthesis in words occurs, but is often refactored into complex words as soonas humans gather more knowledge about the Muhake.

1.2 A Brief History

Muhakeiso is a language that I created since 2014, to research if it was possible todo a conlang with a rich system of polysynthetic logic alongside some isolatingwords. Its initial name was Ioroniso, named after the green planet that thelanguage is spoken, but eventually scrapped due to naming the language after howthe aliens name themselves: Muhake.

1.3 A Brief Description of the Muhake

The Muhake have four limbs, two of those are the legs, and the other two are thearms. Each arm contains a hand with six fingers that are totally disconnectedbetween each other, and are about 5cm in length, with a diameter of 7mm. Eachleg contains a disc-shaped foot with a claw every 90 degrees of the diameter ofthis disc.Their mouth is very similar to humans, but their glottal region lacks the uvulaand circular-shaped hole(instead being a square-shaped hole). Their lungs areabout 1.2 times bigger than ours, and they breathe in Methane.

4 �

2 Phonology

2.1 Phones

2.1.1 Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar VelarNasal m (m) n (n)Stop p (p) b (b) t (t) d (d) k (k)

Sib. Fric. S (s)Trill r (r)

Lat. Approx. l (l)Do note there is the letter (h) !

2.1.2 Vowels

Front Near-Front BackClose i (i) u (u)

Close-Mid e (e) o (o)Open a (a)

2.1.3 Double Vowels

Every vowel can be duplicated to form vowels that are double the length of thevowel sonically.

Example: AA, EE, II, OO, UU

2.2 Phonotactics

• When h is anywhere in a word it is produced as / / (nothing).

• Every second syllable is the accented one.

• If <s> is the final letter of the word, it is produced as /S/ independently ofnext word having an <s> or not.

• There cannot be any consonant clusters like e.g., <th> in any word.

2.3 Punctuation

Punctuation is an alien concept to the Muhake, but humans studying andcatalogging the language prefer to use punctuation in sentences, such as thecomma (,) and period (.) .Since Muhakeiso presents how to process the sentence via monosyllables at theend of sentences, humans dropped the use of interrogative (?) and exclamative (!)periods in favor of only using the full stop symbol (.) .

5 �

3 Morphology

3.1 Nouns

Nouns are animate or inanimate, and follow six declension cases of which areshown in the noun via suffixes. (except the vocative which is a prefix.)

3.1.1 Animacy

To determine if a noun is animate, one should check that it is a noun referred to aliving being or things related to nature that are not man-made.

3.1.2 Inanimacy

To determine if a noun is inanimate, one should check that it is a noun referred toa non-living being, or artificial concepts or man-made concepts or artificialmachinery.

3.1.3 Declension Cases

Animate InanimateNominative -o -soAccusative -a -saDative -i -siGenitive -u -su

Instrumental -e -seVocative o- so-

3.1.4 Nominative

The Nominative is used to show in the noun who is the direct object of asentence.

Example: Muhakeiso ⇒ Man Language

3.1.5 Accusative

The Accusative is used to show in the noun who is the indirect object of asentence.

Example: Muhakeisa omapamie. ⇒ I say the Man Language.

3.1.6 Dative

The Dative is used to show in the noun that it is a destination of an action.

Example: Pusi milamie X. ⇒ I walk by bus to X.

3.2 Pronouns 6 �

3.1.7 Genitive

The Genitive is used to show in the noun that it is the object of the possession.

Example: Ka kamie pusu. ⇒ That’s my bus.

3.1.8 Instrumental

The Instrumental is used to show in the noun that it is via the noun that theaction occurs.

Example: Lanemie dase. ⇒ I write with this.

3.1.9 Vocative

The Vocative is used to show that one is to give attention to this noun.

Example: Opusa! ⇒ Bus!

3.1.10 Plurals & Possession

• Plurals are marked with -ho alongside the case suffix.

• Possession is marked with -ha alongside the case suffix.

3.2 Pronouns

Pronouns are marked as either singular or plural.Animate Inanimate

1.SG -mi -i2.SG -te -o3.SG -si -lo1.PL -sa -me2.PL -ma -na3.PL -ti -to

Example: Lanemie dase ⇒ I write with this

3.2.1 Indefinite & Reflexive

• Indefinite pronoun is marked with -ro.

• Reflexive pronoun is marked with -re.

3.3 Conjunctions

Conjunctions are the words that glue each sentence in different ways, and inMuhakeiso, they are isolated from the words, being a monosyllabic word.

Example: Lanemie dase ko kase. ⇒ I write with this and that.

3.4 Verbs 7 �

3.3.1 SubordinativeConjunctions

ConjunctionAs eiIf aiSo laka

After kotaBefore kitaBecause susumeThan ren

3.3.2 CoordinativeConjunctions

ConjunctionAnd koFor totaOr kiNor nakiBut toYet nameSo laka

3.4 Verbs

Verbs are marked with a time, mood or aspect suffix.

• Tense is generally speaking, the time of the verb, in other words, when theaction occurred.

• Mood is generally speaking, the description of the way the verb ocurred, inother words, how the action occurred.

• Aspect is generally speaking, the stopping or not of the verb, in other words,if the action occurred.

3.4.1 Tense

Tense SuffixPast -a

Present -eFuture -iGerund -o

Example: Lanemie dase ko ka. ⇒ I write with this and that.

3.4.2 Mood

Mood SuffixImperative -uConditional -naEvidential -neDesiderative -dai

Example: Laneteu da! ⇒ You write this (now)!

3.5 Adjectives 8 �

3.4.3 Aspect

Aspect SuffixPerfect -nu

Progressive -noInfinitive -ta

Example: Lanemieno dase. ⇒ I am writing with this.

3.5 Adjectives

Adjectives are marked according to the noun that is animate or not.Animate Noun Inanimate Noun

Comparative -asa -ataQualifier -esa -etaLikeness -isa -ita

Augmentative -osa -otaDiminutive -usa -uta

Example: Panamieno da tatieota panasa. ⇒ I am living this great life.

3.6 Adverbs

There are 5 suffixes that mark a word as each type of adverb.Suffix

Time -meManner -liDegree -umaPlace -hi

Frequency -mi

Example: Panamieno tatieosali. ⇒ I am living greatly.

3.7 Numerals

All basic numerals are shown below. Muhakeiso uses a base 10 numeral system.

Example: 2015. ⇒ Diuta hutai tusa.

English MuhakeisoOne MikaTwo DiThree TuraFour RikoFive TusaSix Pema

Seven PimaiEight MekiNine ParaTen Hutai

3.7 Numerals 9 �

3.7.1 Forming multiples of 10

• For forming multiples of ten you just suffix the number with -hu:

– e.g., 50 would be Tusahu.

• For forming hundreds of a number, you just suffix it with -tai:

– e.g., 500 would be Tusatai.

• For forming thousands of a number, you just suffix it with -uta:

– e.g., 5.000 would be Tusauta.

• For forming millions or more of a number, you just suffix it with -hui:

– e.g., 5.000.000 would be Tusahui.

10 �

4 Syntax

4.1 Word Order

Since Muhakeiso forms sentences by the use of suffixes and prefixes on every word,there is no need for Word Order in the language.To differentiate between types ofsentences(Affirmative, Interrogative and Exclamative) one should use the markersthat show interrogation or exclamation to mark how to pass the information toanother speaker.Do remember that sentences 6= clauses, as a sentence may contain a subordinateclause and a main clause.

4.2 Markers

• For forming Questions:

To make a sentence into a question, one should add to it the word ma atthe end of it.

It should be colored with the noun cases if one were to specify the type ofquestion:English MuhakeisoWhat MasoWho MasaWhy MaseWhose MasuWhich Masi

• For forming Exclamations:

To make a sentence into a exclamative one, one should add to it the wordne at the end of it.

4.3 Clause Model

A clause is defined as follows:

Subject(suffixes) (+ Verb[suffixes]) + D.Object(suffixes) ...... (+ I.Object[suffixes]) (+ Verb[suffixes]) (Marker)

So as one can see, the verb can be placed either at the end or at the 2nd position,and the indirect object is optional, because it is just an enrichment of the clause.

4.4 Objects

There can be up to 2 (two) objects in a clause, one being the direct object, andthe other being the indirect object.

4.5 Copula 11 �

4.5 Copula

A copula is found when a clause contains the suffix -ka on one of the words. Thisword containing the suffix must precede the word being the copula.

5 Writing System

5.1 How it Works

Every consonant & vowel component with have it’s combined glyph. Strayvowels(in the case of double vowels or dipthongs) will move the second vowel to avowel carrier.

5.2 Guide

This is the illustrated guide on how the letters look like.

12 �

6 Lexicon

6.1 Vocabulary

English Muhakeiso01 ACTION TAHU02 ADVENTURE LIRILATA03 ALL TAHA04 ANIMAL MUTASO05 AWAY KIME06 BEAUTY NUU07 BELL TANASA08 BEST BUUMA09 BIG HAMU10 BLUE MAEASA11 BUILDING TIKOLESA12 BUS PUSA13 BUT TO14 CLEAR BALANO15 CORRECT KAREKA16 DAY ME17 EIGHT MEKI18 EVIL MALI19 EYE MITE20 FIRE HIITANA21 FISH HISA22 HAND MASO23 HE,SHE,IT -SI / -LO24 HERE OHI25 I -MI / -I26 INSIDE ATO27 MAN MUHAKE28 NORMAL HIMA29 NOT NA30 PLAN ATAMA31 PURPOSE PATUNA32 SALTY KATE33 SOMETIMES TAMI34 SPIRIT SATURA35 SWEET UMI36 THEY -TI / -TO37 THIS DA38 TODAY NEME39 WE -SA / -ME

English Muhakeiso40 YESTERDAY -AME41 YOU(THEE) -TE / -O42 YOU(YE) -MA / -NA43 AND KO44 BOOK LANE45 DANGER NANA46 FIVE TUSA47 FOOD HAKANA48 FOUR RIKO49 GREEN MEKORI50 HOME TONI51 LANGUAGE ISO52 LESS RAPA53 LOVE TAHAI54 NINE PARA55 ONE MIKA56 OR KI57 PLACE KADA58 PLANET SAHENA59 REAL MONA60 RED ATAI61 RISK NAMA62 ROUTINE MAPE63 SCIENCE SIHENASA64 SEVEN PIMAI65 SIX PEMA66 SPACE ENASA67 TEN HUTAI68 THAN REN69 THAT KA70 THREE TURA71 TIME SATU72 TOO HATA73 TO ADD DATA74 TO BE KATA75 TO COME PANETA76 TO COMPARE KAMITA77 TO DRAIN MONTA78 TO EAT TIBATA

6.1 Vocabulary 13 �

English Muhakeiso79 TO ENTER MAHATA80 TO EXIT SASAMETA81 TO HUNGER BITA82 TO LIVE PANATA83 TO LURE LULATA84 TRAIN KANAHA85 BIG ENASAMA86 EARTH NAMESU87 FULL HUMA88 HOT HIITAMA89 KNOWLEDGE NESI90 LONG TAMETA91 MOON NASAHENA92 MOUNTAIN ENAMESU93 NATURE PANAKADA94 NAME LINATAKU95 PERSON MUNAHA96 SMALL NAAMA97 SUN HESANA98 STONE NAANAMESU99 TO BURN HIITANATA100 TO DRINK LALUTA101 TO DIE NAPANATA102 TO FALL HITA103 TO GIVE MENOTA104 TO KNOW LINATA105 TO MAKE PATA106 TO POUR HIMATA107 TO RAIN HIMESUTA108 TO REMEMBER MENONESITA109 TO RING BULOTA110 TO SAY OMAPATA111 TO SEE MIRUTA112 TO SOUND OMATA113 TO TRY TATARITA114 TO TURN KIRETA115 TO WALK MILATA116 TO WRITE LANETA117 TEXT LENAE118 TRUE LINA119 TWO DI120 WAY TAME

English Muhakeiso121 WATER MESU122 WIND META123 WOMAN MUNAKE124 WORD TAKU125 FOREVER PANAME126 FOOL NANESI127 GOOD TATIE128 HAND TE129 TO HELP MENOTETA130 TO TEACH NESIMENOTA131 TO WORK MASOTA132 AFTER KOTA133 BEFORE KITA134 FOR TOTA135 NOR NAKI136 YET NAME137 SO LAKA138 AS EI139 IF AI140 BECAUSE SUSUME141 PAPER NAALANE142 LIFE PANA143 TOP TATA144 HEAD TAAKADA145 BOTTOM NATATA146 BAD NATATIE147 FOOT NATE148 NIGHT NAAME149 TO FLY TAMILATA150 TO SWIM NATALATA151 TO HEAR MINITA152 EAR MINI153 OLD KARE154 NEW NAKARE155 HEART PAMA156 COLD NAHIITAMA157 MIDDLE DATATA158 BELLY DATAKADA159 WHITE NALAMATA160 BLACK TAALAMATA161 COLOR LAMATA162 YELLOW ATAMEKO

6.1 Vocabulary 14 �

English Muhakeiso163 CLAW KAKATA164 PART SUTE165 CLOUD ENAMETA166 SMOKE SUMETA167 ASH HIISUTE168 PATH MILATAME169 TOOTH NAAKAKA170 LETTER SUTAKU171 YEAR HUME172 MONTH SUHUME173 TO NEED NAKATA174 TO SMELL HABATA175 NOSE HABASU176 TO CREATE ENAPATA177 TO DESTROY NAPATA178 TO SIT NIMITA179 HOUR TIKA180 MINUTE SUTIKA181 SECOND NAASUKA182 TO FIND MISUTA183 TO DO MEHATA184 THING NA185 SOMETHING KANA186 MOUTH SUHOMA187 GRAY SULAMATA188 TO PERMIT NABATA189 TO ALLOW BATA190 TO LIKE KABUTA191 NUMBER TAPA192 IMAGE MIRUSU193 VIDEO KIMIRUSU194 THANKS TAHASA195 PLEASE SUTAHA196 ANYTHING TAHANA197 NOTHING NATAHANA198 TOOL SUENAPA199 CALENDAR TAHAHUME200 STORY SUMINI201 TO BUILD TIKOLETA202 TO GO LATA203 CRAZY NANE204 INSANITY ENASANANE

English Muhakeiso205 MUSIC MINISI206 FRIEND KABUSI

6.2 Slang 15 �

6.2 Slang

To be studied further.