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METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
1
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS:ISLANDS:
THE CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDSTHE CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
DIRK GODENAUOBSERVATORY OF IMMIGRATION IN TENERIFE
UNIVERSITY LA LAGUNA, CANARY ISLANDS, SPAIN
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
2
1. Particularities of migration in islands1. Particularities of migration in islands
• Insularity and social sciences
• About small open systems
• Volatility and resilience
• Actors matter
• Positionality and institutional membership
• Outermost regions (EU) as border regions
Source: Frontex
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
3
Migration in islands: ¿different?Migration in islands: ¿different?
• Islands as stepping-stones and/or final destinations
• Routes: Easier to get to islands? Maritime areas more difficult to control? (Carling 2007)
• Land = line / Maritime = area?
• Air space control: even more difficult?
• Grouping, organization, visibility
• Other determinants of control costs: technology, other uses, remote control
• Natural impermeability
• High detection probability after arrival, no irregular way out
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
4
2. The context of the Canary Islands2. The context of the Canary Islands
• 2 million inhabitants, 10 million tourists, high population density and growth ()
• Conquered during 15th century, net immigration in the long run
• Historically some traits of an “plantation island”, with exceptions
• Active part of “transatlantic economy”
• Mass tourism as the new mono-crop
• Migration episodes induced by drastic economic changes
• Long-running migration chains and networks (America, not Africa)
• Internal heterogenity: 7 islands – 7 places (worlds) ()
• Institutional setting: Canaries as outermost border region
Bananas and tomatoes from the Canaries in Hamburg 1900-1905
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
5
3. External and internal migrations3. External and internal migrations
• Immigration and outmigration periods ()
• The recent immigration boom 1998-2007 ()
• Irregular migrant population (stocks): not related to boat people
• Irregular immigration (flows): cayuco crisis 2006 ()
• Link between internal and external mobility: vacuum hypothesis
• Low migration intensities between islands, high within islands ()
• External migration to booming local labor markets (tourism) ()
• Geographical matching through immigrants
• Explaining immobility of locals ()Tourists witnessing immigrant arrival
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
6
4. Discourse about migration4. Discourse about migration
• New migration flows (low skilled labor) and new discourses
• Pro- and Anti-immigration discourses
• Carrying capacity hypothesis
• Insularity-vulnerability hypothesis
• Identity hypothesis (“we islanders”)
• Labor market hypothesis (30% unemployed)
• Law-and-order hypothesis (outermost region)
Islands 1991 2001 2010CANARIAS 201 239 284
Lanzarote 77 122 167
Fuerteventura 22 40 62
Gran Canaria 427 484 542
Tenerife 307 366 446
La Gomera 43 51 62
La Palma 111 119 123
El Hierro 27 35 41
Population densities
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
7
Thank you for your attention and see you in Thank you for your attention and see you in the Canary Islands!the Canary Islands!
www.obiten.netwww.obiten.net
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
8
Figure 1. Population Canary Islands 1590-2011 (*)
(*) 1590-1991 census data, 2001 and 2011 population estimates INESource: INE. Census and population estimates.
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
9
Islands
% of total population
Canary Islands 2010
% of total foreign
population
% of total foreign tourists
2010
% of regional
GDP 2008
Lanzarote 6,7 12,9 17,2 7,4
Fuerteventura 4,9 10,9 17,0 5,5
Gran Canaria 39,9 26,4 28,6 41,2
Tenerife 42,8 45,2 35,1 41,4
La Gomera 1,1 1,3 1,2 0,9
La Palma 4,1 3,0 0,8 3,3
El Hierro 0,5 0,5 0,1 0,4
Table 1. Island shares in population, immigration, tourism and GDP
Source: ISTAC. Own calculations.
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
10
Figure 2. Intercensus net migration 1900-2000 (until 1900 "población de hecho", 1990-2000 "población de derecho")
Source: INE. Population Census. Own calculations.
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
11
Figure 3. Total external net migration Canary Islands 2000-2010
Source: INE. Statistics on Residential Variations.
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
12
Nationality 1998 2009Annual growth
rate
% of total foreign
population in 1998
% of total foreign
populatioin in 2009
European 30.454 169.003 41,4% 55,2 56,1
African 6.770 30.664 32,1% 12,3 10,2
American 10.984 86.502 62,5% 19,9 28,7
Asian 6.586 14.910 11,5% 11,9 5,0
Total 55.218 301.204 40,5% 100,0 100,0
Table 2. Foreign resident population in the Canary Islands by nationality, 1998 and 2009
Source: INE. Padrón Municipal. Own calculations.
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
13
Figure 4. Immigrants arriving in the Canaries through illegal entry points between 1994 and 2010
Source: Government Office in the Canaries
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
14
Figure 5. Internal net migration in the 7 islands of the Canaries, 2006 and 2008
Source: ISTAC. Own calculations.
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
15
Figure 6. Local Labor Markets in the Canary Islands
TF Sur
FV Norte
GC Sur
FV Sur
LZ Único
GC Norte
TF Noreste
TF NorteLP Este
EH Único
LP Oeste
LG Este
LG Sin Adsc
TF Sin Adsc
LP Sin Adsc
LP Sin Adsc
Municipios CentralesTipo A
Source: Own estimates based on 2001 census data about daily mobility between residence and work.
METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS
PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA
DIRK GODENAU
MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS
16
An institutionalist approach to mobility
Sistema familiar
Mercado de trabajoMercado de
vivienda
Personas
CapitalesBienes
Fronteras
• Social institutions in demographic theory (Bruijn 1999)
• Towards the integral analysis of agency and structure (micro-meso-macro)
• Social institutions in mobility analysis
• Links between daily mobility, internal migration and external migration
• Implications for mobility analysis in islands