MICROELEMENTS APPLICATIONS FOR …Station at Behera Governorate. Pea seeds, cv. Master, sown during...

J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Alex.Univ.,Egypt Vol.9 (1)2010

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MICROELEMENTS APPLICATIONS FOR

CONTROLLING ROOT ROT AND DAMPING-OFF

FUNGI OF PEA

GEHAD. M. MOHAMED; NAGLAA. A.S.MUHANNA AND EMAN. M.H.

ABED EL KAREEM

Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center. Giza, Egypt.

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out during two successive

growing seasons 2007 and 2008 to study the effect of

treatment of pea seeds cultivar (Master p) with commercial

chelated iron, manganese, zinc and microelements mixture

(Fe, Mn, and Zn sulphate) for controlling damping-off and

root rot diseases under field conditions. Microelements were

added at the rate of 4g /kg seed. The results showed that

Mn+Zn, Mn and Vitavax-Captan had the best effect in the

two seasons and reduced the pre-emergence damping off by

54.99 % compared with control treatment. The combined,

microelements Zn+Mn, Mn and Fe sulphate gave the best

effect on reducing of pre-emergence damping off and root

rot disease and also increased total phenols and peroxidase

activities. Moreover, the effect of Fe, Mn and Zn sperately or

together on fungal growth, sporulation and formation of

sclerotia were studied. All tested microelements

concentrations significantly reduced the mycelial growth

compared with control. Inhibition effect was increased by

increasing the microelement concentrations and amount of

sclerotia / plat was proportional of to microelement

concentrations, which treatment showed the highest

sporulation of the Fusarium. The fungicide vitavax-captan at

concentration of 60 and 40 ppm significantly reduced the

mycelial growth compared with control.

INTRODUCTION

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of most important winter

vegetable crops in Egypt. It grows well all over the Egyptian provinces


2

and it is cultivated either for green pods and/or dry seeds. Pea, like

other cultivated crops, is susceptible to several diseases such as

damping-off and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium

oxysporum, Pythium debaryanum and Sclerotium rolfsii Nour Jehan,

(2003); Abo-El souod, (2005) and Infantino et. al., (2006).

In addition to the role of microelements as plant nutrients, they

were also, reported to affect disease incidence and severity.

Meanwhile, Yossef, (1968) and Mostafa, (1984) reported that pre-

soaking of cotton seeds in a solution containing microelements

decreased wilt and damping off incidence. Baydin, (1976) found that

pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds with manganese sulphate reduced

root rot diseases. Ahmed et. al., (1987) found that molybdenum,

cupper, manganese and znic reduced spore germination of Fusarium

oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum race 1, and reported that treatment with

microelements reduced tomato wilt disease index.

Muthusamy, et. al., (1988) reported that addition of Fe and

Cu separately or together as soil treatment and foliar spray decreased

rice brown spot disease incidence Latha, et. al., (1997) found that

application of zinc significantly reduced cowpea and soybean,

infection by Macrophomina phaseolina, and It was concluded that

zinc had a fungicidal effect on the pathogen.

Meantime, Mn application reduced severity of root rot

caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia bataticola of cowpea

by 42.7 and 42.0%, respectively Kalim, et. al., (2003). Reduction in

disease incidence was associated with increased levels of polyphenol

oxidase (ppo), peroxidase (po) and total phenols. Shahina-Kalim, et.

al., (1999).

Wiyono, et. al., (2008) found that the use of manganese and

zinc sulphate as formulation additives at the rate of 0.05 Mn

significantly increased the biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas

fluorescens B5 on sugar beet seedlings. In contrast, the use of Mn

caused an increase in plant height and Mn+Zn increased the fresh

weight of the treated seedling.

The present study therefore, was conducted to investigate the

effect of treating pea seeds and soil application with chelated Fe, Mn

and Zn sulphate separately or in combination on the in vitro fungal

growth of Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani,

and Sclerotium rolfsii. Also, the effect of these microelements on

disease incidence caused by these fungi on pea in the field. The study

aimed also to investigate effect of these microelements, on phenols


3

formation and the enzymes activity that could affect the disease

incidence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro experiments.

1-The tested fungi.

The fungi tested in the present study were obtained by the

direct isolation from affected fields cultivated with peas and showed

root rot and damping-off symptoms, in Etay-El Baroud region, during

2006 growing season. The growing fungi were purified using the

hyphal tip Browny, (1924) and Baruch, (1991) and single spore

techniques Hansen, (1926), identification of the isolated fungi was

carried out based on the taxonomy of fungi, and reification was carried

out at vegetable Disease Research Department, Plant Pathology

Institute Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

2-Effect of different microelements on liner growth of pea

damping-off and root rot fungi.

The microelements, i.e., zinc, iron and manganese sulphate

were used either solely or in combinations in six different

concentrations prepared from each single or combined microelements.

Those concentrations, were (40, 60, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm). The

required concentrations were obtained by adding the appropriate

amount of stock solution to 100 ml PDA medium. Discs of 0.5mm in

diameter from tested fungi, i.e., Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani,

Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii were used as inoculate at

the center of Petri dishes containing elements and media, and then

were incubated at 28-30Cº for seven days. 3- Effect of vitavax on the linear growth of pea damping-off and root rot

fungi.

Five concentrations of the fungicide vitavax-captan were

prepared and used i.e. (5, 10, 20, 500 and 1000ppm). The required

concentrations were obtained by adding the appropriate amounts of

stock solution to 100 ml PDA medium. Three Petri dishes were used

as replicates for each concentration. Dishes were inoculated with 5mm

in diameter disk of 5 days old culture of the pathogen, and incubated at

28-30Cº for 7 days. Liner growth was measured by using the actively

growing 5-day-old PDA cultures of the tested fungi were inoculated

on to the amended were unamended (control) plates and incubated for


4

seven days after inoculation, diameters of the developed colonies of

the different fungi were measured in cm. till check dishes were

completely colonized the plate. 4- Effect of microelements on sporulation and sclerotial formation.

The tested fungi, i.e. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani,

Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii were plated on PDA

medium amended with the different microelement concentrations and

incubated for 10 days at 28-30Cº.

Morphological characteristics of Rhizoctonia solani and

Sclerotium rolfsii according to different amount of scleratia and

mycelial growth was recorded. Pigments of Fusarium was observed,

spore suspensions were prepared by adding 15 ml sterilized water for

Fusarium solani or Fusarium oxysporum, and the average number of

micro and macro conidia and chlamyidospores were recorded also by

using haemocytometer slide.

2- Field experiments.

During the two growing seasons of 2007 and 2008, a field

experiment was conducted at Itay El baroud Agricultural Research

Station at Behera Governorate. Pea seeds, cv. Master, sown during

September and each plot contained three rows each of 3m long and

30cm wide. Seeds sown in the middle row and two seeds were sown in

each hill, the distance between hills was at 5-7cm. In both seasons the

normal agricultural practices were adapted. The used experimental

design was a randomized complete block design with three replication.

The microelements, i.e. zinc, manganese, iron sulphate were used

separately or in combinations Zn, Mn, Fe, Zn+Mn, Fe+Mn, Fe+Zn and

Fe+Mn+Zn. Seeds were treated with microelements at the rat of 4g/kg

seeds before sowing, arabic gum was used as sticker.

Soil application of the microelements were mixed with sand at

rate of 4g/kg sand (w/w), microelements were broadcasted and

corporated into soil in of the middle row at the time of seeds sowing.

Some seeds were dressed with the fungicide vitavax-captan at the rat

3g/kg seeds, pre and post emergence damping off were recorded after

15 and 40 days. In the meantime, weight of 100 dry seeds, fresh and

dry weight plants, were also recorded.


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3- Determination of chemical constituents.

Activity of the oxidative enzyme peroxidase and phenolic

compounds were determined in the 30-day-old treated and untreated

pea. . 3.1- Determination of total phenols.

Five grams of roots of treated and untreated 30 days old

plants, were ground immediately, stored in 50cc of 95% ethanol in

brown bottles and kept in the dark at room temperature for a month

until the tissue become colorless. After storage, ethonolic extracts

were subjected to air current at room till dryness. The dried residues

were dissolved in 5ml of isopropanol and stored in vials at 1 Cº till

determination of total phenols, El-Toony, (1992).

Total phenols were determined as follows; 2.5ml of conc. Hcl

was added to 0.3ml of the sample and boiled for 10 minutes in water

bath. After cooling the sample 1.0 ml of the reagent and 3ml of 20%

sodium carbonate, were added. The mixture was diluted to 10ml with

distilled water and determination was carried out using

spectrophotometer (UV 2600) at 520 nm. Phenol contents were

calculated as mg catechole per gram fresh weight of sample. 3.2- Determination of peroxidase activity.

Enzyme extraction from the leaves was prepared from 30 days-

old plants as recommended by Maxwell and Bateman, (1967). The leaf

tissues were ground in a mortar with 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer at

pH 7.1 (2ml buffer/gm of fresh tissues). Triturated tissues were

strained through four layers of cheesecloth and filtrates were

centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20min. at 6 Cº. The supernatant fluid was

used for enzyme assays.

Peroxidase activity was determined according to the method

described by Allam and Hollis, (1972) by the oxidation of pyrogallol

to pyrogallin in the presence of H2o2 at 425nm. The sample cuvette

contained 0.5ml of 0.1 potassium phosphate buffer at pH7 and 0.1m

enzyme extract, 0.3m of 0.05M pyrogallol, 0.1ml of 1% H2o2 and

distilled water to bring cuvette contents to 3ml. The rate of peroxidase

activity was expressed as the change in absorbance at 425 nm gram

fresh weight/min.


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4- Statistical analyses.

Randomized complete block design with three replications was

used. Data collected were subjected to the statistical analyses

according to the standard methods recommended by Gomez and

Gomez, (1984) using the computer program (costate). Means were

compared using L.S.D tested at the level of probability.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In vitro experiments: 1- Effect of different microelements on the linear growth of some

pathogenic fungi.

Data in Table (1a and 1b) showed that different microelements at

all tested concentrations decreased the linear growth of Fusarium

solani and F. oxysporum, on the other hand the lowest effective

concentrations were, 60 and 40 ppm to all tested pathogenic fungi

compared with the control, this result was in agreement with Byrde, et.

al., (1960) who investigated the toxic effect of heavy metals and found

that toxicity could be due to inhibiting fungal enzymes or may be to

action of some metals on the membranes of fungi causing changes in

the permeability. Significant effects were found with the interaction

between elements and the concentration. Data in Table(1b) showed

that Fe+Mn and Mn+Zn had no inhibitory effect on linear growth of

Sclerotium rolfsii, except slight inhibition occurred in mycelium

growth with Zn, Fe, Mn and Zn+Fe at the concentration 40, 60 and

125 ppm. No significant effect, was found in case of interaction

between microelement and concentration. Badawi, et. al., (1986)

found that manganese, copper and molybdenum had no inhibitory

effect on the growth of the tested fungi, except slight inhibition in

mycelium growth of Alternaria porri at the concentration 0.0001g/ml

molybdenum. Ramadan, (1986) found that manganese, zinc and

copper as sulphate increased the linear growth of all tested isolates.

Rubin, et. al., (1977) mentioned that excessive zinc concentration in

media increased the biosynthetic processes. No significant effect were

found with interaction between element and concentration. The low

concentration of zinc 40 and 60 ppm in Table (1a) inhibited the

mycelial growth of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. In this

respect, the inhibitory effect of 500 and 1000 ppm Zn+Mn reduced the

mycelial growth of F. solani.


7


8


9

These results are also agreement with Abdela-Moneem, (1996) who

found that Co, Cu, Ni and Zn heavy metals were toxic to F. oxysporum

f.sp. sesame and Sclerotium bataticola, on the other hand, the lowest

effect was observed on growth of F. oxysporum and F. solani with

Fe+Mn+Zn. Data in Table (1b) revealed that significant effect was

found with correlation between microelement type and concentration

case of F. oxysporum. Kiss and Pozsar, (1977) and Rubin, et. al.,

(1977)., showed that excessive concentration of microelements in

media decreased F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinvectum toxin formation and

increased the biosynthetic processes.

2- Effect of different concentrations of Vitavax captan on the

linear growth of pea root rot fungi. Data in Table (2) showed that the commercial systemic

fungicide Vitavax-captan at different concentrations tested

significantly suppressed the mycelial growth of the tested fungi

compared with untreated control. The highest concentrations 500,1000

ppm, however, completely inhibited the mycelial growth of R. solani

and S. rolfsii, while the lowest effect was observed on the linear

growth of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. This was in

harmony with Omar, et. al., (1992), who indicated that vitavax,

vitavax captan and Rizolex were most efficient fungicides to control

pre and post emergence damping-off and with stem rot disease of

chick pea. This also in agreement with Ballantyne, (1964); Marcum,

et. al., (1977) and Ghanim, (1993).


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Table (2): Effect of different concentration of the fungicide

Vitavax-captan of the linear growth (cm) of R. solani, S. rolfsii, F.

oxysporum and F. solani.

L.S.D 5% Fungi 0.3320

L.S.D 5% Concentration 0.4066

L.S.D 5% Fungi X Concentration 0.1165

3- Effect of two concentrations of microelements on sporulation

and sclerotia formation.

Data in Table (3) showed that the microelements tested at 40,

1000 ppm increased number of sclerotia formed by R. soloni and S.

rolfsii also was higher on the media treated with Zn, Fe, Fe+Zn and

Fe+Mn at 1000ppm. High frequency of sclerotia on media treated with

microelements may be due to fungal response to the microelements

toxicity and unavoidably conditions. Concerning the effect on the

sporulation it was recorded that most of tested micro elements at the

lowest concentration 40 ppm were quite effective for inhibiting the

sporulation of F. oxysporum compared with control. Also, media with

Zn, Fe, Mn and Fe+Mn of the two tested concentrations inhibited

sporulation of F. solani while, the media treated with Fe+Mn+Zn and

Zn+Mn increased the sporulation over the control. This behavior may

be due to the fungal action to resist toxicity of media or the presence

of some stimulatory constituents favoring excessive sporulation.

Vitavax-captan & concentrations (ppm) C

on

tro

l

Fungi

1000 500 20 10 5 x-

2.75 c 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.0 3.5 8.5 R. solani

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.83 d 8.5 S. rolfsii

3.5 4.5 5.5 5.8 6.3 5.60 a 8.5 F. oxysporum

2.0 3.0 3.5 5.5 6.0 4.75 b 8.5 F. solani

1.50 f 2.13 e 2.75 d 3.45 c 4.08 b 8.5 a x-


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Table (3): The in vitro effect of certain microelements (ppm) on

amount of sclerotial formation of R. solani and S. rolfsii, number

of macro and micro conidia/ cm, clamydospore formation and

pigment production of F oxysporum and F. solani .

Amount of sclerotia +++ over control

++ control

+ less than control

2-Field experiments: 2.1- Effect of seed and soil treatments with microelements on

damping off incidence on pea.

Data in Table (4) revealed that the effect of treating pea seed (cv.

Master p.) with some microelements, used as seed dressing or soil

application, on the incidence of pea damping-off disease and some

crop parameters fresh weight, dry weight and weight of 100 seeds. The

determination appeared in the first season that Mn+Zn, vtavax-captan

Tre

atm

ents

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

R. solani S. rolfsii F. oxysporum F. solani

Scl

ero

tia

form

ati

on

Scl

ero

tia

form

ati

on

Ma

cro

con

idia

Mic

roco

nid

ia

Cla

my

do

spo

res

Pig

men

tati

on

Ma

cro

con

idia

Mic

roco

nid

ia

Cla

my

do

spo

res

Pig

men

tati

on

Zn 1000

40

+++

+++

+++

++

0.85

1.35

-

-

++

-

- 0.75

4.2

1.9

3.4

++

++

+

-

Fe 1000

40

++

+++

+++

++

0.7

1.05

-

-

+

+

- 0.95

3.15

2.6

5.2

-

-

+

-

Mn 1000

40

+++

+++

+

+

0.75

1.25

-

1.95

+

-

- 4.0

6.85

7.5

11.5

-

-

-

-

Zn+Fe 1000

40

+++

++

+++

+

0.8

1.0

2.2

-

-

+

- 3.5

6.9

5.4

10.0

-

-

+

-

Fe+Mn 1000

40

+++

++

+++

++

1.0

2.1

1.5

3.05

-

+

- 6.5

3.05

3.5

5.5

-

-

+

+

Mn+Zn 1000

40

+++

++

+++

++

0.9

1.25

-

-

++

+

- 4.7

2.2

8.9

4.5

-

-

+

-

Fe+Mn+

Zn

1000

40

+++

++

+

++

-

-

-

-

++

++

- 8.2

16.3

13.0

4.2

-

++

-

-

Control ++ ++ 2.5 3.6 ++

+

- 11.8 8.3 ++ +


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and Mn had the best effect as seed dressing which decreased pre-

emergence to 21.33, 31.0 and 32.5 while in the second season the

percentages were 18.95, 27.55 and 28.88, respectively. These results

were in agreement with the findings of Baydin, (1976)., who reported

that pre sowing treatment of wheat seed with Mn reduced root rot

disease. Also Rahhal, (1993) reported that microelements added in two

levels 4 and 8g/kg seed, Mn 8g, Fe+Zn+Mn (8 and 4g), Mn (4g) had

the best effect and reduced chocolate spot disease severity on broad

bean to 4.02,4.57,5.57 and 6.04%, respectively. While Zn and Fe

single treatments exhibited the lowest effect in this respect. Also,

microelements played an important role in reducing peanut damping-

off, wilt and root rot. Meantime, Fahim, et. al., (2006) showed that

seed soaking with microelements mixture Cu,Fe,Zn and Mn at 200

ppm followed by copper sulphate at 200 ppm gave the best effect for

reducing damping-off, wilt and peanut root rot diseases.

On the other hand, data in Table (4) showed that all soil

treatments with microelements reduced significantly the pre and post

emergence damping-off. Mn+Zn, Mn and Fe had the best effect since

they decreased the pre emergence damping-off to 23.0,25.33 and

30.0% and in the second season the percentages of infection were

20.44,22.36 and 26.51%, respectively. These obtained results are in

harmony with the findings of Latha, et. al., (1997), who mentioned

that plants of cowpea and soybean were grown in a zinc deficient

clayloam and Zn so4 was added at, the rate of 25.0,37.5 and 50 kg/ha.

Root rot caused by Macrophomina phasolina was significantly

reduced when Zn was applied at the highest level in all crops tested. It

is concluded that zinc has fungicidal effect on the pathogen. Also

interpret in the light the findings of Shahina Kalim, et. al., 1999 and

2003 and Kalim, et. al., (2003)., who showed that severity of root rot

(Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia bataticola) of cowpea (Vigna

unguiculata) was reduced by 42.7 and 42.0%, respectively, over

control following the application of 10 micro g/g Mn as manganese

sulphate. It is suggested that Mn at the rate of 10 micro g/g soil can be

used to mange the root rot control of cowpea.


13


14

2.2- Effect of seed dressing and soil treatment with certain

microelements on some crop parameters of pea. Data in Table (5) show that the highest increase in fresh and

dry weight was observed using Mn+Zn, Mn and Zn+Fe as seed

dressing. In the 2008 season they were 6.32,6.29 and 5.27,

respectively. In addition, soil application with Mn+Zn, Mn and Fe in

2008 season were most effective mentioned before 7.38,7.20 and 6.33,

respectively, data also revealed that all tested micro elements

decreased disease incidence and consequently increased the weight of

100 dry seed/g.

3- Effect on chemical consistent.

Data in Table (6) showed that the highest effect of different

microelements on the total phenol content mg/g fresh/wt and

peroxidase activity of roots and leaves were significant. Total

phenolic contents 14.41, 14.23 were occurred using Mn+Zn and

Fe+Mn+Zn, respectively, as soil application. On the other hand the

highest contents of total phenols 12.53 and 11.79 as were obtained by

Mn+Zn and Mn seed dressing treatments. However, the lowest content

of total phenols was obtained by treating with Fe+Mn either as seed or

soil application. All treatments increased peroxidase activity specially

treatments of Mn+Zn, Fe and Mn as soil application with

microelements. These results reveal that treatment with Mn+Zn, Fe

and Mn was the best in decreasing the percentage of disease incidence

in (Table 4). This is in agreement with Rahimi and Bussler, (1974) and

Bidwell, (1979), who stated that copper and manganese favored the

synthesis of phenols and lignin in addition to effect phenol oxidase and

peroxidase activity. Also, Cardose and Echidna, (1987)and Agrios

(1988), indicated the importance of the oxidative enzyme peroxidase

for oxidizeing phenolic compounds and increasing the rate of

polymerization of such compounds into lignin like substances that

deposited in cell walls and interfere with the growth and development

of the pathogen.. The obtained results, meanwhile, are in accordance

with Shahina-Kalimi, et. al., (2003), who mentioned that the infection

with pathogenic fungi also caused an increase in the content of total

phenols, reducing sugars, Cu, Zn and Mn but a decrease in o-dihydric

phenols, flavones, total soluble sugars, non reducing sugars and Fe

contents. In addition Badawi et. al., (1986), reported that zinc at

0.0024 ppm inhibited the growth of Asperagillus niger, Alternaria

porri and Botrytis allii in culture and increased lignin and phenols in

the presence of Cu or Cu+Mn. Therefore, the decreasing of disease


15

incidence of onion in storage for six months when this microelement

was applied may be due to inhibition of fungal growth and/or increase

in the formation of lignin and phenols by these microelements.

Meanwhile, all treatments significantly increased total phenol and

peroxidase activity with seed dressing with microelements or soil

application.

4- Correlation between chemical constituents of pea and damping-

off disease incidence.

Data in considerable correlations were revealed between

damping-off disease incidence and the chemical constituents of pea as

affected by microelements in both methods of applications Fig (1 &

2). However, higher correlations (r = 0.7299 – 0.8783) were recorded

in the pre-emergence damping-off for both total phenols and

peroxidase activity, while an even lower correlations (r =0.2952 –

0.4917) were recognized for post-emergence disease. These findings

are in agreement with Kalim, el. al., (2003) and Shahina-Kalimi, et.

al., (2003).


16


17

Table (6)- Effect of some microelements application on phenol-

content and peroxides activity 30-days-old pea plants cv. Master

in the field experiments .

Treatments Total phenol content

mg/g /f.w. Peroxidase activity*

A425/min

Soil application

Zn 9.30 9.90

Fe 10.29 13.55

Mn 14.23 13.41

Zn + Fe 10.87 12.54

Fe + Mn 6.82 5.95

Mn + Zn 14.41 15.23

Fe + Mn + Zn 8.76 9.11

Vitavax – captan 9.38 10.08

control 4.95 4.21

Seed dressing

Zn 8.56 6.36

Fe 9.85 9.44

Mn 11.79 12.33

Zn + Fe 9.85 9.44

Fe + Mn 7.41 6.85

Mn + Zn 12.53 13.29

Fe + Mn + Zn 9.79 8.66

Vitavax-captan 10.22 9.93

control 4.95 4.21

* Total phenols were determined in roots while peroxidase activity was assessed

in the leaves, of 30-day-old plants of the different treatments.


18

Fig (1): Effect of certain microelements as (a) soil application and

(b) eed dressing on total phenol contents and damping-off in 30-

day-old pea plants (cv. Master) in field experiments.

r = 0.7299

r = 0.4917

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

4.95 6.82 9.3 9.38 10.29 14.23 10.87 8.76 14.41

Total phenol (mg/g/ f.w .)

Da

mp

ing

off

(%

)

pre post

)pre( خطي )post( خطي

r = 0.8783

r = 0.2952

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

4.95 7.41 8.56 9.85 9.85 10.22 9.79 11.79 12.53

Total phenol (mg/g/f.w.)

Da

mp

ing

off

(%

)

pre post


a

b


19

Fig (2): Effect of certain microelements as (a) soil application and

(b) seed dressing on peroxidase activity and damping-off in 30-

day-old pea plants (cv. Master ) in field experiments.

r = 0.7299

r = 0.4927

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

4.21 5.95 9.9 10.08 13.55 13.41 12.54 9.11 15.23

Peroxidase activity

Dam

pin

g o

ff (

%)

pre post


r = 0.8783

r = 0.2952

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

4.21 6.85 6.36 9.44 9.44 9.93 8.66 12.33 13.29

Peroxidase activityl

Dam

pin

g o

ff (

%)

pre post


a

b


21

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الملخص العربي

الذبول الطري في عفن الجذور وتطبيق استخدام العناصر الصغرى لمكافحة البسلة

إيمان محمود حسين عبد الكريم -مهناعبد الباقي سالم نجالء -جهاد دمحم دمحم

النبات، مركز البحوث الزراعية، الجيزة أمراضمعهد بحوث

) الزنك، الحديد، المنجنيز ( و مخاليطها على النمو تم دراسة تأثير بعض العناصر الصغرى

الميسليومى والتجرثم واألجسام الحجرية المتكونة للفطريات فيوزاريوم سوالنى فيوزاريوم اوكسى كل التركيزات أنالنتائج أوضحتسبوريوم، ريزوكتونيا سوالنى واسكليروشيم رولفسى وقد

بدرجة ملحوظة مقارنة سليومىيقللت من النمو المالمستخدمة من العناصر الصغرى ومخاليطها رد فعل طبيعي ـأن التأثير التثبيطي على النمو الميسليومى يزيد بزيادة التركيز وكبالكنترول و

للفطريات المختبرة وجد أن عدد األجسام الحجرية يزداد بزيادة التركيز وقللت بعض العناصر من ى فيتافاكس كابتان على النمو زدراسة تأثير المبيد الجها كما أدت .أعداد تجرثم الفطر فيوزاريوم

الميسليومى للفطريات المختبرة وقد أظهرت النتائج اختالف كبير لتركيزات المبيد وقد تبين أن المليون ثبط النمو الميسليومى للفطر تماما. فيجزى 1111التركيز

دراستتة حقليتتة بمحطتتة البحتتوث الزراعيتتة بايتتتاى البتتارود لمعرفتتة تتتأثير العناصتتر أجريتتتالجتوور علتى صتنف بتأمراض اإلصتابةنك( ومخاليطها علتى نستبة زالصغرى )الحديد، المنجنيز وال

قبتل وبعتد الظهتور اإلصتابةلدراستة نستبة 2118و 2117الزراعة موسميالبسلة ماستر بى خالل تقليل نسبة فيمعاملة أفضلكجم بورة وكانت \م ج 4م معاملة البوور بمعدل فوق سطح التربة وقد ت

وكتولك المنجنيتز بمخلوط )المنجنيز + الزنك( هي المعاملة 2118قبل الظهور خالل موسم اإلصابة مقارنة بالكنترول. 28.88و 27.55و 18.95 التواليو المبيد الفطرى فيتافاكس كابتان على

كانتت أفضتل امالت التربة قللت من نسبة اإلصابة بتأمراض الجتوور ولقد وجد أن كل معنك والحديد ولقد أدت هوة المعامالت إلى زيتادة زالمنجنيز وال هيمعاملة لتقليل اإلصابة قبل الظهور

البيروكستيديز كمتا أدى استتخدام مخلتوط العناصتر إنزيممحتوى النباتات من الفينوالت وزيادة نشاط والت.يننك زيادة في نشاط الفزمن المنجنيز+ال

MICROELEMENTS APPLICATIONS FOR …Station at Behera Governorate. Pea seeds, cv. Master, sown during...

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