Metodologia cercetarii_2

RESEARCH GUIDELINESII

Metodologia cercet Lector dr. Adriana L

How to cite sources

Your paper will consist of:

The text, with references such as (Chomsky 1957:192)" marking the information you have obtained from others;

A reference list or bibliography at the end

In the sciences, we normally do not use footnotes for citations.

Cite sources by author, date, and, where applicable, page number. Give thepage number if you are quoting exact words or referring to a specific page;otherwise leave it out.

Put the date and page number in parentheses. The author's name mayor may not be in parentheses depending on whether it forms part of thesentence.

Nor do we use Latin abbreviations such as

ibid.

op. cit.

How to cite sources

Markov processes are not powerful enough to generate natural language (Chomsky 1957:23).

Natural language cannot be generated by finite-state Markov processes (Chomsky 1957:23), nor by stochastic processes (Smedley 2004).

Some scientists prefer to cite sources by number ([1], [2], etc.) rather than by name and date.

Examples:

Chomsky (1957:23) showed that natural language cannot be generatedby finite-state Markov process.

Natural language cannot be generated by finite-state Markov process" (Chomsky 1957:23).

If a sentence contains several ideas, place the citation so that people will know which idea actually came from it:

When citing a web page or unpublished paper on the Web, give its URL. But do not give a URL when you are retrieving a published paper (in a journal or conference proceedings) from the Web.

How to cite sources

The reference list at the end of your paper tells what the names and dates used in the text refer to.

It lists only the sources that are actually cited in the text; it is NOT a list of everything you looked at while preparing the paper.

Guidelines for the content of reference lists:

Authors names are given as in the original source, but with the last name first.

Titles of books (in English) are capitalized like sentences.

Titles of series and of journals (in English) have every important word capitalized.

Always give complete numbers (e.g. 401-420, not 401-20).

Do not give citations for common knowledge" (information that can be obtained from multiple sources that do not cite each other).

What to cite

Cite all ideas or facts that can be obtained from only one source, or that reflect the opinion of one person, whether or not you are quoting the author's exact words.

If you quote exact words, use quotation mark.

Do not cite every article that you looked at while preparing your paper. Cite only those that actually provided essential information.

Names of states are given in full (Massachusetts, New Jersey) or as traditional abbreviations (Mass., N.J.) rather than ZIP code abbreviations (MA, NJ).

Examples of citations

The citation format used here is known as Cambridge, Chicago, or Harvard style and is quite similar to APA (American Psychological Association) style.

In general, entries contain the same information as in APA style, but: Authors first names are given in full, not reduced to initials

unless the author gave only the initials in the first place.

There is no period after the parenthesized date.

Book:

Book with 2 authors:

Book with 3 or more authors:

Book in a series:

Chomsky, Noam (1957) Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton.

Aho, Alfred V., and Ullman, Jerey D. (1972) The theory of parsing, translation, and compiling. Englewood Clis, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Partee, Barbara H.; ter Meulen, Alice; and Wall, Robert E. (1990) Mathematical methods in linguistics. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Blaser, A. (1988) Natural language at the computer. Lecture notes in computer science, 320. Berlin: Springer.

Article in a journal:

Rapaport, William J. (2008) Philosophy of artificial intelligence. In John Doe and William F. Nusquam, eds., Studies in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, pp. 103-122. Dordrecht: Reidel.

If the conference is not well-known, handle the proceedings volume like a book of articles, identifying its editors and publisher.

Rapaport, William J. (1986) Philosophy of artificial intelligence. Teaching Philosophy9.2:103-120.

Here 9.2:103-120 means Volume 9, issue 2, pages 103 to 120. If the page numbering does not start afresh in each issue, do not give the issue number. Note that you must list all the pages the article occupies, not just the pages you cited.

Article in a book:

Article in proceedings of a well-known conference:

Doe, John P. (1988) Prolog optimization systems. Proceedings, AAAI-88, 128-145.

Doe, John P. (1984) Giant computers of the future. Department of Computer Science, University of Tasmania.

Doe, John P. (2008) Giant computers of the present.http://www.utas.edu.au/cs/doe/giant.pdf.

Doe, John P. (1987) Prolog optimizers. Reprinted in L. C. Moe, ed., Prolog optimization, pp. 101-105. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

Unpublished paper provided to you by the author:

Paper retrieved from a web site (and not otherwise published):

APAs preference is to also give the date on which the item was retrieved.

Reprinted article:

Book or pamphlet by a single authorBenson, Jackson J. The True Adventure of John Steinbeck, Writer. New York: PenguinBooks, 1984.

Book by two or more authorsGielgud, John, and John Miller. Acting Shakespeare. New York: Scribners, 1991.*Note: If there are more than three authors, use the first author, followed by et al.

Book with an editor or editorsPolking, Kirk, Joan Bloss, and Colleen Cannon, eds. Writers Encyclopedia. Cincinnati:Writers Digest, 1983.

Opposing Viewpoints series and/or Article in an anthology (book)Hazleton Foundation. Underage Drinking Increases the Risk of Alcoholism.Addiction: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Jennifer A. Hurley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 35-38.

Encyclopedia or Dictionary entrySmith, Steven. Mandarin. The Encyclopedia Americana. 1994 ed. 147-8.

MagazineLaRoe, Lisa Moore. LaSalles Last Voyage. National Geographic 8 May 1997: 72-83.

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Unsigned article (if no author givenskip straight to the title) Active Traveler Directory. Outside July 1997: 149-157.

NewspaperVarma, Kavita. Footnotes in Electronic Age. USA Today 7 Feb. 1996: D7.

Newspaper letter to the editorCarlson, Gavin C. Letter. Princeton Post Dispatch 8 Aug. 1997: 10.

CD ROMRosenberg, Victor. Computers. The New Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Danbury, CT: Grolier Electronic., 1996.

Author. Article Title. Magazine Name date: pages.Newspaper Name Section and Page

Article on world wide webLandsburg, Steven E. "Who Shall Inherit the Earth?" Slate 1 May 1997. 2 May 1999.


Online encyclopediaMurphy, John. Communism. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia 2001. Grolier. 21 Aug. 2001..

NOTE: Most electronic publications do not number pages. Readers will not expect page numbers in electronic citations.

Radio and television programsYes...but Is It Art? Narr. Morley Safer. Sixty Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New York. 19 Sept. 1993.

Film or video recordingIts a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. James Stewart, Donna Reed. RKO, 1946.

Sound Recording (song)Simon, Paul. Spirit Voices. The Rhythm of the Saints. Warner Bros., 1990.


Interviews conducted by the writerBush, George. Personal Interview. 27 Sept. 2001.Author. Title. Publication Date Posted. Date Accessed .Songwriter(s). Song Title. CD Title. Publisher., Year.

NOTE: Many sample citations were borrowed from Gibaldi and Sorenson.Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York:The Modern Language Association of America, 1999.Sorenson, Sharon. The Research Paper, A Contemporary Approach. New York: Amsco, 1999.


Cited by" referencesSometimes you will be unable to obtain an important source, but another source will tell you what is in it. In that case you must cite it secondhand.

People started telling their innermost secrets to the computer (Weizenbaum 1964, cited by Doe 1988).

Weizenbaum, Joseph (1964) An experience with ELIZA. Cited by Doe (1988).

You can identify it as cited by" when you cite it:

In this case Weizenbaum 1964 is not in your reference list.

Or you can put it in your reference list and identify the secondhand citation there:

Grammar and punctuation

Scientific journals (as well as thesis and dissertation committees) want perfect spelling and punctuation in papers submitted to them.

Parentheses

if the parentheses and all the material within them were omitted, the sentence should still make sense and be correctly punctuated

This is a sentence (and this is more of it). This is, too.

enclose material that can be left out

This is a sentence. (So is this.) This is, too.right:

This is a sentence (So is this.) This is, too.wrong!

right:

Commas

(No commas here because we cannot leave out who left his books here;" if we did, the sentence would not reveal which student was meant.)

do not denote pauses in speech

their purpose is to make the meaning clearer

used to keep sentences from being misunderstood

often used like parentheses to mark material that can be left out

Chomsky, who invented transformational grammar, was a Harvard Junior Fellow in the early 1950s.

The student who left his books here should come and get them.

Non-restrictive relative clauseRestrictive relative clause


The semicolon used to separate when the comma is not enough and the full stop is a more complete break than the sense demands

used between closely related independent clauses

At one time the optical microscope was the principal tool ofmetallography; today, it is the scanning electron microscope.

when conjunctive adverbs accordingly, also, hence, likewise,similarly link clauses, they are proceeded by a semicolon.

used to separate members of a list when the comma is not enough

The literature includes Gibson (1997), who studied simple compression; Olurin (1998), who studied the effect of holes and notches; Deshpande(1999), who.


introduces part of a sentence that exemplifies, restates or explains the preceding parts

The colon

is expectant: it sets the reader up to anticipate elaboration

This raises the question: is the model right or wrong?

There are two reasons for repeating this experiment: the first, to improve the precision; the second, to establish reproducibility.

The hyphen connects part of a compound word

Well-known; half-expected; curiosity-provoking

generally required when a noun is used as an adjectiveA box-girder; a bar-chart

Its most engaging property is its capacity to create new words and meanings by combinations both established and original

A Fleck-inspired interpretation; a shark-skin-textured surface


The dash sets off parenthetic material that results in a break in continuity in a sentence

Magnetic materialscarbon steels for instancecontain atoms with unpaired electron spins.

This conclusionand it is a significant oneappears to violate the first law of thermodynamics.

The remaining specimensthose which had not fracturedwere sent for analysis.

A dash can lead to an upshot, a final summary word or statement, and give emphasis:

Cell-wall bending, cell-wall buckling and cell-wall fractureare all equally probable.


Who vs. whom The difference between who and whom is exactly the same as the difference between he and him.

For whom does the bell toll? For him.Who rings the bell? He rings the bell.

That vs. which

begin with who(m) or which, but not that. They are set off by commas

restrictive clauses

add further information to something that has already been identified.

begin with who(m) or that. Some grammarians say that a restrictive clause cannot begin with which; others allow it.

limit who or what is being talked about

A man who used to be an actor became President.The theorem that [which?] I want to prove is. . .

non-restrictive clauses

Ronald Reagan, who was our oldest President, is a Republican.Blairs Theorem, which is also known as Murphys Law, states that. . .


Possessives

singular boy, possessive boysplural boys, possessive boys

singular lady, possessive ladysplural ladies, possessive ladies

singular man, possessive mansplural men, possessive mens

singular Athens, possessive Athenssingular Mars, possessive Mars

Add s after an s if it forms a separate syllable: Charless.

Possessives of nouns, singular or plural, are formed by the following sure-fireprocedure: 1. Add an apostrophe.

2. If an s is not already present, add it.


Spacing after punctuationIn English, the marks ( [ come at the beginning of a word and are preceded by a space, thus:

One. Two.one, twoone: twoone; two(one) two

Commas, periods, colons, and semicolons slide under" quotation marks in order to adhere to the preceding word:

Come in," he said.

one (two)one [two]

The marks . , : ; ) ] come at the end of a word and are followed by a space, thus:

There is a space after the periods in people's initials:M. A. Covington not M.A. Covington

However, there are no spaces in other abbreviations:P.O. Box F.B.I. Ph.D.

Taking notes

Use cards in one size (3"x5" or 4"x6"). These cards can be sorted, arranged and rearranged before writing the dissertation.

What to include on note cards: Give each information card a topic heading.

Include only one piece of information related to that heading on each card so you can sort related topic cards together later. These topic areas will probably become the major divisions of your outline.

Write major ideas, significant details and quotations on your card.

Include the page from which the information was taken.

Transfer information from sources in one of three ways:

Summarize: Put the ideas into your own words.

Paraphrase: Reword but use the ideas found in the source. You may reuse keywords or phrases but they should be put in quotation marks.

Quote directly: Restate word for word. Use quotation marks.

It is helpful to write your thoughts, ideas, analysis, or commentary on the back of the card.

Avoid initial impressions of what you read. Question everything, even your own assumptions about the subject. Questions are the key to understanding the topic on your terms and making the research your own!

Some sources may not agree with your point of view. Including sources with varying perspectives may add balance and objectivity to your paper. As theresearcher, you will draw conclusions from the varied data you present.

Finally, code the card by color or number to tie the information to its source.

Taking notes

Taking notes

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