BUTTER

FLY LAB

METAMORPHOSIS &THE ENVIRONMENT

Handouts 6th & 7th Grade Science Unit

EarthsBirthday.org1 800 698 4438

CONTENTS

Note: Answer Keys are in the Teacher Guide.

Handout: Controlled Experiment Step-by-Step 3-4

Handout: What Are the Parts of a Thermometer? 5

Handout: Make a Classroom Temperature Map 7-8

Handout: What Is Hot & What Is Not? 9-10

Handout: Data & Observations Day-to-Day 11-12

Handouts: 3 Graphs 13-15

Handouts: Lightbulb Inventory & Energy Costs 17-19

1 800 698 4438 EarthsBirthday.org

Earth’s Birthday Project cultivates hope for the future by inspiring wonder, learning & care of the natural world in children, teachers & parents.

Since 1989, more than 15 million children have delighted in raising butter f lies, learning about the natural world & supporting conservation. Our work empowers students to initiate environmentally responsible actions in school & at home.

A controlled experiment is a scientific way to learn by changing one variable and observing the results. The class will conduct a controlled experiment to learn how heat affects the metamorphosis of butterflies. You’ll begin by reviewing the steps of a controlled experiment.

Steps of a Controlled Experiment 1. Ask a testable question2. Conduct research3. Write a strong hypothesis – testable prediction of results4. Design a procedure or step-by-step sequence to collect data5. Analyze results or data using charts and graphs6. Draw conclusions about the hypothesis and the experiment 7. Then communicate what was learned

Step 1Ask a testable questionThere are all kinds of questions. But for a scientific investigation, the question needs to be testable. Testable questions can be answered by the students with hands-on experiments. Questions that are subjective or too general are not testable.

Testable question for this experiment How does temperature affect the metamorphosis of butterflies? Step 2Conduct researchResearch is learning more about the topic of the investigation. It’s also learning about the materials and tools that will be used in the experiment. You will be doing research on temperature and using a thermometer.

Step 3What makes a good hypothesis?A good hypothesis is a statement. It is not a question. It should not begin with I think.The hypothesis is a prediction about what will happen in the experiment.

For example Temperature affects the growth of caterpillars. Caterpillars that are cooler will grow slower than warmer caterpillars.

Make the hypothesis simple. Write your hypothesis in clear and simple language.

When – we do this action –, then – this will happen.

Be specific. Include your variables in the hypothesis. A good hypothesis includes the independent variable and the dependent variable.

A Controlled Experiment Step-by-StepReading Assignment

BUTTERFLY LAB

For example 1) When the temperature of the 3 cups of caterpillars is different, 2) then the butterflies will develop at different rates.

1) If one cup of caterpillars is warmer than the other two, 2) then the warmest cup will develop fastest.

Identify the independent and dependent variables in these hypotheses.

What are variables?Variables are any factor that can be controlled, changed or measured in an experiment. In a controlled experiment, there are usually 3 types of variables – independent, dependent and controlled.

1. An independent variable is what is varied or changed during the experiment; it is what affects the dependent variable2. The dependent variable is what will be measured; what will be affected during the experiment.3. The controlled variables are held constant. An experiment compares one factor or one independent variable, therefore all the other factors in the experiment should be kept the same or controlled.

Step 4Design your experiment carefully. The experiment is a test of the hypothesis. To prove or disprove your hypothesis, the procedure or step-by-step sequence of the experiment should stay the same for as long as you need it.

Take measurements and make observations. Recording measurements like the temperature of the cup and the length of the caterpillars will help you understand how your variable and the results are related. Measurements and observations are also called data.

Step 5Analyze your results. Review and compare your measurements and observations. Use charts and graphs to help you look at the data in new ways. What did you learn from each graph?

Step 6Make a conclusion. First, discuss if your hypothesis was proven or not proven. Then restate the proven or unproven hypothesis, integrating the conclusion.

Step 7Communicate the results. Scientists use texts, photographs, graphs, maps and illustrations to communicate the results of an experiment. You can be creative and find ways to help other people really understand the results of your experiment.

A Controlled Experiment cont’d

BUTTERFLY LAB

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SCIENCE READINGWhat Is Hot and What Is Not?

You can feel if something is hot or cold with your skin. When you wash your hands, the water feels warm. If you hold an ice cube in your hand, it feels cold. When a substance feels hot or cold, you are sensing the heat energy that it contains. Different people sense hot and cold differently, but science measures it precisely. Heat energy is the energy of moving atoms and molecules. The faster the molecules or atoms are moving, the more heat energy they produce.

Sometimes we need to measure heat energy. Temperature is the measure of the heat energy in a substance. It is measured using a thermometer. A doctor uses a thermometer to measure the body’s temperature. On an oven, you can set an exact temperature to bake cupcakes.

A thermometer is typically a narrow glass tube. It is sealed. One end of the tube is a bulb that contains a red liquid. The red liquid inside the tube expands when it is heated. It contracts when it is cooled. This is because the molecules that make up the liquid expand and contract. Molecules move a little further apart and move faster when they are heated. Molecules also move a little closer together and more slowly when they are cooled.

On the side of the glass tube is a series of marks called a scale. The scale is used to measure the height of the red liquid in the thermometer. The marks are also called degrees. You would say that the temperature in your classroom is 70 degrees Fahrenheit or 70°F. The ° symbol is another way to show degrees.

There are two temperature scales commonly used around the world. In the United States, the Fahrenheit scale is used to report the weather, read the temperature of the body and in recipes. In the Fahrenheit scale, 32°F is the degree that water freezes and 212°F when it boils. The Celsius scale, represented by a C, is used in most of the world for everyday temperatures. The Celsius scale is also used by scientists all over the world to record data. As part of the decimal system, 0°C is the degree that water freezes and 100°C when it boils.

SCIENCE READINGWhat Is Hot and What Is Not?

1. Two people are drinking hot chocolate. One person says that it is too hot to drink and the other says that it is just right.a. The two people are making scientific observations.b. The second person is lying in order to seem tough.c. The sense of heat can be different for each person.d. Cold means there is no heat energy.

2. Temperature is the measure of heat energy.a. A thermometer is always how heat energy is measured.b. Only a doctor should use a thermometer.c. A thermometer is one type of instrument used to measure heat energy.d. You can measure heat energy with your hand.

3. Many thermometers have a narrow glass tube filled with a liquid.a. The liquid in the tube must be red.b. The liquid expands when it gets warmer.c. If you touch the red liquid that is made from alcohol you might die.d. Mercury is no longer used in most thermometers because it is too expensive.

4. Heat energy is measured in degrees.a. All thermometers use a scale to show the degrees.b. All thermometers are long and narrow.c. A small circle next to the number of degrees is a symbol for degrees.d. On thermometers all scales are the same.

5. There are two scales used around the world.a. The USA is the only country that uses the Fahrenheit scale.b. Scientific work usually uses the Celsius scale to record data.c. Water boils at 212 degrees Celsius.d. Weather forecasters always use the Celsius scale to report the temperature.

6. In a typically narrow glass tube thermometer, it works because of the expansion and contraction of the liquid.a. When the molecules in the liquid move fast and bump into each other, the temperature is getting colder.b. Atoms and molecules are always the same.c. Molecules of alcohol and water expand and contract at the same rate. d. The molecules in a thermometer always expand when heated.

Bonus Question: Why do thermometers never use water for the liquid in the tube?

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