MR. LIPMAN’S APUS MR. LIPMAN’S APUS CHAPTER THREE CHAPTER THREE

POWERPOINTPOWERPOINTTHE NORTHERN COLONIES THE NORTHERN COLONIES

DEVELOPDEVELOP

The Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation Produces PuritanismProduces Puritanism

1517 – Martin Luther denounced the 1517 – Martin Luther denounced the authority of (Catholic) priests and popes and authority of (Catholic) priests and popes and claimed they were corruptclaimed they were corrupt

Says Bible alone was the source of God’s word Says Bible alone was the source of God’s word

Began a period of religious reform in Europe Began a period of religious reform in Europe called the Reformationcalled the Reformation

John Calvin John Calvin Profoundly affect on emigrants to AmericaProfoundly affect on emigrants to America Good works could not save those Good works could not save those

predestined for hellpredestined for hell Conversion was an intense, personal Conversion was an intense, personal

experience in which God revealed to that experience in which God revealed to that person his/her elect status person his/her elect status

““Puritans” Puritans” Want to totally reform (purify) Church of Want to totally reform (purify) Church of

England from Catholicism England from Catholicism

Puritans grew increasingly unhappy with Puritans grew increasingly unhappy with slow process of Protestant Reformation in slow process of Protestant Reformation in England England

Separatists: Separatists:

Because the Church of England enrolled all the Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned” and un-pure share churches with the “damned” and un-pure and therefore, Separatists believed in a total and therefore, Separatists believed in a total break from Church of England break from Church of England

In 1620, a group of 102 people, (about 1/2 In 1620, a group of 102 people, (about 1/2 of whom were Separatists) set sail on the of whom were Separatists) set sail on the Mayflower for America from Holland where Mayflower for America from Holland where they had fled 12 years before from Englandthey had fled 12 years before from England

They negotiated with the Virginia Company to They negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction settle in its jurisdiction

Non-separatists included Captain Myles Non-separatists included Captain Myles Standish who would later help the colony in Standish who would later help the colony in fighting Indians fighting Indians

The Mayflower Compact was written and signed The Mayflower Compact was written and signed by men before the Pilgrims disembarked from the by men before the Pilgrims disembarked from the Mayflower Mayflower

Not a constitution, but Not a constitution, but an agreementan agreement to form a to form a crude government and submit to majority rule crude government and submit to majority rule

Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetingsto make laws in town meetings

One of the most important Pilgrim leaders was One of the most important Pilgrim leaders was William Bradford William Bradford

A self-taught scholar who was chosen governor A self-taught scholar who was chosen governor 30 times 30 times

Bradford worried about settlements of non-Bradford worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan societyPuritan society

In 1629, non-Separatist Puritans got royal In 1629, non-Separatist Puritans got royal charter to form Massachusetts Bay Company charter to form Massachusetts Bay Company

They don’t want to leave Church of England, They don’t want to leave Church of England, just its impurities just its impurities

In 1630 the Massachusetts Bay expedition set In 1630 the Massachusetts Bay expedition set out in 11 well-supplied ships with almost out in 11 well-supplied ships with almost 1,000 people 1,000 people These people established a colony in the These people established a colony in the

Massachusetts area; Boston became its hubMassachusetts area; Boston became its hub

The “Great Migration” of 1630sThe “Great Migration” of 1630s Turmoil and persecution in England sent more Turmoil and persecution in England sent more

settlers (about 70,000) to America settlers (about 70,000) to America Not all were PuritansNot all were Puritans

Many prosperous, educated persons Many prosperous, educated persons migrated to Massachusetts Baymigrated to Massachusetts Bay

John Winthrop John Winthrop • Became 1Became 1stst governor in Massachusetts governor in Massachusetts Believed he had a “calling” from God to lead Believed he had a “calling” from God to lead

there….”there….”We shall be as a city upon a hillWe shall be as a city upon a hill””

Democratic beginnings in Massachusetts Democratic beginnings in Massachusetts Franchise (voting) in elections given to all Franchise (voting) in elections given to all

“freemen” – adult males who belonged to “freemen” – adult males who belonged to Puritan congregations Puritan congregations

2/5 of adult men allowed to vote, a far larger 2/5 of adult men allowed to vote, a far larger percentage than in England at that timepercentage than in England at that time

Town government conducted in town meetings Town government conducted in town meetings by majority voteby majority vote• More inclusive than colony’s elections – all male More inclusive than colony’s elections – all male

property holders allowed to participate and vote property holders allowed to participate and vote

Massachusetts (though liberal for the times) Massachusetts (though liberal for the times) was not a democracy was not a democracy John Winthrop distrusted “commons” and John Winthrop distrusted “commons” and

believed democracy was the “meanest and believed democracy was the “meanest and worst” form of government worst” form of government

Doctrine of the covenant Doctrine of the covenant • Government’s purpose was to enforce God’s law Government’s purpose was to enforce God’s law

(which applied to both believers and non-believers) (which applied to both believers and non-believers)

Non-believers and believers both paid taxes for Non-believers and believers both paid taxes for the government-supported churchthe government-supported church

Puritan lifestylePuritan lifestyle Believed in “calling” to do God’s work on earthBelieved in “calling” to do God’s work on earth Shared “Protestant ethic” of hard work and Shared “Protestant ethic” of hard work and

engagement in worldly pursuitsengagement in worldly pursuits Enjoyed simple pleasures such as eating, Enjoyed simple pleasures such as eating,

drinking, and monogamous sex drinking, and monogamous sex ““sumptuary laws” (also called “blue laws” for the sumptuary laws” (also called “blue laws” for the

color of paper they were printed on) were color of paper they were printed on) were passed to control worldly pleasures passed to control worldly pleasures (NJ still has)(NJ still has)

In 1638, Anne Hutchinson was put on trial In 1638, Anne Hutchinson was put on trial by the Puritans by the Puritans

She bragged that she had received her She bragged that she had received her beliefs directly from God beliefs directly from God

Because of this, the Puritan leaders Because of this, the Puritan leaders banished her banished her

Anne Hutchinson and family travelled to Anne Hutchinson and family travelled to Rhode Island and later New York Rhode Island and later New York Hutchinson and others were killed by Hutchinson and others were killed by

Indians in New York Indians in New York

Roger WilliamsRoger Williams Was an extreme Separatist; he argued with his fellow Was an extreme Separatist; he argued with his fellow

clergy about breaking with the Anglican Church clergy about breaking with the Anglican Church Condemned Massachusetts Bay’s charter because it did Condemned Massachusetts Bay’s charter because it did

not give fair compensation to Indians not give fair compensation to Indians Denied authority of civil government to regulate religious Denied authority of civil government to regulate religious

behaviour behaviour

In 1635 found guilty of preaching “new & In 1635 found guilty of preaching “new & dangerous opinions” and was exiled dangerous opinions” and was exiled Puritans in Massachusetts Bay wanted to exile him to Puritans in Massachusetts Bay wanted to exile him to

England to prevent him from founding a competing England to prevent him from founding a competing colony but he fled to Rhode Islandcolony but he fled to Rhode Island

Rhode IslandRhode Island More liberal than any other American colony; More liberal than any other American colony;

Complete freedom of religion for allComplete freedom of religion for all

No compulsory church attendanceNo compulsory church attendance

No taxes to support a state church No taxes to support a state church

Williams also set up political freedomWilliams also set up political freedom Universal manhood suffrage, although later Universal manhood suffrage, although later

restricted by a property qualificationrestricted by a property qualification Opposed to special privilege of any kindOpposed to special privilege of any kind

17th-17th-Century Century

New New England England

SettlementsSettlements

1637 – the Pequot War (Conn. River valley)1637 – the Pequot War (Conn. River valley)

Whites (with some Indian allies) attacked Whites (with some Indian allies) attacked Pequot village on Mystic River, Pequot village on Mystic River,

Pequot tribe was virtually annihilatedPequot tribe was virtually annihilated

To resist whites Indians need to uniteTo resist whites Indians need to unite

1675 – 1676 – King Philip’s War1675 – 1676 – King Philip’s War Metacom (known as King Philip to whites) was Metacom (known as King Philip to whites) was

Massasoit’s sonMassasoit’s son

He united Indians and staged attacks on white He united Indians and staged attacks on white settlements throughout New England forcing settlements throughout New England forcing frontier settlers to retreat to Boston for safetyfrontier settlers to retreat to Boston for safety

King Philip’s War ended in failure for Indians King Philip’s War ended in failure for Indians

Metacom was beheaded Metacom was beheaded

Indians were weakened and demoralized Indians were weakened and demoralized after defeat; they never posed a serious after defeat; they never posed a serious threat to New England colonists againthreat to New England colonists again

In 1643, 4 colonies banded together to form In 1643, 4 colonies banded together to form the the New England ConfederationNew England Confederation to solve to solve common problems common problems

First step towards the colonies working First step towards the colonies working togethertogether

Early 1600s – 1660 English Civil War took Early 1600s – 1660 English Civil War took placeplace England neglected the colonies, allowing England neglected the colonies, allowing

them to become semi-independent them to become semi-independent

1660s – Charles II restored to throne1660s – Charles II restored to throne England begins taking much more active England begins taking much more active

role in management of coloniesrole in management of colonies

In 1686, In 1686, the Dominion of New the Dominion of New EnglandEngland was created by the king to control was created by the king to control colonies (headed by Sir Edmond Andros)colonies (headed by Sir Edmond Andros)

All of New England (Maine, New All of New England (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut River Valley, New Haven) includedRiver Valley, New Haven) included

Later also included New York and East Later also included New York and East and West Jerseyand West Jersey

Sir Sir Edmund Edmund Andros' Andros'

Dominion Dominion of New of New

EnglandEngland

Purpose of the Dominion of New EnglandPurpose of the Dominion of New England Weaken colonies by giving more control to Weaken colonies by giving more control to

royal authorities royal authorities Provide for united defense against Indians Provide for united defense against Indians

Navigation LawsNavigation Laws Restricted trade between America and Restricted trade between America and

foreign countries but Americans did not foreign countries but Americans did not support these restrictions and smuggling support these restrictions and smuggling became common (like drug smuggling today) became common (like drug smuggling today)

Andros’ restrictions on colonists made them Andros’ restrictions on colonists made them want to rebel because he:want to rebel because he:

Curbed town meetings Curbed town meetings Put heavy restrictions on courts, press, schoolsPut heavy restrictions on courts, press, schools Revoked all land titlesRevoked all land titles Taxed people without consent of their elected Taxed people without consent of their elected

representatives representatives Worked to enforce Navigation Acts and stop Worked to enforce Navigation Acts and stop

smugglingsmuggling

1688 – 1689 – Glorious (Bloodless) 1688 – 1689 – Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution in England Revolution in England English deposed Catholic King James II English deposed Catholic King James II Enthroned Mary who was ProtestantEnthroned Mary who was Protestant

When news of the Glorious Revolution When news of the Glorious Revolution reached Americasreached Americas A Boston mob rose to overthrow Andros A Boston mob rose to overthrow Andros Andros was caught trying to escape in Andros was caught trying to escape in

women’s clothing and forced to return to women’s clothing and forced to return to England England

In 1600s Dutch were a In 1600s Dutch were a commercial and naval power, commercial and naval power, challenging England on sea and in trade challenging England on sea and in trade

Explorations of Explorations of Henry HudsonHenry Hudson Sailed to Delaware Bay, New York Bay, and then Sailed to Delaware Bay, New York Bay, and then

down the Hudson River Looking for the “Northwest down the Hudson River Looking for the “Northwest Passage” across Americas to Asia by sea was not Passage” across Americas to Asia by sea was not successful but claimed the areas he explored for successful but claimed the areas he explored for the Netherlandsthe Netherlands

New Netherland (later New Amsterdam)New Netherland (later New Amsterdam) Was founded in 1623 – 1624 in Hudson River Was founded in 1623 – 1624 in Hudson River

AreaArea Established by the Dutch West India Company Established by the Dutch West India Company

for quick-profit fur tradefor quick-profit fur trade Manhattan was purchased by the company for Manhattan was purchased by the company for

pennies per acre (22,000) from the Indians, who pennies per acre (22,000) from the Indians, who did not technically “own” it did not technically “own” it

England’s King Charles II granted New England’s King Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York and in 1664 English soldiers moved to York and in 1664 English soldiers moved to attack New Netherland attack New Netherland

Stuyvesant was forced to surrender without Stuyvesant was forced to surrender without firing a shot . Area was renamed New York by firing a shot . Area was renamed New York by the English (for the Duke of York) the English (for the Duke of York) England gained a harbor strategically located England gained a harbor strategically located

between the northern and southern colonies between the northern and southern colonies England now controlled the entire Atlantic coast England now controlled the entire Atlantic coast

(Maine to Carolinas)(Maine to Carolinas)

Quakers offended religious and secular officials Quakers offended religious and secular officials because theybecause they Refused to pay taxes to support Church of Refused to pay taxes to support Church of

EnglandEngland Built simple meeting houses and met without Built simple meeting houses and met without

paid clergypaid clergy ““spoke up” themselves in meetings spoke up” themselves in meetings Believed all people were children of God and Believed all people were children of God and

refused to treat upper class with deference refused to treat upper class with deference (special respect) (special respect)

Pacifists – refused to serve in military or Pacifists – refused to serve in military or retaliate against enemies retaliate against enemies

In 1681 William Penn received a grant from In 1681 William Penn received a grant from king to establish colony because he: king to establish colony because he: Wanted to help fellow Quakers escape Wanted to help fellow Quakers escape

persecution persecution Believed in liberal ideas of governmentBelieved in liberal ideas of government Wanted to make a profit Wanted to make a profit

Penn received the huge grant of fertile land to Penn received the huge grant of fertile land to settle a debt the king owed Penn’s father settle a debt the king owed Penn’s father The king named area Pennsylvania (“Penn’s The king named area Pennsylvania (“Penn’s

Woodland”)Woodland”) Philadelphia (“brotherly love”) named capitalPhiladelphia (“brotherly love”) named capital

Pennsylvania’s governmentPennsylvania’s government Representative assembly elected by Representative assembly elected by

landownerslandowners No tax-supported church No tax-supported church Freedom of worship guaranteed to all Freedom of worship guaranteed to all Forced to deny right to vote and hold office to Forced to deny right to vote and hold office to

Catholics and Jews by English government Catholics and Jews by English government Death penalty only for treason and murder, Death penalty only for treason and murder,

compared to 200 capital crimes in England compared to 200 capital crimes in England

Pennsylvania grew rapidly and attracted Pennsylvania grew rapidly and attracted many “misfits” from other coloniesmany “misfits” from other colonies

Exporting grain and other agricultureExporting grain and other agriculture

By 1700 it was surpassed in population By 1700 it was surpassed in population and wealth by only Virginia and and wealth by only Virginia and Massachusetts (both of which had been in Massachusetts (both of which had been in existence much longer) existence much longer)

New JerseyNew Jersey -In 1664, 2 noble proprietors get area from Duke of York -In 1664, 2 noble proprietors get area from Duke of York

In 1674 West New Jersey was sold to group of Quakers In 1674 West New Jersey was sold to group of Quakers

East New Jersey also was acquired by QuakersEast New Jersey also was acquired by Quakers

In 1702 East and West Jersey were combined and made 1 In 1702 East and West Jersey were combined and made 1

Delaware Delaware Named after Lord De La WarrNamed after Lord De La Warr In 1703 the colony was granted its own assembly In 1703 the colony was granted its own assembly Remained under control of Pennsylvania until R.W. Remained under control of Pennsylvania until R.W.

Middle colonies Middle colonies New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania They had many things in common They had many things in common

Life in the Middle ColoniesLife in the Middle Colonies

Fertile soil, not rocky like New England Fertile soil, not rocky like New England

Broad rivers allowed furs to be shipped from Broad rivers allowed furs to be shipped from interior and adventurers to head inlandinterior and adventurers to head inland

Forests used for lumber and shipbuildingForests used for lumber and shipbuilding

Important harbors (New York, Philadelphia) Important harbors (New York, Philadelphia)

American American Colonies at Colonies at the End of the End of

the the Seventeenth Seventeenth

CenturyCentury

KEYS TO CHAPTER THREEKEYS TO CHAPTER THREE

1.1. England to busy fighting at home to watch England to busy fighting at home to watch and govern early colonies and this and govern early colonies and this creates feeling of independencecreates feeling of independence

2.2. New England colonies prosper based on New England colonies prosper based on tradetrade

3.3. Middle colonies based on both trade and Middle colonies based on both trade and agricultureagriculture

4.4. Religious tolerance of others was mostly Religious tolerance of others was mostly a myth in the coloniesa myth in the colonies