MR. LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT CHAPTER 34
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Transcript of MR. LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT CHAPTER 34
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MR. LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT CHAPTER 34
The Road to World War II
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Keys to the Chapter• Isolationism• Nationalism• Totalitarianism• Tripartite Pact• Spanish Civil War• Neutrality Acts• Germany Starts War 9/1/39• Lend-Lease• Atlantic Conference• Japanese Embargo
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Isolationism -Nationalism• London Conference- USA first agrees to go to
help world economic crisis then backs away
• Philippines Independence- We agree to their independence in 12 years (1946) –Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934
• Recognize Russia to help trade and have allie against Germany (1933)
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• Good Neighbor Policy – To reduce hatred and increase trade with Latin America - make S.A. an ally against Europe:– Endorse non-intervention in domestic issues in
Latin America (renouncing Roosevelt Corollary)
– Withdraw from Haiti
– Reduce enforcement of Platt Amendment
– Not intervene in Mexico when it nationalizes oil companies (tells companies to negotiate)
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• 1934 – Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
– FDR could lower tariffs if others did the same No approval of Senate to avoid
politics & time delays – By 1939 – 21 countries had trade agreements with
US; US trade increased as a result
BELIEF IS THAT INCREASED TRADE REDUCES THE CHANCE OF WAR AND IMPROVES ECONOMIES OF ALL PARTICIPATING NATIONS
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Totalitarianism
• USSR – Joseph Stalin• Germany – Adolf Hitler• Italy – Benito Mussolini
They rise to power from chaos caused by WWI and in 1936 Hitler aligns with Mussolini in the Rome-Berlin Axis.
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Mussolini and Hitlerfollowing
the Rome-Berlin Axis
of 1936
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• Nationalist militarists in Japan – Resented Europe/America limit on growth – 1934 – Japan terminated Naval Treaty that had set a limit of ships on 5:5:3– 1935 – Naval conference in London • Japan demanded equality with US and
Britain (5:5:5) but is refused and walks out– Japan begins crash naval build-up of ships– 1935 – Japan withdrew from League of Nations– 1940 – Tripartite Pact between Japan,
Germany, and Italy
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• Isolationism in the US increased in response to problems in Asia and Europe – Believed oceans protected the US– Disillusionment from false hopes of “democracy”
after World War I – Anger at Allies who had defaulted on WWI debts – Many support amendment requiring people vote
for War directly • Neutrality Acts – Isolationists were majority in Congress
through 1938 –3 separate laws (1935, 1936, 1937)
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• Neutrality Act of 1935– President authorized to prohibit all arms shipments and
forbid US citizens to travel on ships of belligerent nations
• Neutrality Act of 1936– Outlaw extension of loans and credit to belligerents
• Neutrality Act of 1937– Ban shipment of arms to opposing sides in Spain civil war
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No Foreign Entanglements
-------------A False Hope
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• US and the Spanish Civil War 1936-39
– At first, because this was a civil war, US could ship munitions to Loyalist government
– 1937 Neutrality Act forbade shipment to either side and Loyalists will loss war
– US stays out but Germany and Italy don’t so dictators are encouraged by their victory and the placement of Francisco Franco as Spain’s dictator
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• 1937 – Japan invades China; FDR says not a war – Allowed the US to continue shipping small amount of
munitions to China (which US wanted to help) – Japan could purchase war material (because the US
had to be neutral, even though US opposed to Japan fighting and winning this war)
– Japan commits atrocities against the Chinese people
October 1937 FDR makes Quarantine Speech: OK’s use of Economic Embargoes against aggressor nations - angers isolationists
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Germany Gets Aggressive• Hitler’s violates Treaty of Versailles claiming he only
wants what “rightfully belongs to Germany”:– 1935 – introduced draft in Germany – 1936 – troops marched into demilitarized Rhineland – 1930s – progression of attacks on German Jews – 1930s – built German mechanized army and air force – 1938 – The bloodless takeover of Austria – 1938 – Munich Conference and British appease Hitler
who promises he wants no further land. Chamberlain “we have achieved peace in our
lifetime” {Churchill ridicules this in Parliament)
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Neville Chamberlain: “Peace in Our Life Time” after Munich Sept. 1938
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March 1939 – Hitler takes Rest of Czechoslovakia So much for “Peace in our Life time”
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August 1939 they sign non-aggression pact
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• Late August 1939 – Hitler demands German land given to Poland after WWI
– Poland refuses and asks for help
– Britain and France promise to defend Poland
– Hitler no longer fears Russia & their pact allows Russia a little of Poland while Hitler grabs the rest
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• September 1, 1939 – Hitler attacks Poland (blitzkrieg – lighting war) and WWII Starts
– Britain and France declare war against Germany
– Poland defeated in 3 weeks (brutal massacre of tanks against horses)
– USSR entered from east to split Poland with Germany • part of a secret agreement Hitler & Stalin made
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Why is Poland surprised at
what was the obvious result of Hitler/Stalin
Pact?
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• US response to Germany attack on Poland:
– Roosevelt issues statement of neutrality
– US opinion overwhelmingly anti-German, but did not want to be sucked into the war
– US debated whether to assist Britain and France • Neutrality Act of 1936 barred US from sending
these countries arms or other assistance
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• Neutrality Act of 1939 favors European democracies– Set up “cash-and-carry” policy• Europeans could buy US war materials, but
would have to pay cash and transport them in their own ships to avoid attacks on US ships
• Effects of cash-and-carry is to help allies because they control the seas but hurts China since Japan controls the Pacific
• October 1939 to March 1940 Hitler “quiet” as he realigns troops to attack France while at the same time “hinting” he would like to achieve peace.
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1933-40 as seen
through the eyes of an America
isolationist
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War Heats Up• April 1940 – Hitler attacks Denmark and Norway
• May 1940 – Hitler attacks Netherlands and Belgium
• May/ June 1940 – Germans attack and defeat France, with Italy attacking from the
South
– British evacuate most of their troops in frantic transport across English Channel at Dunkirk
• Chamberlain resigns and Winston Churchill elected as prime minister of England
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British Evacuation at Dunkirk
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• America takes action with fall of France because fear that if British fall Germany would become master of Europe and Oceans:
• Congress appropriates $37B for military build up–5X larger than New Deal annual budget
– June 1940 – conscription (draft) started for first time ever during peacetime
-August 1940 Battle of Britain begins &Royal air force prevents quick German invasion
-America agrees to help British by any means short of war
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German Bombers over London During the Battle of Britain - 1940
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“America First”
the fight for isolationism
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• September 2, 1940 – Destroyers for bases– US transferred 50 old destroyers to Britain– Britain gives US 8 valuable defensive bases in Western
Hemisphere (99-year rent-free leases) – Americans okay anything “short of war”.
FDR says he wants to retire but instead runs for third term because of war threat----
Promises that “our boys will not fight”---beats Willkie with slogan “better a third termer rather than a third rater”.
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Congress Passes Lend-Lease Law March 1941Defended as law that would keep us out of war: • US sends weapons instead of soldiers • US would be “arsenal of democracy”• Britain to give used weapons or equivalent back
when war was over
– Criticism from isolationists or anti-Roosevelt Republicans– FDR compares it to lending a hose to a neighbor when his
house is on fire – just give it back when fire over– Isolationists argue it is more like lending chewing gum
• no one will want it back
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• Effects of the Lend-Lease Law– Billions worth of supplies sent to Allies – Abandonment of even pretense of neutrality – Increased production in factories; helped prepare for war – Germany began sinking US merchant ships
• June 22, 1941 – Hitler attacked USSR – (Operation Barbarossa) – a three prong attack– Hoped to knock USSR out and use their supplies (oil) to
defeat Britain
• Roosevelt used lend-lease to give USSR $
• Hitler held back at Moscow in December 1941 by Soviet army and early Russian winter
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The world’s view of Hitler’s
attack on Russia
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• August 1941 – the Atlantic Charter –Roosevelt secretly met Winston Churchill
on ship off Newfoundland; USSR agreed to it later that year–8 points outlined plans for postwar world • Self-determination for former colonies • Restoration of govt’s taken by dictators • Disarmament • New League of Nations (eventually U.N.)
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DEALING WITH JAPANESE WAS DIFFICULT:• Mid-1940 – Roosevelt bans sale of aviation
fuel and scrap metal to Japan • September 1940 – Embargo extended to
steel and other materials • July 1941 – Freeze all Japanese assets and
bank accounts in US and impose total trade embargo with Japan
• Fall 1941 talks with Japan to negotiate trade and peace but Japan unwilling to back away from territory gained
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AMERICA KNOW’S ATTACK COMING BECAUSE CODE BROKEN BUT DIDN’T KNOW WHERE IT WOULD BE
• December 7, 1941 – attack at Pearl Harbor– 3 hour attack on Sunday morning– 2,400 Americans killed & 200 planes destroyed – 3 aircraft carriers out of harbor and not hit– Roosevelt – “a date which will live in infamy “
• December 11, 1941 – Italy, Germany declared war on America