Migration and Remittances Profiles - World...

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Discussion Document

MiRPAL and World Bank

Migration and Remittances Profiles

Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan

October 2011

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Summary The profiles of migration and remittances in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan have been prepared as part of the Migration and Remittances Peer‐Assisted Learning Network (MiRPAL). These profiles attempt to provide consistent and reliable estimates of migration and remittances as well as information on regulations on migration and remittances. The goal of these profiles is to promote improvement in data collection, monitoring of migration and remittance trends, as well as to inform policy makers and other stakeholders working on migration and remittances. The country profiles cover the following areas: (1) Migration stocks and flows; (2) Remittances flows and channels; and (3) Regulations and institutions pertaining to migration and remittances. These profiles will be updated annually using the latest available national and international sources. This profile was developed with support by the World Bank’s Europe and Central Asia Region Migration and Remittances Peer Assisted Learning (MiRPAL) Network. Thanks to Ani Silwal for excellent assistance in preparation of the country profiles. We are grateful to MiRPAL participants during workshops conducted during MiRPAL video conference of July 11 for inputs into the profiles. Thanks to staff who provided country specific comments: Tigran Kostanyan (Armenia), Maryna Sidarenka (Belarus), Ilya Sarsenov (Kazakhstan), Bakyt Dubashov (Kyrgyz Republic), Iaroslav Baclajanschi (Moldova), Olga Emelyanova (Russia), Salman Zaidi (Tajikistan), Svetlana Budagovskaya (Ukraine). In addition we acknowledge comments and suggestions by Borko Handjiski, IIulia Mironova, Dilip Ratha and Sanket Mohapatra. Editorial support for this report was provided by Mismake Galatis and Helena Makerenko. Any questions regarding this profile should be directed to R. Sudharshan Canagarajah ([email protected]) who task managed this product.

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Preface

The Europe and Central Asia region is the largest migration hub in the developing world, with an estimated 43 million migrants living outside their countries of birth in 2010. Several countries in the region, including Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova, are among the top 10 countries in the world in terms of ratio of remittances to GDP. Despite of the large volumes of migration and remittance flows and their importance for poverty reduction, labor markets and macroeconomic management, severe gaps continue to persist in the availability of reliable and high‐frequency data on migration and remittances for both migrant‐sending and receiving countries in the region. Previous efforts to create “migration profiles” by various national and international agencies have typically been one‐off (mostly donor‐funded) efforts that relied on different methodologies and collected data that are often not comparable across countries or over time, and do not have any institutional mechanism for regular updating.

The World Bank supported the Migration and Remittances Peer‐Assisted Learning (MiRPAL) knowledge partnership to compile “Migration and Remittance Profiles” for nine countries in the CIS region (Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan). The country‐led approach for this study leverages upon the well‐established MiRPAL network that brings together various government and non‐government actors that involved in migration in the CIS region. The MiRPAL participants include ministries and departments responsible for labor, employment, migration and diaspora affairs, central banks, statistical bureaus, research institutions, private sector, and civil society, among others. The profiles will provide the latest available data and information that could potentially result in a comprehensive and policy‐relevant knowledge base on migration and remittances for the CIS region.

The objectives of this exercise are several: (a) to provide consistent and reliable estimates of migration and remittances that are updated at least annually; (b) to use a variety of national and international sources, both within and outside the CIS region; (c) to provide a means to reconcile data on migration and remittances within CIS countries including data collected by government agencies, censuses, household surveys, balance of payments statistics, reporting by commercial banks and money transfer companies; (d) to promote bilateral exchanges of information between migrant‐sending and receiving countries; and (e) to provide regular updates on the regulatory regime for migration and remittances in both sending and receiving countries in the CIS region so as to better inform policy makers.

The country‐led migration and remittances profiles for the CIS regions include three major components: (i) Migration data; (ii) Remittances data; and (iii) Regulations and institutions for migration and remittances. Each component includes several sub‐components that include quantitative indicators and tables that can be integrated into a common database; a clear description of each data source reported (“metadata”); and the flexibility to include alternative data sources when available. In cases where there is a disagreement among two different data sources that are considered reliable, both sets of estimates are presented in the profile. Descriptive questions, for example, on regulations governing migration and remittances, are harmonized to the extent possible to ensure comparability across the nine MiRPAL countries, but are sufficiently flexible to accommodate more detailed information (for example, on the profile of immigrants and emigrants from household surveys). The information has been collected using a harmonized data collection template to ensure consistency, coverage and comparability across countries and eventually over time.

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We hope that the first version of the Regional Migration and Remittances Profiles released in October 2011 will serve as a first step in improving the reporting and availability of data and information on migration and remittances for the CIS region in future. We welcome your comments to improve the quality and coverage of information reported in this document. These will be incorporated to the extent feasible in this document, and in future versions of the regional migration and remittances profiles.

Sudharshan Canagarajah MiRPAL Coordinator Lead Economist, ECA Region The World Bank

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Armenia (1) Migration stocks and flows

Emigrant Stocks Table 1: Stock of emigrants in 2010 (thousands)

Destination Emigrant stock

CIS Russian Federation 493.1Ukraine 53.2Azerbaijan 42.6Georgia 17.8

EU Germany 15.5France 14.5Spain 12.4Greece 8.8

Other United States 77.2Israel 16.5Other countries 118.9

Total 870.5 Note: Data is for foreign‐born population in the destination country. Foreign‐nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011

Table 2: Stock of emigrants from Armenia by destination and educational attainment, 2000 (persons)

Destination Low Medium High Total

America 4,009 18,170 23,737 45,915

Europe (including EU15) 7,239 3,684 5,544 16,467

EU15 6,812 2,960 4,784 14,556

Asia and Oceania 140 194 414 748

Note: Low – primary or 0‐8 years of education; Medium – secondary or 9‐12 years of education; High – tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment ‐ Release 1.1. March 2005.

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Table 3: Emigration of physicians, stocks

Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Armenia Medical Brain Drain

1991 88 13,066 0.7%1992 96 12,561 0.8%1993 107 11,505 0.9%1994 114 10,553 1.1%1995 123 10,111 1.2%1996 138 11,755 1.2%1997 162 10,178 1.6%1998 176 10,040 1.7%1999 193 9,594 2.0%2000 211 9,294 2.2%2001 226 10,883 2.0%2002 238 10,817 2.2%2003 261 10,774 2.4%2004 286 10,774 2.6%

Source: Bhargava, Alok, Frédéric Docquier and Yasser Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration (1991‐2004). February 2010.

Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign‐born, thousands)

Origin Immigrant stock

CIS

Azerbaijan 164.5

Georgia 75.8

Russian Federation 33.0

Ukraine 4.9

Uzbekistan 2.2

EU

Greece 3.4

Other

Iran, Islamic Rep. 18.2

Syrian Arab Rep. 6.1

Turkey 3.7

Lebanon 2.1

Other countries 10.5

Total 324.2 Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011. Note: This data is based on Armenia Census 2001 (via UN Population Division)

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Table 5: Gender and age distribution of immigrants in Armenia, 2001 (persons)

Age Group Male Female Total

0‐9 4,710 4,342 9,052

10‐19 11,097 11,426 22,523

20‐29 11,017 14,395 25,412

30‐39 14,813 22,254 37,067

40‐49 24,673 35,214 59,887

50‐59 16,649 24,709 41,358

60+ 34,367 56,039 90,406

Total 117,326 168,379 285,705

Source: Armenia Census 2001 (via UN Population Division)

Migration flows Table 6: Migration flows (annual)

(thousands) Year Immigrants Emigrants

2005 Total 1.5 9.3

CIS 1.3 7.5

Other countries 0.2 1.8

2006 Total 1.3 8.0 CIS 1.0 6.2


2007 Total 1.1 7.5

CIS 0.9 5.8


2008 Total 0.9 6.7 CIS 0.7 5.5


2009 Total 0.9 4.8 CIS 0.7 4.1


Source: Statistical Yearbook of Armenia 2010, National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia.

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Table 7: Age and gender of migrant flows (percent)

Immigrants Emigrants Year Age Male Female Male Female

2005

0‐19 28.1 15.6 29.2 16.9

20‐49 49.9 67.4 49.4 64.6

50+ 22.0 17.0 21.4 18.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2006

0‐19 27.0 14.8 27.0 16.1

20‐49 49.4 67.1 49.8 64.6

50+ 23.6 18.1 23.2 19.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2007

0‐19 23.1 13.0 22.8 12.9

20‐49 51.7 69.0 52.4 66.9

50+ 25.2 18.0 24.8 20.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2008

0‐19 23.3 11.9 23.3 10.7

20‐49 51.0 70.9 50.2 70.6

50+ 25.7 17.2 26.5 18.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2009

0‐19 24.4 13.9 20.8 11.8

20‐49 53.2 69.5 50.9 68.7

50+ 22.4 16.6 28.3 19.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Source: Statistical Yearbook of Armenia 2010, National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia.

Refugee population Table 8: Refugees, asylum‐seekers, internally displaced persons

Country of asylum: Armenia

Country of origin: Armenia

Refugees 3,607 18,000

People in refugee‐like situations ‐ ‐

Total refugees and people in refugee‐like situations 3,607 18,000

Asylum‐seekers (pending cases) 39 4,081

Returned refugees ‐ ‐

IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP‐like situations ‐ ‐

Returned IDPs ‐ ‐

Stateless persons ‐ ‐

Various 82,231 82,231

Total population of concern 85,877 104,312Source: UNHCR 2009 Global Trends (June 2010).

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(2) Remittance flows and channels

Remittance flows Table 9: Quarterly remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* (US $, millions)

Inflows Outflows

Workers' remittances

Compensation of employees

Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2008‐Q1 19.7 156.8 1.6 178.1 4.1 34.5 1.1 39.7

2008‐Q2 30.3 226.2 4.9 261.4 4.2 37.1 1.3 42.6

2008‐Q3 40.6 291.3 1.6 333.5 1.3 49.3 1.6 52.2

2008‐Q4 33.0 254.8 1.4 289.2 1.4 48.1 1.4 50.9

2009‐Q1 13.8 119.7 1.0 134.5 3.8 25.5 0.4 29.7

2009‐Q2 20.4 161.7 2.4 184.5 3.8 27.3 1.2 32.3

2009‐Q3 25.7 192.6 2.0 220.3 2.1 33.7 1.1 36.9

2009‐Q4 25.9 202.9 1.4 230.2 1.2 43.6 1.4 46.2

2010‐Q1 13.1 109.6 1.0 123.7 0.8 28.8 0.4 30.0

2010‐Q2 14.9 193.1 1.4 209.4 1.0 34.5 1.6 37.1

2010‐Q3 19.5 291.3 1.4 312.2 1.0 39.3 1.1 41.4

2010‐Q4 24.3 324.9 1.1 350.3 1.2 45.6 1.5 48.3

2011‐Q1 15.9 130.5 1.0 147.4 0.9 33.2 0.4 34.5 Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the

world.

Table 10: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* (US $, millions)

Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2000 9.3 78.2 0 87.5 2.3 1.2 1.2 4.7

2001 10.2 84.2 0 94.4 6.4 2.5 11.7 20.5

2002 10.2 120.8 0 131.0 6.6 2.1 15.4 24.1

2003 9.3 152.9 5.5 167.7 5.6 2.2 19.1 26.9

2004 42.5 381.8 10.2 434.6 10.0 5.9 122.3 138.2

2005 58.0 428.8 11.3 498.1 16.0 2.8 133.0 151.8

2006 74.4 576.0 7.8 658.1 18.5 5.6 129.6 153.7

2007 94.4 742.7 8.8 845.9 5.3 4.7 166.1 176.1

2008 123.6 929.2 9.4 1,062.1 10.9 5.3 169.0 185.2

2009 85.8 676.9 6.8 769.5 10.9 130.1 4.1 145.1

2010 71.8 918.9 4.9 995.6 4 148.2 4.6 156.8 Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world.

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Table 11: Non‐commercial money transfers including non‐repayable transfers of individuals which are used for current needs as well as salary sent to and received from abroad

(US$, millions)

Non‐commercial inflows Non‐commercial outflows

Total Russian Fed. USA Total Russian Fed. USA

Jan‐10 51.8 39.3 3.5 11.3 5.7 1.4

Feb‐10 67.1 50.9 4.9 15.6 7.7 2.1

Mar‐10 84.7 65.4 5.7 19.3 10.4 2.1

Apr‐10 84.9 67.1 5.5 18.3 8.5 2.1

May‐10 91.4 72.8 5.6 17.0 7.9 1.9

Jun‐10 109.7 90.6 5.5 18.1 9.3 2.0

Jul‐10 128.5 107.7 5.0 19.6 9.8 2.2

Aug‐10 137.9 119.4 5.6 18.5 10.4 1.7

Sep‐10 130.3 108.6 6.7 18.7 10.0 2.2

Oct‐10 130.3 108.3 5.7 21.4 11.9 2.4

Nov‐10 125.8 107.4 5.4 20.7 12.2 2.1

Dec‐10 151.4 124.8 8.6 23.3 13.2 2.5

Jan‐11 67.0 52.5 4.8 12.4 5.8 1.4

Feb‐11 82.5 63.7 6.2 19.6 9.8 3.2

Mar‐11 101.8 79.3 7.0 21.5 11.8 2.0

Apr‐11 105.7 86.2 4.9 19.8 11.4 1.7May‐11 117.6 96.3 4.8 24.0 13.1 1.9Jun‐11 139.3 116.7 5.1 23.5 12.2 2.3Jul‐11 158.5 137.9 5.1 20.4 10.6 1.8

Source: Central Bank of Armenia.

Table 12: Annual remittance flows (BPM6 Framework)*

Inflows Outflows

Compensation of employees Personal transfers

o.w. Workers’ remittances Personal remittances Total remittances

Total remittances and transfers

n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.


Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Armenia * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world.

Channels of remittance flows Information flows through commercial banks, post offices, savings cooperatives, microfinance institutions, mobile money transfers is currently unavailable.

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Remittance costs Table 13: Cost of sending remittances to Armenia

(percent)

Cost of sending $200 Cost of sending $500

2008 2.41 2.24Q1‐2009 2.05 2.05Q3‐2009 1.81 1.63Q1‐2010 2.24 2.14Q3‐2010 2.32 2.11Q1‐2011 2.04 1.82Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database.

(3) Regulations pertaining to migration and remittances

Table 14: Regulations pertaining to migration

Immigration topic Regulation

Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Territorial Administration; Passport and Visa Department of the Police

Immigration regulations and laws Not available

Immigration quotas by nationality of origin Not available

Types of visas available for immigrants Visitor visa (V), Official visa (O), Diplomatic visa (D), Transit visa (Tr)

Types of occupations in which immigrants are allowed

Not available

Immigration regulations and laws Nationals of the following countries can apply for a visitor visa by invitation only: Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Cameroon , China, except for Hong Kong and Macao, Egypt, India , Iraq , Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan , Syria , Viet Nam.

Emigration topic Regulation

Monitoring and registration systems for emigration

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Legal Department, Consular Department, Migration Desk)

Emigration laws The Government Programme for 2007 addresses the issues of migration and diaspora in Sections 4.4.7 “Diaspora” and 4.4.8 “Migration”.

Restrictions on emigration Not available

Cost of passports and visas Visa cost depends on visa type: http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/consular/pdf/visa_fee.pdf

Dual citizenship Allowed (www.mfa.am/old/perspectives/dualcitizenship‐final‐eng.pdf)

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Remittances topic Regulation

Institutions responsible for monitoring and regulating remittances

Final compiler of remittances in BOP is National Statistical Service (NSS). But data is collected by Central Bank of Armenia (CBA). Some part of surveys are also conducted by CBA. All this data is sent to National Statistical Service for inclusion into BOP.

Types of private sector firms allowed to perform inward and outward remittance transactions

banks, money transfer agencies

Reporting requirement for remittances data by commercial banks and other types of remittance service providers

Total remittance transaction amount; country of source/destination of remittances

Restrictions on inward/outward transfers Only money transfer operators, commercial banks, and post offices are allowed to send/receive money transfers

Anti‐money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML‐CFT) requirements

Compliance with AML/CFT regulation introduced in September 2008.

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Belarus

(1) Migration stocks and flows



CIS


Ukraine 276.1

Kazakhstan 55.6

Lithuania 35.5

Latvia 11.5

Estonia 10.8

EU Poland 112.2

Germany 29.1

Other Israel 49.2

United States 32.0

Other countries 0.2

Total 1,765.9Note: Data is for foreign‐born population in the destination country. Foreign‐nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011.

Table 2: Stock of Belarussian emigrants by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons)


America 2,613 6,984 21,712 31,308


EU15 5,424 2,322 3,706 11,452

Asia and Oceania 253 188 536 977Note: Low – primary or 0‐8 years of education; Medium – secondary or 9‐12 years of education; High – tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment ‐ Release 1.1. March 2005.

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Table 3: Emigration of Physicians, stocks Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Belarus Medical Brain Drain

1991 40 36,458 0.1%1992 56 37,168 0.2%1993 67 41,736 0.2%1994 78 42,365 0.2%1995 98 42,352 0.2%1996 107 43,543 0.2%1997 125 44,157 0.3%1998 144 44,618 0.3%1999 153 45,674 0.3%2000 165 45,817 0.4%2001 186 44,831 0.4%2002 201 44,628 0.4%2003 219 44,430 0.5%2004 243 44,430 0.5%

Source: Bhargava, Alok, F. Docquier and Y. Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration (1991‐2004). February 2010.

Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign‐nationals, thousands) Destination Emigrant stock

CIS Russian Federation 680.5Ukraine 141.3Armenia 6.1Georgia 1.8Other countries 260.7

Total 1,090.4

Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011.

Table 5: Immigrant stock in 1999 by gender and age group (foreign‐born, thousands) Age group Male Female Total

0‐4 3 3 6

5‐9 15 15 29

10‐14 28 27 55

15‐19 26 28 54

20‐24 27 30 58

25‐29 32 39 72

30‐34 46 51 97

35‐39 60 64 124

40‐44 55 63 118

45‐49 47 54 101

50‐54 38 42 79

55‐59 40 42 82

60‐69 62 81 143

70‐79 36 61 96

80+ 8 19 27

Total 522 618 1,140Source: Belarus Census 1999 via UN Global Migration Database.

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Migration flows Table 6: Flows of international migrants, persons

Immigrants Emigrants

Age‐group 2000 2005 2009 2000 2005 2009

0‐4 1,200 481 641 786 429 360

5‐9 1,644 541 629 896 560 325

10‐14 1,991 633 581 957 577 318

15‐19 3,020 1,112 1,645 1,204 826 516

20‐24 2,756 1,475 2,856 1,694 1,766 1,162

25‐29 2,531 1,106 1,980 1,616 1,666 1,281

30‐34 2,400 985 1,519 1,214 1,205 892

35‐39 2,367 1,035 1,325 1,059 968 683

40‐44 1,879 958 1,287 865 763 476

45‐49 1,247 880 1,450 659 562 447

50‐54 991 794 1,359 602 361 293

55‐59 815 754 1,334 358 324 212

60‐64 1,196 491 973 666 198 153

65‐69 582 705 651 353 298 120

70+ 1,324 1,081 1,662 883 579 405

Total 25,943 13,031 19,892 13,812 11,082 7,643Source: Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus (www.belstat.org). Belarus in Figures 2010.


Country of asylum: Belarus

Country of origin: Belarus

Refugees 589 5,743


Total refugees and people in refugee‐like situations 589 5,743

Asylum‐seekers (pending cases) 66 739




Stateless persons 7,731 ‐

Various ‐ ‐

Total population of concern 8,386 6,482Source: UNHCR 2009 Global Trends (June 2010)

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Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2008‐Q1 0.0 38.0 45.9 83.9 0.0 2.0 27.9 29.9

2008‐Q2 0.0 43.2 62.5 105.7 0.0 2.4 32.5 34.9

2008‐Q3 0.0 55.5 73.9 129.4 0.0 3.2 36.6 39.8

2008‐Q4 0.0 40.1 83.7 123.8 0.0 3.7 32.7 36.4

2009‐Q1 0.0 24.0 57.3 81.3 0.0 2.0 22.7 24.7

2009‐Q2 0.0 23.5 65.5 89.0 0.0 2.1 26.4 28.5

2009‐Q3 0.0 32.0 63.4 95.4 0.0 2.9 27.5 30.4

2009‐Q4 0.0 23.2 68.9 92.1 0.0 3.0 25.8 28.8

2010‐Q1 0.0 23.3 56.7 80.0 0.0 2.6 22.4 25.0

2010‐Q2 0.0 28.7 52.4 81.1 0.0 3.0 22.5 25.5

2010‐Q3 0.0 48.7 59.1 107.8 0.0 2.9 23.7 26.6

2010‐Q4 0.0 39.9 67.3 107.2 0.0 3.4 24.8 28.2

2011‐Q1 0.0 40.7 60.7 101.4 0.0 3.4 23.7 27.1

Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Table 9: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* (US $, millions)

Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2000 0.0 13.6 125.6 139.2 0.0 2.2 56.2 58.4

2001 0.0 16.9 132.3 149.2 0.0 0.7 76.0 76.7

2002 0.0 20.5 119.8 140.3 0.0 0.6 67.1 67.7

2003 0.0 89.2 133.2 222.4 0.0 0.7 64.3 65.0

2004 0.0 126.3 130.4 256.7 0.0 0.5 81.1 81.6

2005 0.0 120.1 134.5 254.6 0.0 0.3 94.2 94.5

2006 0.0 175.4 164.4 339.8 0.0 2.5 90.2 92.7

2007 0.0 156.6 197.6 354.2 0.0 5.0 104.2 109.2

2008 0.0 176.8 266.0 442.8 0.0 11.3 129.7 141.0

2009 0.0 102.7 255.1 357.8 0.0 10.0 102.4 112.4

2010 0.0 140.6 235.5 376.1 0.0 11.9 93.4 105.3

Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world.

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Inflows Outflows






Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Belarus * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world.

Channels of remittances flows providers Information flows through commercial banks, post offices, savings cooperatives, microfinance institutions, mobile money transfers is currently unavailable.

Remittance costs Table 11: Cost of sending remittances to Belarus

from Russia(percent)

Amount sent=> $200 $500

2008 2.57 2.55

Q1‐2009 2.09 2.09

Q3‐2009 2.49 2.2

Q1‐2010 2.58 2.29

Q3‐2010 2.61 2.31

Q1‐2011 2.46 2.23

Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database.




Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Internal Affairs (www.mvd.org.by) Department of citizenship and migration

Immigration regulations and laws Law of the Republic of Belarus # 105‐3 as of 04.01.2010 “On legal status of foreign citizens and persons without citizenship in the Republic of Belarus ”


Types of visas available for immigrants B‐transit visa C‐short‐term visa (valid for 90 days) D‐long‐term visa (valid for 1 year allows up to 90 days of stay)


Yes

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Institutions responsible for emigration Ministry of Internal Affairs (www.mvd.org.by) Department of citizenship and migration

Restrictions on emigration Law of the Republic of Belarus # 49‐3 as of 20.09.2009 “On procedures of entry and exit of citizens of the Republic of Belarus from the Republic of Belarus”

Cost of passports and visas Not available

Dual citizenship Not allowed

Table 13: Regulations pertaining to remittances



National Bank of the Republic of Belarus (www.nbrb.by)


Money transfer firms (Western Union, MoneyGram, etc)


Reporting requirements exist but are different by type of provider.

Restrictions on inward/outward transfers Not available


Law of the Republic of Belarus # 426‐3 as of 19.07.2000 “On anti‐money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism ”

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Kazakhstan




CIS

Russian Federation 2,648.3

Ukraine 249.9

Uzbekistan 197.8

Turkmenistan 18.8

Kyrgyz Republic 6.2

Latvia 11.1

EU

Germany 75.1

Other

Israel 79.3

United States 11.9

Canada 7.5


Total 3,719.8Note: Data is for foreign‐born population in the destination country. Foreign‐nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011

Table 2: Emigrants from Kazakhstan by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons)


Emigrants (America) 39 1,512 7,187 8,738

Emigrants (Europe) 12,526 4,458 10,596 27,580

Emigrants (EU15) 11,370 2,492 8,988 22,850

Emigrants (Asia and Oceania) 53 76 309 438Note: Low – primary or 0‐8 years of education; Medium – secondary or 9‐12 years of education; High – tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment ‐ Release 1.1. March 2005.

20

Table 3: Emigration of Physicians, stocks

Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Kazakhstan Medical Brain Drain

1991 74 63,152 0.1%1992 79 64,542 0.1%1993 83 62,058 0.1%1994 86 58,728 0.1%1995 91 58,403 0.2%1996 97 57,941 0.2%1997 101 51,999 0.2%1998 110 54,770 0.2%1999 119 48,944 0.2%2000 124 49,579 0.2%2001 131 49,230 0.3%2002 142 53,734 0.3%2003 166 53,746 0.3%2004 171 53,746 0.3%


Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock as of 2010 (foreign‐nationals, thousands)


CIS

Russian Fed. 2,226.7

Ukraine 272.0

Uzbekistan 184.3

Belarus 55.6

Azerbaijan 38.9

Tajikistan 12.8

Moldova 9.7

EU

Germany 175.7

Poland 23.5

Other

Turkey 37.7


Total 3,079.5 Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Note: This data is based on the 1999 Kazakhstan Census. Kazakhstan conducted a census in 2009, whose results on migrants are not yet available.

21

Migration flows Table 5: Migration flows (thousands)

Year Immigrants Emigrants

2003 65.6 73.9

2004 68.3 65.5

2005 74.8 52.1

2006 66.7 33.7

2007 53.4 42.4

2008 46.4 45.3

2009 41.5 34.0

2010 42.0 26.5Source: Statistical Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan.


Country of asylum: Kazakhstan

Country of origin: Kazakhstan

Refugees 714 3,640

People in refugee‐like situations 3,692 0

Total refugees and people in refugee‐like situations 4,406 3,632


Returned refugees 0 0

IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP‐like situations 0 0

Returned IDPs 0 0

Stateless persons 7,966 0

Various 0 0


22



Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2008‐Q1 36.1 1.5 15.2 52.8 476.2 341.7 13.1 830.9

2008‐Q2 30.2 1.4 18.9 50.5 408.9 352.8 18.7 780.4

2008‐Q3 31.3 1.3 17.0 49.5 565.3 410.3 30.3 1,005.9

2008‐Q4 22.6 1.2 14.9 38.7 553.8 352.8 35.4 941.9

2009‐Q1 36.2 1.4 12.0 49.6 321.2 307.2 17.5 645.8

2009‐Q2 42.6 1.3 14.6 58.5 433.3 320.0 27.6 780.8

2009‐Q3 59.9 1.1 13.3 74.4 433.5 344.2 37.6 815.3

2009‐Q4 54.4 1.3 22.7 78.4 436.2 338.5 40.8 815.5

2010‐Q1 48.5 1.1 12.6 62.2 259.7 339.3 12.6 611.6

2010‐Q2 47.6 1.1 12.9 61.6 369.2 332.8 17.5 719.5

2010‐Q3 62.0 1.2 17.9 81.1 473.2 334.6 25.1 833.0

2010‐Q4 62.8 1.2 21.7 85.7 492.6 343.6 20.6 856.9

2011‐Q1 52.7 1.0 13.1 66.8 340.5 391.8 12.3 744.6


Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2000 63.9 3.6 54.3 121.8 74.3 47.2 318.5 440.0

2001 81.4 3.6 86.2 171.3 143.3 59.9 284.1 487.3

2002 107.4 3.9 93.7 204.9 286.2 78.7 229.7 594.5

2003 38.3 3.9 105.3 147.5 421.1 229.8 150.8 801.7

2004 53.5 3.9 108.5 165.8 805.8 413.7 134.2 1,353.7

2005 55.8 6.3 116.4 178.4 1,158.5 734.7 106.9 2,000.0

2006 73.0 10.6 102.8 186.4 1,999.5 959.0 74.7 3,033.1

2007 131.9 11.1 80.0 223.0 2,997.9 1,214.4 91.2 4,303.5

2008 120.2 5.4 65.9 191.5 2,004.2 1,457.5 97.5 3,559.2

2009 193.2 5.0 62.6 260.8 1,624.2 1,309.9 123.5 3,057.5

2010 220.9 4.6 65.1 290.6 1,594.8 1,350.3 75.8 3,021.0


23


Inflows Outflows






Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Kazakhstan * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world.


Remittance costs Table 10: Cost of sending remittances to Kazakhstan

(percent)


2008 2.94 2.68Q1‐2009 2.54 2.54Q3‐2009 3.10 2.39Q1‐2010 2.95 2.56Q3‐2010 2.95 2.56Q1‐2011 2.88 2.48Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database

(3) Regulations pertaining to migration & remittances



Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan (portal.mfa.kz)



Types of visas available for immigrants Transit, tourist, diplomatic/official, business, private visa for prospective adoptive parents.


Not available


Institutions responsible for emigration Not available



Dual citizenship No

24




National Bank of Kazakhstan (nationalbank.kz)


Not available


Not available



Not available

25

Kyrgyz Republic




CIS Russian Federation 474.9Ukraine 30.1Kazakhstan 5.4Tajikistan 3.6Latvia 2.8

EU Germany 11.4

Other Israel 21.4United States 3.1Turkey 2.0Canada 1.4Other countries 65.0

Total 621.1Note: Data is for foreign‐born population in the destination country. Foreign‐nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011

Table 2: Stock of Kyrgyz emigrants by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons)


America 76 171 1,307 1,555

Europe (including EU15) 1,822 509 1,532 3,862

EU15 1,789 446 1,437 3,672


26


Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Kyrgyz Republic Medical Brain Drain

1991 4 15,339 0.0%1992 4 15,227 0.0%1993 5 14,167 0.0%1994 6 14,058 0.0%1995 6 14,725 0.0%1996 7 15,338 0.0%1997 7 14,448 0.0%1998 7 14,439 0.0%1999 9 13,987 0.1%2000 11 13,877 0.1%2001 13 13,272 0.1%2002 13 13,010 0.1%2003 16 13,135 0.1%2004 19 13,135 0.1%


Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign‐nationals, thousands)


CIS Uzbekistan 96.7Russian Federation 87.8Ukraine 7.3Kazakhstan 6.2Tajikistan 6.2

EU Germany 3.1

Other Turkey 4.8Other countries 10.5

Total 222.7 Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Note: This data is based on the 1999 Azerbaijan Census.

27

Table 5: Immigrant stock in 1999 by gender and age group (foreign‐born, thousands)

Age group Male Female Total

0‐4 3 3 5

5‐9 7 6 13

10‐14 8 8 17

15‐19 9 10 19

20‐24 10 12 22

25‐29 10 13 23

30‐34 11 14 25

35‐39 14 18 33

40‐44 15 20 36

45‐49 15 20 34

50‐54 10 14 25

55‐59 11 16 26

60‐69 25 38 62

70‐79 14 30 44

80+ 3 10 13

Total 166 231 398Source: Kyrgyz Republic Census 1999 via UN Global Migration Database.

Migration flows Information on arrivals and departures of migrants for Kyrgyz Republic is currently unavailable.


Country of asylum: Kyrgyz Republic

Country of origin: Kyrgyz Republic

Refugees 508 2,744

People in refugee‐like situations 1,950 0Total refugees and people in refugee‐like situations 2,458 2,744

Asylum‐seekers (pending cases) 554 1,575

Returned refugees 0 0IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP‐like situations 80,000 80,000

Returned IDPs 200,000 200,000


Various 0 0


28


Remittance flows Table 7: Quarterly remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)*

(US $, millions)

Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2008‐Q1 180.5 0.0 2.1 182.6 16.9 5.3 16.2 38.4

2008‐Q2 288.9 0.0 1.8 290.6 16.8 5.8 21.2 43.8

2008‐Q3 421.1 0.0 2.1 423.2 21.4 5.3 30.8 57.4

2008‐Q4 333.7 0.0 2.3 336.0 21.5 5.9 29.5 56.9

2009‐Q1 164.0 0.0 2.3 166.3 16.0 6.0 17.4 39.5

2009‐Q2 236.3 0.0 2.1 238.5 18.4 6.5 24.5 49.4

2009‐Q3 297.0 0.0 2.3 299.3 21.4 5.9 17.9 45.2

2009‐Q4 285.4 0.0 2.3 287.7 25.9 8.6 19.1 53.6

2010‐Q1 214.8 0.0 1.8 216.5 21.0 7.2 15.4 43.6

2010‐Q2 287.5 0.0 1.8 289.3 25.5 7.2 24.0 56.6

2010‐Q3 395.2 0.0 2.5 397.7 43.0 7.9 51.9 102.8

2010‐Q4 368.7 0.0 3.1 371.8 46.0 10.0 37.6 93.6


Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2000 2.2 0.0 6.6 8.8 0.9 10.3 34.2 45.3

2001 4.5 0.0 6.6 11.1 3.0 10.3 41.2 54.5

2002 30.3 0.0 6.4 36.7 2.1 12.2 43.0 57.4

2003 70.3 0.0 7.8 78.2 5.2 13.3 36.8 55.2

2004 179.1 0.0 9.6 188.7 15.4 14.2 53.4 83.0

2005 313.3 0.0 8.7 322.0 32.8 20.4 72.2 125.5

2006 473.1 0.0 8.1 481.2 43.9 24.2 81.7 149.8

2007 705.4 0.0 9.4 714.8 69.8 20.8 129.1 219.7

2008 1,224.1 0.0 8.3 1,232.4 76.5 22.3 97.6 196.5

2009 982.7 0.0 9.1 991.8 81.7 27.0 78.9 187.7

2010 1,266.2 0.0 9.2 1,275.4 135.5 32.3 129.0 296.7

Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6, the Manual) published in 1993 serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world.

29


Inflows Outflows






Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Kyrgyz Republic * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world.

Channels of remittances flows Table 10: Remittances made through the money transfer systems* (US $, millions)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Inflows 298 470 688 1,205 967 1,253CIS countries Kazakhstan 0 0 7 28 31 35Russia 263 437 642 1,113 863 1,164Others 0 0 0 0 0 0

Foreign countries Belgium 0 0 0 0 1 0Great Britain 1 1 1 2 1 1Germany 0 0 0 0 1 10USA 34 32 38 61 69 42Others 0 0 0 0 0 0

Outflows 27 40 63 67 74 128CIS countries Kazakhstan 0 0 0 3 1 0Russia 25 38 60 63 71 125Others 0 0 0 0 0 0

Foreign countries Belgium 0 0 0 0 0 0Germany 0 0 0 0 0 0USA 1 1 2 2 1 1Others 1 0 0 0 0 0

* Аnelik, Blizko, Contact, Migom, MoneyGram, Western Union, Unistream, Zolotaya Korona, Leader, Bystraya pochta, Allure and other transfer systems and transfers through the State Enterprise "Kyrgyzpochtasy". Source: International transactions reporting system, National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic (www.nbkr.kg).

30

Remittance costs Table 11: Cost of sending remittances to Kyrgyz Republic

from Russia (percent)

Amount sent=> $200 $500

2008 2.07 2.05

Q1‐2009 2.06 2.06

Q3‐2009 2.26 1.85

Q1‐2010 2.37 2.18

Q3‐2010 2.5 2.29

Q1‐2011 2.44 2.22Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database




Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic (www.mfa.kg)



Types of visas available for immigrants Not available


Not available





Dual citizenship Yes (since 2007)




National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic (www.nbkr.kg)


State‐owned banks, private commercial banks, and post offices.


Monthly reports on the amount of total flows, country, instrument, and code of correspondent bank.



Not available

31

Moldova



Destination Emigrant stock CIS

Russian Federation 284.3Ukraine 168.4Kazakhstan 9.7

EU Italy 89.2Romania 39.1Spain 17.6Germany 17.4Greece 7.4



Table 2: Stock of Moldovan emigrants by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons)


America 1,641 4,185 9,813 15,639


EU15 6,605 4,004 4,214 14,823


32


Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Moldova Medical Brain Drain

1991 43 15,191 0.3%1992 47 15,270 0.3%1993 53 15,459 0.3%1994 62 15,498 0.4%1995 79 15,243 0.5%1996 86 15,407 0.6%1997 93 15,447 0.6%1998 105 15,608 0.7%1999 119 13,915 0.8%2000 127 13,603 0.9%2001 133 11,505 1.1%2002 138 11,465 1.2%2003 151 11,418 1.3%2004 161 11,418 1.4%

Source: Bhargava, A., F. Docquier and Y. Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration(1991‐2004). February 2010.

Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign‐born population, thousands)


Ukraine 189.9Russian Federation 147.8Bulgaria 42.9Belarus 2.6Others 25.1

Total 408.3Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011. Note: This data is based on nationality data in the Moldova Annual Statistics 2001.

Table 5: Immigrant stock in 2004 (foreign‐born persons)

Country Male Female Total

CIS Ukraine 32,241 49,064 81,305Russian Federation 28,209 47,047 75,256Kazakhstan 2,785 3,800 6,585Belarus 1,465 2,760 4,225Romania 803 913 1,716Uzbekistan 619 724 1,343Azerbaijan 756 496 1,252Georgia 631 554 1,185

EU 53.2 Germany 552 590 1,142Italy 154 157 311

Other 3,378 3,237 6,615

Total 71,593 109,342 180,935Source: Moldova Census 2004 (via www.statistica.md)

33

Migration flows Table 6: Emigration flows to OECD countries (annual)

Destination 2000 2004 2008

Spain 1,250 9,094 16,846United States .. .. 13,293Sweden 74 205 341Norway 38 169 258Finland 16 38 75Australia 500 700 ..Other OECD 184 135 ..Source: OECD’s International Migration Database. Accessed: June 2, 2011.

Table 7: Emigrant flows by country of destination, persons

2001 2005 2010

CIS Ukraine 592 853 1,067Russia 1,161 1,598 501Belarus 50 98 51Kazakhstan 2 6 24

EU Germany 405 144 83Czech republic 2 3 27Italy 0 0 20Romania 4 4 13

Others USA 492 260 251Israel 223 108 109Other countries 37 19 47

Total 2,968 3,093 2,193Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (www.statistica.md) Note: flows data appear to severely underestimate emigrant stocks Table 8: Immigrant flows by year and purpose of arrival, persons

For work For studies Family immigration Total

2000 291 740 290 1,3212001 291 679 323 1,2932002 364 620 313 1,2972003 505 686 429 1,6202004 540 615 551 1,7062005 731 672 653 2,0562006 828 445 695 1,9682007 1,002 221 847 2,0702008 1,136 513 1,100 2,7492009 590 514 906 2,0102010 813 794 905 2,512Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (www.statistica.md) Note: flows data appear to severely underestimate emigrant stocks

34


Country of asylum: Moldova

Country of origin: Moldova

Refugees 141 5,925


Total refugees and people in refugee‐like situations 141 5,925






Various ‐ ‐




Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2008‐Q1 214.0 180.0 2.4 396.4 5.2 20.2 5.9 31.2

2008‐Q2 269.5 216.0 2.0 487.5 2.8 19.8 6.9 29.5

2008‐Q3 316.1 233.0 2.7 551.8 3.4 19.4 7.1 29.9

2008‐Q4 246.5 213.0 2.1 461.6 1.9 19.7 3.3 24.8

2009‐Q1 124.0 93.4 2.8 220.2 2.1 15.4 5.1 22.6

2009‐Q2 154.9 144.0 2.9 301.9 1.8 15.4 5.7 22.9

2009‐Q3 179.8 149.7 2.9 332.4 2.0 17.6 10.0 29.5

2009‐Q4 176.4 176.3 3.5 356.3 2.2 17.9 9.0 29.0

2010‐Q1 124.9 127.6 2.7 255.1 3.3 12.1 7.9 23.3

2010‐Q2 146.5 170.3 2.8 319.6 3.9 12.2 12.0 28.0

2010‐Q3 180.3 213.0 2.9 396.1 4.4 13.8 9.2 27.4

2010‐Q4 183.4 211.9 3.7 399.1 4.6 21.3 12.1 38.0


35

Table 10: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* (US $, millions)

Inflows

Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2000 52.6 125.0 1.0 178.6 0.2 29.0 16.8 46.0

2001 80.2 162.0 1.1 243.3 0.4 39.0 19.1 58.5

2002 101.6 221.0 1.2 323.7 1.0 35.3 20.3 56.6

2003 152.0 332.0 2.6 486.6 0.8 43.0 23.6 67.4

2004 221.4 480.0 3.9 705.2 0.8 41.1 25.5 67.3

2005 395.1 520.0 5.2 920.3 3.1 43.2 22.1 68.4

2006 602.8 573.0 5.9 1,181.7 6.5 50.4 28.8 85.7

2007 842.3 649.0 7.0 1,498.2 15.8 56.1 14.8 86.7

2008 1,046.0 842.0 9.3 1,897.3 13.3 79.0 23.2 115.4

2009 635.2 563.4 12.1 1,210.8 8.0 66.3 29.7 104.0

2010 635.0 722.8 12.1 1,369.9 16.2 59.4 41.2 116.7

Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database. * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world.


Inflows

Outflows






Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Moldova. * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world.

36

Remittances flows through different types of remittance service providers Table 12: Money Transfers from Abroad Made in Favor of Natural Persons (US$ million)

Quarter I Quarter II Quarter III Quarter IV

Total inflows via IMTS Total inflows via IMTS Total inflows via IMTS Total inflows via IMTS

2000 29.4 19.5 36.0 23.9 42.4 28.5 45.2 29.92001 42.6 28.7 45.3 31.0 59.9 38.5 64.2 41.92002 50.8 32.7 60.2 39.3 73.1 46.2 70.1 43.12003 61.1 35.1 76.1 42.5 90.9 50.2 89.1 47.72004 76.9 37.7 93.1 48.1 115.3 64.8 137.1 87.92005 120.1 83.7 181.8 136.3 197.1 151.5 184.3 142.92006 149.5 112.2 204.5 155.6 249.2 197.0 251.4 201.82007 209.4 160.1 265.3 210.3 367.8 303.6 375.7 312.62008 320.7 261.6 435.2 357.0 506.5 424.8 397.7 342.72009 225.7 181.5 289.0 238.4 331.5 278.7 335.8 283.72010 233.3 193.6 301.8 258.4 361.1 316.3 347.9 303.92011 277.4 235.6 Note: IMTS ‐ International Money Transfer Systems operating in Moldova. Money transfers made to residents and nonresidents via banks in Moldova. Source: National Bank of Moldova (http://www.bnm.md/en/external_operations_via_banc_system).

Remittance costs Table 13: Cost of sending remittances to Moldova

from Russia (percent) from Germany (percent) from Italy (percent)

Amount sent=> $200 $500 $200 $500 $200 $500

2008 2.78 2.39 2008 2008 Q1‐2009 2.17 2.17 Q1‐2009 Q1‐2009 Q3‐2009 2.56 2.02 Q3‐2009 Q3‐2009 Q1‐2010 2.60 2.34 Q1‐2010 11.20 5.3 Q1‐2010 8.47 4.78Q3‐2010 2.45 2.25 Q3‐2010 13.21 6.63 Q3‐2010 9.19 5.51Q1‐2011 2.29 2.09 Q1‐2011 12.68 6.2 Q1‐2011 8.53 5.3

Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database.




Institutions responsible for immigration Monitoring and registration systems for immigration: Bureau on Migration and Asylum, Ministry of Interior (www.mfa.gov.md)



Types of visas available for immigrants Diplomatic, Business, Simple, Tourist, Transit (www.mfa.gov.md)


Foreign citizens and stateless persons who want to engage in employment in the Republic of Moldova must obtain work permit from the National Agency for Employment of the Ministry of Economy. (www.mfa.gov.md)

37


Institutions responsible for emigration Ministry of Labor


Cost of passports and visas Depends on visa type (www.mfa.gov.md)

Dual citizenship Yes

3.b. Regulations pertaining to remittances



National Bank of Moldova


post offices, licensed banks


monthly/quarterly reports, sending/destination country, transaction amount

Restrictions on inward/outward transfers There are some restrictions, which are described in the Law on Foreign Exchange Regulation, no. 62‐XVI, as of March 21, 2008


Limit on daily transaction amount per customer (0.5mn MLD) per customer during 30 calendar days, need to file currency transaction reports, threshold for filing currency transaction report (0.5mn MLD). There are also other limits for transfers in cash (see Law no. 190 of 26.07.2007 art 8 para.2).

38

Russian Federation (1) Migration stocks and flows


Destination Immigrant stock

CIS

Ukraine 3,684.2

Kazakhstan 2,226.7

Belarus 680.5

Uzbekistan 404.4

Latvia 203.9

Tajikistan 191.8

Moldova 147.8

EU

Germany 299.6

Other

Israel 712.3

United States 421.5

Other countries 2,062.1


Table 2: Stock of Russian emigrants by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons)


America 23,375 61,467 199,933 284,775


EU15 78,075 36,905 55,913 170,893

Asia and Oceania 7,403 7,746 14,776 29,925Note: Low – primary or 0‐8 years of education; Medium – secondary or 9‐12 years of education; High – tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment ‐ Release 1.1. March 2005.

39


Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Russian Federation Medical Brain Drain

1991 1,331 601,273 0.2%1992 1,657 575,679 0.3%1993 1,955 589,966 0.3%1994 2,153 568,883 0.4%1995 2,482 571,691 0.4%1996 2,715 605,139 0.4%1997 3,025 612,033 0.5%1998 3,357 618,298 0.5%1999 3,690 613,664 0.6%2000 3,922 613,180 0.6%2001 4,192 603,843 0.7%2002 4,496 601,001 0.7%2003 4,800 598,307 0.8%2004 5,039 598,307 0.8% Source: Bhargava, Alok, Frédéric Docquier and Yasser Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration (1991‐2004). February 2010.

Immigrant Stocks Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign‐born, thousands)


CIS

Ukraine 3,647.2

Kazakhstan 2,648.3

Belarus 958.7

Uzbekistan 940.5

Azerbaijan 866.8

Georgia 644.4

Armenia 493.1

Kyrgyz Republic 474.9

Tajikistan 392.4

Moldova 284.3

Other


Total 12,270.4 Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Note: This data is based on the 2002 Russian Census.

40

Migration flows Table 5: Immigration flows, thousands

2000 2005 2010

CIS

Ukraine 75 31 28

Uzbekistan 41 30 24

Kazakhstan 125 52 28

Armenia 16 8 20

Tajikistan 11 5 18

Kyrgyzstan 16 16 21

Azerbaijan 15 5 15

Moldova 12 7 12

Belarus 10 7 5

Turkmenistan 7 4 2

Other countries 33 14 17

Total arrivals 359 177 192Source: Russian Federation Federal State Statistics Service (www.gks.ru). Russia in Figures 2010.


Country of asylum: Russian Federation

Country of origin: Russian Federation

Refugees 4,922 108,261

People in refugee‐like situations 0 3,693Total refugees and people in refugee‐like situations 4,922 111,948

Asylum‐seekers (pending cases) 1,463 10,475

Returned refugees 38 38IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP‐like situations 75,371 75,371

Returned IDPs 758 758


Various 0 306


41



Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2008‐Q1 186.3 833.6 330.9 1,350.8 1,398.9 3,651.0 184.2 5,234.1

2008‐Q2 203.0 1,075.6 401.2 1,679.7 1,960.8 4,962.2 230.3 7,153.3

2008‐Q3 194.1 1,008.4 393.7 1,596.2 2,189.1 5,602.2 302.1 8,093.5

2008‐Q4 218.5 874.2 313.5 1,406.3 1,714.8 3,933.5 193.8 5,842.2

2009‐Q1 177.3 776.9 287.5 1,241.6 978.4 2,600.1 130.8 3,709.3

2009‐Q2 175.7 845.6 342.9 1,364.2 1,376.1 3,029.6 153.6 4,559.3

2009‐Q3 197.0 840.5 323.4 1,360.9 1,813.6 3,399.1 208.8 5,421.6

2009‐Q4 225.3 862.8 304.0 1,392.1 1,758.4 3,164.4 165.7 5,088.6

2010‐Q1 159.4 812.1 277.3 1,248.7 898.8 2,392.9 129.8 3,421.5

2010‐Q2 186.3 957.1 233.5 1,376.8 1,296.2 2,964.4 182.5 4,443.1

2010‐Q3 192.8 918.2 194.4 1,305.3 1,866.8 3,576.2 233.0 5,676.0

2010‐Q4 224.6 932.1 176.1 1,332.8 1,859.2 3,197.5 198.3 5,255.0

2011‐Q1 200.5 972.7 155.9 1,329.2 1,413.6 2,542.4 168.1 4,124.1

Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The fifth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 1993 and serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Table 8: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)*

(US $, millions)

Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2000 0.0 500.0 775.3 1,275.2 232.2 0.0 867.2 1,099.4

2001 362.7 623.7 416.5 1,402.9 493.4 421.3 908.3 1,823.0

2002 231.7 704.3 423.4 1,359.4 507.1 788.4 930.8 2,226.3

2003 300.2 813.5 339.3 1,453.0 957.6 1,306.5 969.2 3,233.3

2004 925.2 1,206.3 363.6 2,495.1 1,464.0 2,671.7 1,052.3 5,188.0

2005 621.4 1,807.1 583.2 3,011.7 2,939.9 3,051.4 1,016.6 7,007.9

2006 766.3 1,899.0 678.5 3,343.7 6,066.8 4,587.3 813.0 11,467.0

2007 851.5 2,612.7 1,249.1 4,713.4 9,930.6 6,942.5 889.6 17,762.6

2008 801.9 3,791.8 1,439.3 6,033.0 18,148.9 7,263.7 910.4 26,322.9

2009 775.2 3,325.8 1,257.8 5,358.7 12,193.3 5,926.6 658.9 18,778.8

2010 763.0 3,619.4 881.2 5,263.7 12,131.1 5,920.9 743.6 18,795.5


42


Inflows Outflows






Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Russian Federation * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world.

Table 10: Personal Remittances from Russia to CIS countries (millions of US dollars)

Q1 2009

Q2 2009

Q3 2009

Q4 2009

Q1 2010

Q2 2010

Q3 2010

Q4 2010

AZERBAIJAN, REP. OF 162 193 236 255 188 225 264 260

ARMENIA, REP. OF 164 224 295 285 169 239 328 323

BELARUS 50 70 96 96 67 77 115 123

KAZAKHSTAN 32 38 47 49 41 47 60 99

KYRGYZ REPUBLIC 226 280 333 348 280 311 384 394

MOLDOVA 265 335 350 348 272 426 527 513

TAJIKISTAN 397 480 621 569 434 595 751 642

TURKMENISTAN 5 7 8 9 6 6 8 7

UZBEKISTAN 595 808 1010 861 695 1061 1344 1130

UKRAINE 461 651 865 845 541 703 952 967

GEORGIA* 81 94 55 .. .. .. .. ..

CIS countries 2,438 3,180 3,915 3,664 2,694 3,689 4,732 4,458Source: Central Bank of Russia *Georgia ceased to be a CIS member in August 17, 2009


Remittance costs Information on the cost of sending remittances to Russian Federation is currently not available. Cost of sending remittances from Russia is in the profiles of respective countries.

43




Institutions responsible for immigration Federal Migration Service (www.fms.gov.ru), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (www.mid.ru)

Immigration regulations and laws Federal Law #115 “On Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation”, latest amendments as of May, 2010 (http://www.fms.gov.ru/law/860/details/37221/)

Immigration quotas by nationality of origin There are quotas set annually for the number of work permits to be granted to foreigners. On the basis of demand for foreign workers by each region of Russia the federal government defines a limited number of work permits to be granted to foreigners. However, not all foreigners are obliged to get work permit. For example, citizens of Belarus can work without prior obtaining work permit. For 2011 the

quota was 1,745,584 work permits. Also there are quotas for number of temporary residence permits.

Types of visas available for immigrants Private, business, humanitarian, study, work.

Types of occupations in which immigrants are not allowed

Foreigners are not allowed to be hired to work in retail sector including alcohol retail, pharmacy, out‐door markets.


Institutions responsible for emigration Ministry of Foreign Affairs (www.mid.ru), Government Commission on Compatriots Living Abroad


Cost of passports and visas State tax for issuing a foreign passport is 1000‐2500 Rubles

Dual citizenship Yes, but with a limited number of countries on the basis of international agreements.




Central Bank of Russia (www.cbr.ru)


Money transfer firms, private commercial banks, state‐owned banks, and post offices.


Quarterly reports of transaction amounts and country. However the requirement varies by type of remittance service provider.



Not available

44

Tajikistan




CIS


Uzbekistan 228.0

Ukraine 33.0

Kazakhstan 12.8

Kyrgyz Republic 6.2

Latvia 3.5

EU

Germany 1.5

Other

Israel 26.3

United States 3.5

Canada 0.7



Table 2: Stock of emigrants from Tajikistan by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons)


America 409 762 1,409 2,581

Europe (including EU15) 444 240 401 1,085

EU15 431 209 357 996


45


Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Tajikistan Medical Brain Drain

1991 8 13,219 0.1%1992 10 12,622 0.1%1993 12 12,272 0.1%1994 17 12,950 0.1%1995 21 12,461 0.2%1996 23 12,364 0.2%1997 29 12,173 0.2%1998 34 12,780 0.3%1999 38 12,951 0.3%2000 41 13,194 0.3%2001 45 13,576 0.3%2002 48 13,658 0.3%2003 54 13,743 0.4%2004 56 13,743 0.4%

Source: Bhargava, Alok, Frédéric Docquier and Yasser Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration (1991‐2004). February 2010. Table 4: Emigrant stocks by length of stay

(thousands)

LFS 2004 LFS 2009

length of stay Total Men Women Total Men Women

6 months or less 121.9 116.6 5.3 132.6 126.3 6.3

7‐12 months 102.4 96.0 6.4 213.3 198.9 14.4

over 12 months 93.7 90.0 3.6 188.7 167.1 21.6

Total 317.9 302.6 15.3 534.6 492.3 42.3Source: Presentation by : E.A. Kislitsyna (Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan), "Labor Market and Labor Migration." , 2‐3 June2010, Moscow MiRPAL Conference presentation.



Russian Federation 191.8Afghanistan 56.8Uzbekistan 17.2Kyrgyz Republic 3.6Other countries 14.9

Total 284.3Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Note: This data is based on Tajikistan Census 2000 (via UN Population Division).

46

Table 6: Gender and age distribution of immigrants, 2000

Age Group Male Female Total

0‐5 327 276 6036‐14 535 477 1,01215‐17 147 167 31418‐19 212 130 34220‐29 1,240 830 2,07030‐39 1,077 699 1,77640‐49 674 632 1,30650‐59 311 389 70060‐69 266 475 74170+ 153 430 583

Total 4,942 4,505 9,447Source: Tajikistan Census 2000 (via UN Population Division)

Migration flows Table 7: Emigration flows to OECD countries (annual)

Destination 2000 2004 2008

Turkey 332 302 417Germany 0 102 153Japan .. .. 149Czech Republic .. .. 59Sweden 6 11 20Canada 6 16 17France 2 14 13Poland 13 10 13Finland 0 5 11Slovak Republic .. 1 8Other OECD 7 4 19Source: OECD’s International Migration Database. Accessed: June 2, 2011.

Table 8: Emigrant stocks by length of gender and age group

(thousands)

Registered migration (persons) Data of migration cards (persons)

Year Total Men Women Total Men Women

2000 0.6 0.5 0.2 ‐ ‐ ‐2001 3.3 3.3 0.0 ‐ ‐ ‐2002 12.2 12.2 0.0 ‐ ‐ ‐2003 2.7 2.6 0.1 ‐ ‐ ‐2004 2.3 2.3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐2005 1.7 1.7 ‐ 412.1 402.4 9.82006 1.7 1.3 0.3 609.3 ‐ ‐2007 1.5 ‐ ‐ 574.0 ‐ ‐2008 11.0 9.2 9.2 646.3 564.9 81.42009 15.5 14.7 0.9 677.4 401.1 276.3

47

by age group Total Men Women Total Men Women

Under 18 0.9 0.9 0.1 16.6 9.6 6.9

18‐29 4.7 4.4 0.3 203.2 120.3 82.9

30‐39 4.3 4.1 0.2 189.7 112.3 77.4

40‐49 3.3 3.1 0.2 142.3 84.2 58.0

50‐54 2.0 1.8 0.1 82.4 50.5 34.8

55‐59 0.4 0.4 0.0 40.3 24.0 16.3

60+ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0.1 0.1 0.0 Source: Presentation by : E.A. Kislitsyna (Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan), "Labor Market and Labor Migration." , 2‐3 June2010, Moscow MiRPAL Conference presentation.


Country of asylum: Tajikistan

Country of origin: Tajikistan

Refugees 2,679 562


Total refugees and people in refugee‐like situations 2,679 562

Asylum‐seekers (pending cases) 1,513 269





Various ‐ ‐

Total population of concern 6,818 831 Source: UNHCR 2009 Global Trends (June 2010).

48


Remittance flows Table 10: Quarterly remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)*

(US $, millions)

Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2008‐Q1 377.2 1.2 .. 378.4 37.2 1.0 .. 38.2

2008‐Q2 629.4 1.8 .. 631.2 40.7 1.7 .. 42.5

2008‐Q3 908.5 2.3 .. 910.9 62.8 1.0 .. 63.8

2008‐Q4 621.8 1.7 .. 623.6 52.9 1.5 .. 54.4

2009‐Q1 264.7 1.6 .. 266.3 22.9 0.2 .. 23.2

2009‐Q2 397.0 1.2 .. 398.2 22.1 1.8 .. 23.9

2009‐Q3 576.9 1.1 .. 578.0 36.9 0.8 .. 37.7

2009‐Q4 503.5 2.1 .. 505.6 38.1 0.7 .. 38.8

2010‐Q1 377.2 1.2 .. 378.4 37.2 1.0 .. 38.2

2010‐Q2 629.4 1.8 .. 631.2 40.7 1.7 .. 42.5

2010‐Q3 908.5 2.3 .. 910.9 62.8 1.0 .. 63.8

2010‐Q4 621.8 1.7 .. 623.6 52.9 1.5 .. 54.4


(US $, millions)

Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2002 78.4 0.1 .. 78.6 12.9 0.4 .. 13.42003 146.0 0.0 .. 146.0 64.4 0.1 .. 64.42004 252.0 0.0 .. 252.0 118.9 0.1 .. 119.02005 465.2 1.4 .. 466.7 144.2 1.3 .. 145.52006 1,015.0 3.9 .. 1,018.8 392.8 2.1 .. 395.02007 1,685.4 5.3 .. 1,690.8 180.3 3.7 .. 184.02008 2,537.0 7.1 .. 2,544.0 193.5 5.3 .. 198.82009 1,742.2 6.0 .. 1,748.2 120.0 3.7 .. 123.6


49


Inflows Outflows






Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Azerbaijan * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world.

Channels of remittances flows Information flows through commercial banks, post offices, savings cooperatives, microfinance institutions, mobile money transfers is currently unavailable.

Remittance costs Table 13: Cost of sending remittances to Azerbaijan from Russia

(percent)


2008 3.10 2.66Q1‐2009 2.33 2.33Q3‐2009 2.42 1.97Q1‐2010 2.60 2.36Q3‐2010 2.63 2.42Q1‐2011 2.46 2.22Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database




Institutions responsible for immigration Not available





Not available

50





Dual citizenship Not available




Balance of Payments Division, National Bank of Tajikistan


money transfer operators, private commercial banks, state‐owned banks, microfinance institutions, credit unions and savings cooperatives


total transaction amount, destination/source country of remittances. Required to report each separate cross‐border remittance transaction.



Not available

51

Ukraine


Emigrant Stocks Table 1: Number of emigrants in 2010 (thousands)


CIS Russian Federation 3,647.2Kazakhstan 272.0Moldova 189.9Belarus 141.3

EU Poland 333.0Germany 202.5Italy 172.6Spain 88.3



Table 2: Stock of Ukrainian emigrants by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons)


America 39,584 61,346 154,583 255,513


EU15 53,908 24,699 31,938 110,544

Asia and Oceania 5,023 2,728 5,729 13,480Note: Low – primary or 0‐8 years of education; Medium – secondary or 9‐12 years of education; High – tertiary or 13 years or more of education. This data is for migrants of age 25+ in most cases. Source: Docquier, Frédéric and Abdeslam Marfouk, International Migration by Educational Attainment ‐ Release 1.1. March 2005.

52


Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Ukraine Medical Brain Drain

1991 624 225,955 0.3%1992 697 224,098 0.3%1993 801 226,551 0.4%1994 867 223,998 0.4%1995 916 227,082 0.4%1996 967 152,918 0.6%1997 1,045 150,580 0.7%1998 1,192 150,411 0.8%1999 1,275 149,008 0.8%2000 1,350 147,400 0.9%2001 1,449 145,996 1.0%2002 1,568 144,879 1.1%2003 1,747 143,804 1.2%2004 1,828 143,804 1.3%




CIS

Russian Federation 3,684.2

Belarus 276.1

Kazakhstan 249.9

Uzbekistan 247.2

Moldova 168.4

Azerbaijan 92.5

Georgia 72.4

Armenia 53.2

Tajikistan 33.0

Kyrgyz Republic 30.1


Total 5,257.5 Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 based on 2001 Ukraine Census.

53

Migration flows Table 5: International migrant flows to and from Ukraine (thousands)

Year Arrivals Departures 2003 38.6 46.2 2004 44.2 30.0 2005 39.6 35.0 2006 44.2 30.0 2007 46.5 29.7 2008 37.3 22.4 2009 32.9 19.5 2010 30.8 14.7

Source: State Statistics Service of Ukraine (www.ukrstat.gov.ua).


Country of asylum: Ukraine

Country of origin: Ukraine

Refugees 2,522 25,111

People in refugee‐like situations 500 ..Total refugees and people in refugee‐like situations 3,022 25,111

Asylum‐seekers (pending cases) 2,981 1,260

Returned refugees .. ..IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP‐like situations .. ..

Returned IDPs .. ..

Stateless persons 40,353 ..

Various .. ..

Total population of concern 46,356 26,371 Source: UNHCR 2009 Global Trends (June 2010)

54



Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2008‐Q1 479.0 810.0 0.0 1,289.0 1.0 4.0 5.0 10.0

2008‐Q2 568.0 917.0 0.0 1,485.0 7.0 4.0 6.0 17.0

2008‐Q3 595.0 1,009.0 0.0 1,604.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 13.0

2008‐Q4 498.0 893.0 0.0 1,391.0 2.0 5.0 7.0 14.0

2009‐Q1 393.0 762.0 0.0 1,155.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 5.0

2009‐Q2 395.0 832.0 2.0 1,229.0 0.0 4.0 2.0 6.0

2009‐Q3 416.0 877.0 0.0 1,293.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 6.0

2009‐Q4 439.0 955.0 2.0 1,396.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 8.0

2010‐Q1 315.0 860.0 0.0 1,175.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 5.0

2010‐Q2 397.0 993.0 0.0 1,390.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 5.0

2010‐Q3 417.0 1,064.0 1.0 1,482.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 7.0

2010‐Q4 431.0 1,129.0 0.0 1,560.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 7.0

2011‐Q1 402.0 1,029.0 0.0 1,431.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 6.0


Inflows Outflows



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances



Migrants' transfers

Migrant remittances

2000 0.0 33.0 0.0 33.0 0.0 2.0 8.0 10.0

2001 84.0 56.0 1.0 141.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 5.0

2002 133.0 74.0 2.0 209.0 0.0 4.0 11.0 15.0

2003 185.0 145.0 0.0 330.0 0.0 4.0 25.0 29.0

2004 193.0 218.0 0.0 411.0 0.0 6.0 14.0 20.0

2005 236.0 359.0 0.0 595.0 2.0 10.0 22.0 34.0

2006 289.0 540.0 0.0 829.0 2.0 9.0 19.0 30.0

2007 2,292.0 2,210.0 1.0 4,503.0 7.0 11.0 24.0 42.0

2008 2,140.0 3,629.0 0.0 5,769.0 13.0 18.0 23.0 54.0

2009 1,643.0 3,426.0 4.0 5,073.0 4.0 15.0 6.0 25.0

2010 1,560.0 4,046.0 1.0 5,607.0 9.0 12.0 3.0 24.0


55


Inflows Outflows






Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Ukraine * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual was published in 2007 and is currently being implemented by countries around the world.


Remittance costs Table 10: Cost of sending remittances to Ukraine

From Russia (percent) From Czech Rep. (percent)

$200 $500 $200 $500

2008 2.51 2.49 2008 .. ..

Q1‐2009 2.26 2.26 Q1‐2009 .. ..

Q3‐2009 2.41 2.17 Q3‐2009 .. ..

Q1‐2010 2.55 2.32 Q1‐2010 8.82 5.03

Q3‐2010 2.48 2.25 Q3‐2010 12.82 7.93

Q1‐2011 2.34 2.08 Q1‐2011 12.21 7.16 Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database




Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Foreign Affairs (www.mfa.gov.ua)





Not available

56


Institutions responsible for emigration Ministry of Interior (www.mvs.gov.ua), Ministry of Labor and Social Policy (www.mlsp.gov.ua)



Dual citizenship No




National Bank of Ukraine (www.bank.gov.ua)


Not available


Not available



Not available

57

Uzbekistan


Emigrant Stocks Table 1: Number of emigrants in 2010 (thousands)

Destination Emigrant stock CIS

Russian Federation 940.5Ukraine 247.2Kazakhstan 184.3Kyrgyz Republic 96.7Turkmenistan 87.8Latvia 22.9Tajikistan 17.2

EU Germany 9.8

Other Israel 101.5United States 21.1Other countries 225.5


Table 2: Stock of Ukrainian emigrants by destination and by educational attainment, 2000 (persons)


America 782 4,486 10,298 15,567

Europe (including EU15) 2,062 998 1,838 4,898

EU15 1,939 777 1,525 4,242


58


Year

Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Uzbekistan Medical Brain Drain

1991 25 71,761 0.0%

1992 39 71,232 0.1%

1993 43 73,238 0.1%

1994 58 73,732 0.1%

1995 79 73,792 0.1%

1996 89 73,635 0.1%

1997 119 73,730 0.2%

1998 166 74,202 0.2%

1999 193 72,586 0.3%

2000 214 72,615 0.3%

2001 238 72,042 0.3%

2002 264 72,919 0.4%

2003 286 73,840 0.4%

2004 303 73,840 0.4% Source: Bhargava, Alok, Frédéric Docquier and Yasser Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration (1991‐2004). February 2010.



CIS

Kazakhstan 197.8


Tajikistan 228.0


Total 1,175.9 Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011

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Migration flows Data on immigration flows to and from Uzbekistan is currently unavailable.


Country of asylum: Uzbekistan

Country of origin: Uzbekistan

Refugees 311 6,886People in refugee‐like situations .. 1,950Total refugees and people in refugee‐like situations 311 8,840Asylum‐seekers (pending cases) .. 1,617Returned refugees .. ..Returned IDPs .. ..Stateless persons .. ..Various .. ..

Total population of concern 311 10,457Source: UNHCR 2009 Global Trends (June 2010)


Remittance flows Data on remittance flows is currently not available for Uzbekistan.


Remittance costs Table 10: Cost of sending remittances to Uzbekistan

From Russia (percent)

$200 $500

2008 3.79 3.27

Q1‐2009 2.76 2.57

Q3‐2009 2.64 3.13

Q1‐2010 2.37 2.23

Q3‐2010 2.40 2.25

Q1‐2011 2.34 2.20 Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database

60




Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan (www.mfa.uz)





Not available





Dual citizenship No




Central Bank of Uzbekistan (www.cbu.uz)


Not available


Not available



Not available

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Appendix: Glossary Compensation of employees comprises wages, salaries, and other benefits (in cash or in kind) earned by individuals—in economies other than those in which they are residents—for work performed for and paid for by residents of those economies. Employees, in this context, include seasonal or other short‐term workers (less than one year) and border workers who have centers of economic interest in their own economies. Migrants are persons who move to a country other than that of their usual residence for a period of at least a year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes their new country of usual residence. Migrants' transfers are contra‐entries to flows of goods and changes in financial items that arise from migration (change of residence for at least a year) of individuals from one economy to another. The transfers to be recorded are thus equal to the net worth of the migrants.. Refugees are individuals who owing to a well‐founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, are outside the country of their nationality and are unable or, owing to such fear, are unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of their former habitual residence as a result of such events, are unable or, owing to such fear, are unwilling to return to it. Remittances are defined as the sum of workers’ remittances, compensation of employees and migrants’ transfers. Workers' remittances are current transfers by migrants who are considered residents in the destination country.

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