Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Cultural Cultural Considerations Considerations

In General In General AviationAviation

A Broader Definition of “Human” in Human FactorsA Broader Definition of “Human” in Human Factors

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Hot Topic CandidacyHot Topic Candidacy

AutomationAutomation Human Error ModelingHuman Error Modeling Team PerformanceTeam Performance Situation AwarenessSituation Awareness Crew (Cockpit) Resource ManagementCrew (Cockpit) Resource Management Ecological Interface DesignEcological Interface Design Collaborative Decision Making (ADM)Collaborative Decision Making (ADM)

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Background / HistoryBackground / History Human Factors ResearchHuman Factors Research

Aviation psychology - specializedAviation psychology - specialized Western cultural biasWestern cultural bias

Cross-Cultural ResearchCross-Cultural Research Intergroup RelationsIntergroup Relations

» Inter- & intra-cultural prejudices & discriminationInter- & intra-cultural prejudices & discrimination

» Socialization theorySocialization theory Military and airline transportMilitary and airline transport

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Existing ResearchExisting Research

AviateAviate Direct interaction between human and Direct interaction between human and

technologytechnology NavigateNavigate

Collective gathering and employment of Collective gathering and employment of resourcesresources

CommunicateCommunicate Most likely immediately cross-cultural, but no Most likely immediately cross-cultural, but no

more prone to cultural biasmore prone to cultural bias

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Controversies & Controversies & ChallengesChallenges Availability of existing researchAvailability of existing research FundingFunding Misinterpretation of relevant cultural factorsMisinterpretation of relevant cultural factors

Unrecognized correlationsUnrecognized correlations Extensive & complex existing systemsExtensive & complex existing systems

Difficult to reviseDifficult to revise Training, navigation, design & operationTraining, navigation, design & operation Deeply ingrained and inherent biasesDeeply ingrained and inherent biases

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Current StatusCurrent Status

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Major IssuesMajor Issues

Aviation physiology & health maintenanceAviation physiology & health maintenance Stress, fatigue & managementStress, fatigue & management Basic aviation psychologyBasic aviation psychology

Cognition Cognition Attitude Attitude BehaviorBehavior Flight deck demographicsFlight deck demographics

ErgonomicsErgonomics Crew / cockpit resource managementCrew / cockpit resource management

» Intergroup relationsIntergroup relations» Safety, performance & proficiencySafety, performance & proficiency

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Aviation Physiology & Aviation Physiology & Health MaintenanceHealth Maintenance Anatomy & physiologyAnatomy & physiology

Visual, aural, vestibular, circulatory & Visual, aural, vestibular, circulatory & respiratory systemsrespiratory systems

Atmospheric & pressure responses Atmospheric & pressure responses (hyperventilation, hypoxia, CO(hyperventilation, hypoxia, CO22, G-force, motion , G-force, motion

sickness)sickness)

Cultural health conditionsCultural health conditions Aging, metabolism, substance use/abuse, Aging, metabolism, substance use/abuse,

toxicities & flight-based health riskstoxicities & flight-based health risks

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Stress, Fatigue & Stress, Fatigue & ManagementManagement Environmental stressors (heat, light, noise, humidity)Environmental stressors (heat, light, noise, humidity) Biological rhythmsBiological rhythms

Circadian rhythmsCircadian rhythms» Sleep stages, fatigue, time-zonesSleep stages, fatigue, time-zones

Symptomatic nervous systemSymptomatic nervous system» Dysrhythmia & resynchronization, fight-flight Dysrhythmia & resynchronization, fight-flight

responseresponse Common stressorsCommon stressors

Domestic / financial / work-relatedDomestic / financial / work-related» Community & family support systemsCommunity & family support systems» Processing & coping strategiesProcessing & coping strategies

Time-managementTime-management

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Aviation HF Aviation HF PsychologyPsychology Information processing & cognitionInformation processing & cognition

Sensation, perception & attentionSensation, perception & attention Mental modeling Mental modeling Feedback managementFeedback management

Mathematical processing & visualizationMathematical processing & visualization Aeronautical decision making (ADM)Aeronautical decision making (ADM)

Premise-to-conclusion problem solvingPremise-to-conclusion problem solving Mental workload & memory organizationMental workload & memory organization

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Situation Awareness - Situation Awareness - Locus of ControlLocus of Control Mental modelingMental modeling

2-D vs. 3-D environments 2-D vs. 3-D environments Simulated environments (training & IMC)Simulated environments (training & IMC) Information processingInformation processing Skill/rule/knowledge based decisionsSkill/rule/knowledge based decisions

AutomationAutomation Familiarity/function of “human in the loop”Familiarity/function of “human in the loop” Question of authority in technologyQuestion of authority in technology

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Culture in the Flight Culture in the Flight EnvironmentEnvironment IndividualisticIndividualistic

Proficient & self-sufficientProficient & self-sufficient Model-userModel-user Less responsive to accurate feedbackLess responsive to accurate feedback

CollectivisticCollectivistic Collaborative and alternatively resourcefulCollaborative and alternatively resourceful More prone to resignationMore prone to resignation

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Flight Deck: Cultural Flight Deck: Cultural DemographicsDemographics Ergonomics & varied human standardsErgonomics & varied human standards Cultural domains & CRM influenceCultural domains & CRM influence

Hoefstede dimensions:Hoefstede dimensions: Power-DistancePower-Distance MasculinityMasculinity Uncertainty-AvoidanceUncertainty-Avoidance Individualism-CollectivismIndividualism-Collectivism

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Hofstede Hofstede Demographic ExampleDemographic Example

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

CRM & Aviation CRM & Aviation AttitudesAttitudes CRM performance rolesCRM performance roles

Captain’s authorityCaptain’s authority Crew roles & responsibilitiesCrew roles & responsibilities Training & developmentTraining & development Inquiry, advocacy, & conflictInquiry, advocacy, & conflict Problem definition & critiqueProblem definition & critique

Trouble-prone attitudesTrouble-prone attitudes Anti-authority, spontaneity, macho, invulnerabilityAnti-authority, spontaneity, macho, invulnerability ResignationResignation

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Trends, Trends, Implementation & Implementation & FutureFuture

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Additional Research Additional Research ConsiderationsConsiderations Cognitive bias to native English-speakersCognitive bias to native English-speakers Influences on pilot's scanInfluences on pilot's scan Controls & positioning/interpretation errorsControls & positioning/interpretation errors Gauges & dials versus digital informationGauges & dials versus digital information Regression & learningRegression & learning

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

ReferencesReferencesBatteau, Allen W., (2002).Batteau, Allen W., (2002). Anthropological approaches to Anthropological approaches to

culture, aviation, and flight safety. culture, aviation, and flight safety. Human Factors and Human Factors and Aerospace Safety, 2(2),Aerospace Safety, 2(2), 147-171. 147-171.

Beaty, David. (1995) Beaty, David. (1995) The Naked Pilot: The human factor in The Naked Pilot: The human factor in aircraft accidents.aircraft accidents. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing.

Jing, Hung-Sying; Lu, C. Joseph & Peng, Shang-Jee (2001). Jing, Hung-Sying; Lu, C. Joseph & Peng, Shang-Jee (2001). Culture, authoritarianism and commercial aircraft accidents. Culture, authoritarianism and commercial aircraft accidents. Human Factors and Aerospace SafetyHuman Factors and Aerospace Safety, 1(4), 341-359., 1(4), 341-359.

Helmreich, Robert L.; Wiener, Earl L.; & Kanki, Barbara G. Helmreich, Robert L.; Wiener, Earl L.; & Kanki, Barbara G. (1993) The future of crew resource management in the (1993) The future of crew resource management in the cockpit and elsewhere. In cockpit and elsewhere. In Cockpit Resource Management,Cockpit Resource Management, (pp. 479-499) US: Academic Press, Inc.(pp. 479-499) US: Academic Press, Inc.

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

References (cont…)References (cont…)Hoermann, Hans Juergen. Hoermann, Hans Juergen. (2001). Cultural variation of (2001). Cultural variation of

perceptions of crew behaviour in multi-pilot aircraft. perceptions of crew behaviour in multi-pilot aircraft. Travail Travail Humain, 64(3)Humain, 64(3), 247-268, 247-268

Johnston, Neil. (1993) CRM: Cross-cultural perspectives. In E. Johnston, Neil. (1993) CRM: Cross-cultural perspectives. In E. L. Wiener, B. G. Kanki & R. L. Helmreich (Eds.), L. Wiener, B. G. Kanki & R. L. Helmreich (Eds.), Cockpit Cockpit Resource Management,Resource Management, (pp. 367-393) US: Academic Press, (pp. 367-393) US: Academic Press, Inc.Inc.

Matsumoto, D. (2000). Matsumoto, D. (2000). Culture and psychology: People around Culture and psychology: People around the world.the world. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Marcus, Aaron. (2001). International and intercultural user Marcus, Aaron. (2001). International and intercultural user interfaces. In C. Stephanidis (Ed.), interfaces. In C. Stephanidis (Ed.), User interfaces for all: User interfaces for all: Concepts, methods, and tools. Human factors and Concepts, methods, and tools. Human factors and ergonomics.ergonomics. (pp. 47-63). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum (pp. 47-63). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Associates.

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

References (cont…)References (cont…)Merritt, Ashleigh. (2000, May). Culture in the cockpit: Do Merritt, Ashleigh. (2000, May). Culture in the cockpit: Do

Hofestede’s dimensions replicate? Hofestede’s dimensions replicate? Journal of Cross-Cultural Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(3)Psychology, 31(3), 283-301., 283-301.

Meshkati, Najmedin (2002).Meshkati, Najmedin (2002). Macroergonomics and aviation safety: Macroergonomics and aviation safety: The importance of cultural factors in technology transfer. In H. W. The importance of cultural factors in technology transfer. In H. W. Hendrick & B. M. Kleiner, Brian M. (Eds.), Hendrick & B. M. Kleiner, Brian M. (Eds.), Macroergonomics: Macroergonomics: Theory, methods, and applications. Human factors and Theory, methods, and applications. Human factors and ergonomicsergonomics. (pp. 323-330). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum . (pp. 323-330). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Associates.

Morgan, Konrad. (2000). Cross-cultural considerations for Morgan, Konrad. (2000). Cross-cultural considerations for simulation-based learning environments. simulation-based learning environments. Simulation and Gaming, Simulation and Gaming, 31(4)31(4), 491-508. , 491-508.

Nisbett, Richard E.; Peng, Kaiping; Choi, Incheol; Norenzayan, Ara. Nisbett, Richard E.; Peng, Kaiping; Choi, Incheol; Norenzayan, Ara. (2002). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic (2002). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. cognition. CBS Conference – presented for publication.CBS Conference – presented for publication.

Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004Mel Futrell – PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

References (cont…)References (cont…)Soeters, Joseph L & Boer, Peter C. (2000). Culture and Soeters, Joseph L & Boer, Peter C. (2000). Culture and

flight safety in military aviation. flight safety in military aviation. International Journal of International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 10(2)Aviation Psychology, 10(2), 111-133., 111-133.

Stone-Romero, Eugene F & Stone, Dianna L. (2002) Cross-Stone-Romero, Eugene F & Stone, Dianna L. (2002) Cross-cultural differences in responses to feedback: cultural differences in responses to feedback: Implications for individual, group, and organizational Implications for individual, group, and organizational effectiveness. In G. R. Ferris & J. J. Martocchio (Eds.), effectiveness. In G. R. Ferris & J. J. Martocchio (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources Research in personnel and human resources managementmanagement, , 21,21, (pp. 275-331). US: Elsevier (pp. 275-331). US: Elsevier Science/JAI Press.Science/JAI Press.

Yamamori, Hisaaki & Mito, Takao. Yamamori, Hisaaki & Mito, Takao. (1993). Keeping CRM is (1993). Keeping CRM is keeping the flight safe. In E.L. Wiener, B.G. Kanki & R.L. keeping the flight safe. In E.L. Wiener, B.G. Kanki & R.L. Helmreich (Eds.), Helmreich (Eds.), Cockpit Resource Management,Cockpit Resource Management, (pp. (pp. 399-420) US: Academic Press. 399-420) US: Academic Press.