Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________AICE Marine – Unit 5 Test Questions/ Study Guide

1. (a.) State three possible causes of erosion of coral reefs.1 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [3]

(b.) Concrete reef balls are often used to make artificial reefs. Fig. 5.1 shows a reef ball before use. Fig. 5.2 shows a reef ball after being submerged for 12 months.

Suggest and explain two properties of the reef balls that make them suitable forconstructing an artificial reef.

Give a reason for each answer.

1 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [4]

(c.) Explain how the use of artificial reefs can protect sea shores._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________

(d.) Suggest two disadvantages of the use of artificial reefs.1

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(e.) A test was carried out to find out if the construction of an artificial reef could change the profile of a beach.The reef was constructed in 1999 and was made up of three rows of reef balls placed 50 metres offshore.

Fig. 5.3 shows the profile of the beach and the sea bed when the reef balls were placed in position in 1999 and two years later in 2001.

State the distance from the top of the beach at which the greatest increase in the elevation of the sea bed took place between 1999 and 2001.

_____________________________________________________________________ [1]

Describe the changes in the profile of the beach and sea bed between 1999 and 2001.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [3]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________2. (a.) Fig. 1.1 shows the global distribution of warm water coral reefs.The reefs are shaded black.

With reference to Fig. 1.1, state one feature of the global distribution of warm water coral reefs. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [1]Suggest a reason for this global distribution._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(b.) Explain why each of the following conditions are necessary for the growth of corals.

clear water __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

a rocky substrate______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________

(c.) Fig. 1.2 shows the changes in the percentage of coral cover on Caribbean coral reefs between 1970 and 2010.

With reference to Fig. 1.2, describe the change in the coral cover between 1990 and2010. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

Suggest three reasons for the change in coral cover.

1 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [3]

________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Experiments were carried out to investigate each of the following:1. the effect of temperature on the condition of coral

2. the effect of temperature on the density of zooxanthellae in the coral tissues.

Each experiment was carried out over a period of 15 days and all conditions other than temperature were kept the same.

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________

Table 1.1 shows the results of experiment 1.

(a.) With reference to Table 1.1, describe the effect of increasing temperature on the condition of the coral.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [3]

Table 1.2 shows the results of experiment 2.

(b.) Draw a line graph of the data in Table 1.2. on the graph below [4]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________

(c.) With reference to Table 1.2, state how the density of the zooxanthellae changes as the temperature increases from 30 °C to 32 °C. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Fig. 3.1 show three stages A, B and C, in the formation of a coral atoll.

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________ (a.) Name the types of reef shown at stages A and C.

A ____________________________________________________________ C ______________________________________________________ [2]

(b.) List the stages A, B and C in the correct order of the formation of a coral atoll.1 ___________________2 ___________________3 ___________________

4 coral atoll [2]

(c.) Fig. 3.2 shows the suspended sediment concentration in sea water at different distances from the shore of Molokai Reef in Hawaii.

Suggest two sources of the suspended sediment close to the shore.1 ________________________________________________________________________2 _____________________________________________________________________ [2]

A suspended sediment concentration of 10 mg dm–3 or less is considered to have only minor effects on the health and growth of the coral.

Higher concentrations have a severe effect on the health and growth of the coral.

Use Fig. 3.2 to suggest the distances from the sea shore between which the healthy corals would be found.________________________________________________________________________ [1]

________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________5. (a) Describe the conditions required for the growth of corals.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [4]

(b.) Describe the methods used for reconstructing the history of coral reefs.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [8]

(c.) Artificial reefs are constructed from a variety of materials including concrete blocks andsunken ships.

State three benefits of artificial reefs.

1 _______________________________________________________________________________2 _______________________________________________________________________________3 _______________________________________________________________________________

[3]

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Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________6. (a) Explain the role of coral reefs in providing protection for shores and anchorages.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [5]

(b.) Discuss the factors that can lead to a transition from reef growth to reef erosion._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [5]

(c.) Explain how carbon dating can be used to reconstruct the history of a coral reef._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [5]

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7. (a.) Complete the sentences about coral reefs. Use words from the list.

anchorage energy erosion flooding harbor

Coral reefs absorb the _____________________ of waves and so protect the shoreline from _______________________.

This provides a number of benefits including protection of coastal properties, protection of ecosystems and reducing the cost of providing breakwaters.

Reduced wave action also provides safer _____________________ for boats. [3]

(b) Suggest why corals need clear water without silt for maximum growth.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________(c.) Read the passage below.

Suggest why asbestos, wiring and paint were removed before the ship was sunk._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

Suggest how the creation of the artificial reef may boost the economy._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

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8. (a) State three factors involved in the formation of atolls.1 ________________________________________________________________________________2 ________________________________________________________________________________3 ______________________________________________________________________________ [3]

(b) State two methods used to date reefs.1 ________________________________________________________________________________2 ______________________________________________________________________________ [2]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________(c.) Table 2.1 shows the percentage of reef islands that are more than 2 metres higher than mean sea level.

Complete Table 2.1 for the Maldive Islands. [1]

Draw a bar chart to show the percentage of reef islands that are less than 2 metres higher than mean sea level. [4]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________ (d.) Fig. 2.1 shows cross sections of two reefs, Fenua Tapu and Fongafale.

State two differences between the two reefs shown in Fig. 2.1.

1 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________ (e.) The list below gives some of the stages in the formation of an atoll.

• barrier reef forms• island subsides• fringing reef develops on a volcanic island• atoll forms

Write these stages in the correct sequence in the table.

9. The growth of corals is affected by a number of different factors. Investigations have beencarried out to study the effect of various factors on the growth of a temperate coral, Oculina arbuscula.

In one investigation, the growth rates of Oculina were measured both in the laboratory and on a sunken ship.

In the laboratory, corals were grown in sea water at 24 °C and at 13 °C. These cultures were illuminated with fluorescent lights.

On the sunken ship, measurements were made during the summer and during the winter.

The growth rate of the coral was measured as the mean changes in the surface area of the coral, expressed as cm2 per week.

The results are summarized in Table 1.1.

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________ (a) Suggest why the corals grown in the laboratory were illuminated.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(b.) From these results, the researchers put forward the following hypothesis:

The coral growing on the sunken ship receives more light in the summer than the coral

growing in the laboratory at 24 °C.

Describe how this hypothesis could be tested. Your answer should include references to the collection of quantitative results.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [4]

(c.) Suggest three factors, other than temperature and light, which may affect the growth of Oculina in the marine environment. For each factor, predict its possible effect on growth.

factor 1 ___________________________________________________________________________effect on growth ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________factor 2 ___________________________________________________________________________effect on growth ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________factor 3 ___________________________________________________________________________effect on growth __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [6]

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10. (a.) Suggest three factors which contribute to the erosion of coral reefs.1 ________________________________________________________________________________2 ________________________________________________________________________________3 ______________________________________________________________________________ [3]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________(b.) A survey was carried out in 1990 to measure the percentage cover of six different substrates on two different coral reefs, A and B. The survey was repeated in 1995 and 2000. Table 4.1 shows the results of these surveys.

Calculate the percentage decrease in massive coral cover on reef A between 1990 and 2000.

Show your working.

_________________________ [2]

Using the data in Table 4.1, explain on which reef, A or B, erosion was occurring more quickly._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [3]

(c.) Describe how the process of carbon dating can be used to reconstruct the history of a coral reef.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [5]

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Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________11. Fig. 3.1 shows the numbers of different species of organisms on the coral reefs of

Indonesia in 1996. The data was collected by several different surveys over a period of two years.

(a) Calculate the percentage of all the species of algae that were red algae.

______________________ [2]

(b) The number of different species of sponge in 1996 has been estimated to have fallen by 6.6% from the number of species in 1980. Calculate the number of species of sponge in 1980.

______________________ [2]

(c) Suggest why the data given in the chart may be unreliable._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________

(d) Fig. 3.2 shows the changes in the percentage of coral cover on the reefs from 1996 to 2002.

Describe the pattern shown in the graph._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [3]

Suggest three reasons for the decline in the percentage of the coral cover of the reef.

1 ________________________________________________________________________________2 ________________________________________________________________________________3 ______________________________________________________________________________ [3]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________

12. (a.) Describe what is meant by the term atoll.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2] (b) Explain the Darwin-Dana-Daly theory of atoll formation. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [5]

(c) Discuss the evidence that supports this theory. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ [8]

Name: ___________________________________ Per. ______ Date: _______________________