Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar?...

50
Session Two Teaching Grammar

Transcript of Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar?...

Page 1: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Session Two Teaching Grammar

Page 2: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Overview

• What is grammar? • What are the goals of teaching grammar?• Principles for teaching grammar• Grammar presentation and practice• Classroom techniques and tasks• Drawing a Conclusion• Assignment: a lesson plan for grammar teaching

Page 3: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Your personal idea?

• Provide your own definition of the term grammar, its role in English language…

• Check the concepts in our three related coursebooks.

Page 4: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

What is grammar?

e.g.Are these right? Are they acceptable?1. What the cat did was ate the rat. 2. I’v just met the girl who I talked to on

Friday.

•Grammar

•Prescriptive grammar

•Descriptive grammar

•Grammaring

Page 5: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

• A prescriptive grammar lays down the law, saying what is right and what is wrong.

• A descriptive grammar sets out to describe the way that people actually use language.

• Grammaring: grammar is a skill or dynamic process, “the ability to use grammar structures accurately, meaningfully, and appropriately.” (Larsen-Freeman, 2003:143)

Page 6: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Diane Larsen-Freeman (1995)

• “语法皇后”• Form, meaning and use 三维语法教学法• David Nunan: “Grammar: the study of how

syntax( form), semantics (meaning), and pragmatics (use) work together to enable individuals to communicate through language.”

Page 7: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

FORM/

STRUCTURE

Morphosyntactic and

Lexical patterns

Phonemic/Graphemic

patterns

MEANING/

SEMANTICS

Lexical meaning

Grammatical meaning

USE/PRAGMATICS

Social context

Linguistic discourse context

Presuppositions about context

Page 8: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

FORM

How is it formed?

MEANING

What does it mean?

USE

When and why is it used?

Page 9: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

For summary of the article Teaching Grammar

written by Larsen-Freeman (1991)

please visit:• http://www.authorstream.com/

presentation/anamariacult-8160-teaching-grammar-education-ppt-powerpoint/

Page 10: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

高中英语课程标准语法项目表说明

• 高中阶段的语法教学, 应从语言运用的角度出发, 把语言的形式、意义和用法有机的结合起来。 要引导学生在语境中了解和掌握语法的表意功能。(高中英语课程标准 :65)

Page 11: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

GRAMMAR: FORM ( 何红书 37 页)

CHECKPOINT 6 GrammarThe Present Perfect Tense A Statement forms Question forms

I/You have just seen … Have you seen … yet? (下略)Short answers Yes, I/you/we/they have. No, I/you/we/they haven't. (下略)

 

B Verbs Past tense Past participleRegular forms ask asked asked (下略)

Irregular forms lose lost lost (下略)( 摘自《高中英语》 B1,U6,L24, PEP & Longman (合编) 1996)

Page 12: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

GRAMMAR: FORM with MEANING

GRAMMAR 1 Present perfect tense 1A Look at these sentences from A Lively City. Answer the questions.

1) I've seen quite a lot of China.• Do we know when the speaker saw these places? (下略) GRAMMAR 2 Present perfect tense 2B Look at these sentences from the passage in Listening and vocabulary

activity 2. Decide which sentences ....• a). describe events that continue over a period of time. • b). describe events that happen at a particular point in time.

1) And you’ve lived there all your life. (下略)C Grammar focus (在本模块结尾的总结表里) • Present prefect tense used for recent events.

– They've put up a lot of high-rise buildings recently.• Present perfect tense used for experiences.

– I've seen quite a lot of China.• Present perfect tense used with words that cannot last.

– We've started a holiday club for children.• Present perfect tense used with words that can last.

– I've worked for it for four years now.• Adverbial phrases used with the present perfect tense.

– so far up to now till now (摘自《新标准英语》高一,模块 4 ,陈琳主编, 2004 )

Page 13: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Attributive Clauses with when,where, why…

• 新人教版高中一 Book 1 Unit 5

– Play this game. Get into groups of four. The first person begins with a sentence and each person in the group adds extra and different information using the attributive clause.

• 北师大版:– Read these sentences from the text and in pairs, work out which

word introduces a relative clause and what it refers to.

– <Language in Use>– Work in groups and write a famous event or a famous person in history.

Try to use relative clauses (when, where, which, who...) in your description.

• Example: The Gettysburg Address which was made by Abraham Lincoln was one of the most famous speeches in American history.

Page 14: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Find how many attributive clauses there are in the text.

1.The time when I first met Nelson Mandela…2.The school where I studied only two years …3….a time when one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg.4.The day when Mandela told me what to do and help me…5….a stage where we have almost no rights at all.6.That parts of town where they lived…7….get jobs they wanted.8.The places where they were sent to live….9….a position in which we had either to accept we were less important, or

fight the Government.10….in a way which was peaceful.(华附教案)

Page 15: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

1 said: “ …we were put in a position in which we had either to accept we were2 reading to help you. Work out the year in which he was born and then fit in the3 Island made us afraid. It was a prison from which no one escaped. There I sp4 whether I would be out of work. The day when Nelson Mandela told me what to do 5 ring the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep. We re6 t a job in a gold mine. This was a time when one had got to have a passbook 7 black worker in South Africa. The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a 8 ld not get jobs they wanted. The places where they were sent to live were th9 as very large. S4:The school where I was so unhappy was very large. 10 I began school at six. The school where I studied only two years was three11 as very large. S2:The school where I learned judo was very large. 12 as very large. S3:The school where I studied for six years was very 13 until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. 14 hoose who ruled them. The parts of town where they lived were places decided by 15 tape and find out the reason why Elias joined the ANC Youth League. 16 to the tape and find out the reason why Elias why Elias joined the ANC Yout17 Nelson Mandela. Here are some reasons why I think he should be freed…. [Th

Concordances of ‘when,where,why,prep.+ which’( 从华南师大英语教材语料库提取)

Page 16: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

GRAMMAR: USE=for what

• Using attributive clause to describe our new school ( 详见张、孟, 2004 : 119 )

• Expressing what you like• Describing a list of place and time/dates you went.• Introducing your own city to your penfriends

– (from Freeman’s book)

• Highlight grammar form in task activity (video)

Page 17: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

高中英语课程标准语法目标• 七级• 掌握描述时间、地点和方位的常用表达方式;• 理解并掌握比较人、物体及事物的常用表达方

式;• 使用适当的语言形式描述事物,简单的表达观

点、态度或情感等;• 掌握语篇中基本的衔接和连贯手段,并根据特

定目的有效的组织信息。

Page 18: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

英语课程标准八级• 进一步掌握描述时间、地点和方位的表

达形式;• 进一步理解并掌握比较人、及事物的表

达方式;• 使用适当的语言形式进行描述和表达观

点、态度和情感等;• 学习并掌握常见语篇形式的基本篇章结

构和逻辑关系。

Page 19: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

The teaching of grammar

• Grammar-translation method

• Audiolingualism

• Krashen: the monitor model

• CLT: Hymes

• The new trends: Focus-on-form;

Consciousness-raising

• Grammaring:

Page 20: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Principles for teaching grammar

• Integrate both inductive and deductive methods into your teaching;

• Use tasks that make clear relationship between grammatical form and function;

• Focus on the development of procedural rather than declarative knowledge.

Page 21: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Grammar presentation and practice

• Grammar Presentation

- the deductive method

- the inductive method

- the guided discovery method

• Grammar Practice

- Factors contributing to successful practice

- Mechanical practice vs. Meaningful practice

- Using prompts for practice

Page 22: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Which method is it?

1) Presentation of an example in a real situation

2) Explanation (comparison may be done between the target language and the native language if necessary) →

3) Ss’s practice (producing sentences) with given prompts in the context

Page 23: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Useful guidelines for teaching grammar• ‘The presentation should not take longer than five

minutes.’ (Ur, 1996:81)• Useful guidelines for teaching grammar:

– Collocational, (between individual lexical items and their subcategories)

– Constructive, (built bit by bit, added in sequence)

– Contextual, (pragmatic choices, and social and culture contexts), and

– Contrastive (between target language and other ones; between sets of similar features and items of target language)

(Pennington, 2002:92-93)

Page 24: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Grammar practice

• There is a need for meaningful practice and communicative use of the structure taught .

• According to Ur, “practice may be defined as any kind of engaging with the language on the part of the learner, usually under the teacher supervision, whose primary objective is to consolidate learning” . (Ur, 1988:11)

Page 25: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Mechanical Practice and Meaningful Practice

• Mechanical Practice involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.

• Meaningful Practice focuses on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning, though the students “keep an eye on” the way newly learned structures are used in the process.

Page 26: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Substitution

Substitute the underlined part with the proper forms of the given words:

green lawn clean house pretty garden nice flowers

Mrs Green has the largest house in town.

Mechanical Practice or Meaningful Practice ?

Page 27: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

TransformationChange the following sentences into the past tense. Use

the adverbs given in the brackets.• Now he lives in London. (last year, Paris)• We have English and maths today. (yesterday, music

and P. E.)• He usually gets up at seven. (this morning, eight)

Mechanical Practice or Meaningful Practice?

Page 28: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Mechanical Practice or Meaningful Practice

• After the presentation and mechanical practice of adjective comparatives and superlatives: Pair work:

Look at the table below. Rank the items on the left column according to the criteria listed on the top.

?Cheap Healthy Tasty Fattenin

g Important

Beer

Water

Fruit

CigarettesAlcohol

Milk

Page 29: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

The students may come up with:

• I think beer is cheaper than fruit.

• No, no, I think fruit is cheaper than beer.

Page 30: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Chain of events

Teacher: Now lets play a game. The first student starts a sentence with a second conditional clause. The next student takes the result of the sentence, reforms it into another condition and suggests a further result.

For example, the first student says “If I had a million dollars, I would buy a yacht”. The second students says “If I bought a yacht, I would go for a sail”. …

Mechanical Practice or Meaningful Practice?

Page 31: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

The students may come up with:

• If I went for a sail, there might be a storm.

• If there were a storm, my yacht would sink.

• If my yacht sank, I would die.

• If I died, my parents would cry.

• …

Page 32: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Mechanical Practice vs.

Meaningful Practice

• There is no clear cut distinction between mechanical and meaningful practice. Very often an activity can have elements of both.

Page 33: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Questions for group discussions1. What is the purpose of mechanical

practice?

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical practice?

3. What is the purpose of meaningful practice?

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of meaningful practice?

5. Is there any clear-cut distinction between mechanical practice and meaningful practice?

Page 34: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

A task for you

• Suppose you have just presented the simple past tense to a group of Junior 2 students. Think of designing both mechanical and meaningful practice activities.

Page 35: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Using prompts for practice

Practice based on prompts is usually meaningful practice.

• Using picture prompts. • Using mime or gestures as prompts. • Using information sheet as prompts. • Using key phrase or key words as prompts. • Using chained phrases for story telling. • Using created situations.

Page 36: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Using picture prompts

Page 37: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.
Page 38: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Using mime or gestures as prompts

e.g. Invite the students to ask questions, mine the answers to them, and ask the students to guess the answers.

Page 39: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Using information sheet as prompts

Teacher: What about you? Tell your neighbour.

Names Favourite subjects

Favourite sports

Favourite food

Hobbies

Lily Maths basketball pork music

Susan Chinese Ping-pong eggs reading

David English football ice-cream collecting stamps

Page 40: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Using key phrase or key words as prompts

Page 41: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Using chained phrases for story telling

7 o’clock – got up – had breakfast – hurried to school – school closed – surprised – ?

Page 42: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Using created situations: for simulative communication

• Your are a stranger in this town. You want to buy some fruit, you want to post a letter, and you also want to see a movie at night. Ask about the places.

Page 43: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

• There was a robbery yesterday in the neighbourhood. A policeman is asking some questions to three of the neighbours, A, B, and C.

A: at work; came back at 6:30 p.m.; did not see anybody.

B: a student; came back at 4:30 p.m.; saw a young man going upstairs…

C: an old man; stayed at home; heard some strange noise at 5:00 p.m.; came out to find a tall young man…

Page 44: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Classroom techniques and tasks

• Input enhancement• Consciousness-raising• Grammar dictation • Garden path (David Nuan: 161)

David Nunan. Practical English Language Teaching ( 《体验英语教学》 . 高等教育出版社 . 2007)

Page 45: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Conclusion • It should be noted that learning grammar

itself is not the ultimate goal of learning English.

• Learning and teaching grammar is to facilitate communicative use of language.

• Grammatical competence is essential for communication (Brown, 1994; Larsen-Freeman,1991)

Page 46: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

• Good presentation should include both oral and written and both form and meaning.

• For ensuring understanding, plenty of contextualised examples of the target structure are necessary.

• For younger learners, use of complex terminologies should be avoided, whereas with more advanced learners and relatively older learners, introducing commonly used terminologies can help learning.

Page 47: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Assignment: Reflect and write.• How did you understand grammar and grammar

teaching before? How do you understand grammar and grammar teaching now?

• Choose one grammatical item , work out a detailed lesson plan, practice teaching the grammar to the learners in corresponding grades and reflect on the problems you have in teaching.

• Make a list of concepts related to grammar teaching in three books and on the PPT.

Page 48: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

formal instruction; internalization of its syntactic system; explicit grammar teaching; presentation; practice; deductive method; inductive method; guided discovery method; mechanical practice; meaningful practice; substitution drills; transformation drills.

picture prompts; parts of speech; functions; exponent; levels of formality; appropriacy; functional-grammatical items; accuracy and fluency practice; elicitation; interactions; declarative and procedural knowledge; form and function relationships

Concepts

Page 49: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Related chapters

• Wang: Unit 7

• Paul. D. et al: Chapts. 2, 3

• Spratt et al: Units 1, 4 , Unit 26

Page 50: Session Two Teaching Grammar Overview What is grammar? What are the goals of teaching grammar? Principles for teaching grammar Grammar presentation and.

Download!Visit our course website:

http://sfs.scnu.edu.cn/ett

and download:

省实潘颖媚语法复习课教案及 PPT

You have to register before you log in.

User name: 200708 张三Please write down your user name and password. See you next time!