MEASURING INTELLECTUAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TELANGANA REGION

MEASURING INTELLECTUAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TELANGANA REGION – CONSTRUCTING EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE (EISI) INDEX AND EDUCATION INTELLECTUAL INDEX (EICI) BACKED WITH CLUSTER ANALYSIS AND ANOVA

VJIM 11/1/14 PGDM

TEAM # 1

RAHUL S UDAI SAI PRAJEETH REDDY PRADEEP VARMA DEEPTHI J

MEASURING INTELLECTUAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TELANGANA REGION – CONSTRUCTING EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE (EISI) INDEX AND EDUCATION INTELLECTUAL INDEX (EICI)

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1 CONTENTS

2 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Keywords: ........................................................................................................................................................ 2

3 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 2

4 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................................................... 3

4.1 Study Area ........................................................................................................................................................ 3

4.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................... 4

4.2.1 Data collection and Database generation .................................................................................. 5

4.2.2 Index generation .................................................................................................................................. 5

5 Results and interpretation .................................................................................................................................. 7

5.1 School Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................... 7

5.1.1 SISI – School Infrastructure Index ................................................................................................ 9

5.2 Classroom Conditions ............................................................................................................................... 11

5.3 The EISI – Educational Infrastructure Index .................................................................................. 12

5.4 Intellectual capital analysis .................................................................................................................... 13

5.5 EICI – Educational Intellectual Capital Index ................................................................................. 14

6 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................................... 15

6.1 EISI vs EICI .................................................................................................................................................... 15

7 Conclusions............................................................................................................................................................. 17

8 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................... 18

1.1 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Figure 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

Figure 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

Figure 4 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

Figure 5 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 10

Figure 6 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 15

Figure 7 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 16


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2 ABSTRACT

This paper was written to measure the educational standards of the newly formed Telangana

state and it aim to suggest an alternative way of conducting a research about the same. The

research is conducted using MS Excel, and R Studio software. Indexes were constructed using the

method already followed in studies but the validity of the index is backed up by the cluster

analysis of the variables. The EISI index composed of two more indexes i.e. School Infrastructure

Index (SISI) and Classroom Condition Index (CCI). SSI consisted of many component indicators

like Girls toilets, Playground, Electricity, Computer Lab, drinking water etc. while CCI induced

only three components classrooms in good condition, with minor repairs and major repairs. The

final results were presented using polygon graphs, bubble charts and cluster dendrograms. The

results show that, Hyderabad the capital city of Telangana needs a lot of attention to its secondary school quality mainly infrastructure.

2.1 KEYWORDS: Telangana, Secondary education, Index, Infrastructure, Intellectual capital, cluster analysis.

3 INTRODUCTION

Education is one of the most important

factor that drives economic growth of the

nation, and India being the developing

country and one of the top 10 economies of

world there is a need to understand the

problems that education sector is facing and

solve them to keep up the pace. After

nineties, secondary and higher education in

India is experiencing structural changes due

to the process of globalization. The post

nineties period witnessed a considerable

increase in the infrastructure at tertiary level. (Gouri Sankar Bhunia, 2012)

This study was stared with an aim to solve

the problems that the newly formed

Telangana state may face regarding

education sector and help the government to

allot funds where it is necessary, to get

maximum ROI and be more efficient.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) had a goal of

universal elementary education by 2010,

and buy then there was tremendous growth

at elementary level in spite of scarce

resources. The problem was secondary

education, even today the secondary school

in India do not have proper facilities to carry

on their activities very seamlessly, even if

the facilities have been provided by the

government the absenteeism of both

students and teachers is making the job even tougher for the government.

The facilities that are needed to facilitate

effective education development and

learning in an educational institution

includes the girl’s toilet, library, boundary

wall, computer, playground, classrooms,

drinking water facility etc. Nevertheless

mere providing these facilities does not

account of the education development, there

is a need to improve the intellectual capital also.


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4 MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.1 STUDY AREA

Telangana 12th largest state in India spread over 114,840 km2 is situated at 17.3660° N, 78.4760°

E. (Figure 1). Earlier most of it was a part of princely state of Hyderabad ruled by Nizam of

Hyderabad during British rule. Later on November 1st 1958, due to linguistic reorganization of

the states it was merged with Andhra state to form Andhra Pradesh. On June 2nd 2014, Telangana

was separated from Andhra Pradesh as a new 29th state of India. (wikipedia, n.d.)

Figure 1


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Table 1 shows some basic information about the state.

Table 1

Country India

Region South India

Established 2 June 2014 Capital Hyderabad†

Largest city Hyderabad Districts 10

Government • Governor E. S. L. Narasimhan

• Chief minister Kalvakuntla Chandrasekhar Rao (TRS)

• Legislature Bicameral (119 + 40 seats) • Lok Sabha constituencies 17

• High Court High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad

Area† • Total 114,840 km2 (44,340 sq. mi) Area rank 12th

Population (2011)[1] • Total 35,193,978 • Rank 12th

• Density 310/km2 (790/sq. mi) Demonym Telanganite Time zone IST (UTC+05:30) ISO 3166 code IN-xx (not assigned) Vehicle registration TS Literacy 66.50% Official language Telugu, Urdu Website telangana.gov.in

The telgana state consists of 10 districts i.e. Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam,

Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Ranga Reddy and Warangal. According to the 2011

census, Telangana literacy rate is 67.22%. Male literacy and female literacy are 75.6% and 58.77% respectively. (Telangana Government)

4.2 METHODOLOGY The analysis was made on basis of the data provided by SSA – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, this study

was done mainly using Ms Excel, R Studio and Adobe Photoshop.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_districts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Telangana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Telangana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._S._L._Narasimhan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Telangana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalvakuntla_Chandrashekar_Rao

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana_Rashtra_Samithi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature_of_Telangana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha#Telangana_.2817.29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Courts_of_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Judicature_at_Hyderabad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana#endnote_area

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_India_by_area

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana#cite_note-stats-1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B05:30

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu

http://telangana.gov.in/


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4.2.1 Data collection and Database generation

The data was collected from SSA – Hyderabad office and it was segregated using MS Excel. Data

was filtered to eliminate the primary and upper primary schools. Pivot charts were used to

consolidate data to district level and then percentages were calculated, the data was separately

maintained in different spreadsheets like, School Infrastructure Attributes, Classroom conditions

and Teachers Qualification. Then .csv files were generated and were subjected to analysis using R Studio.

4.2.2 Index generation

Index generation was done using equation 1. This was taken from already done studies in

calculating indexes (Aiga, 2006), and the weightages for the component indicators for individual indexes were taken like wise. The indexes developed are the following.

1. EISI – Educational infrastructure index

a. SISI – School Infrastructure index

b. CCI – Class room condition index 2. EICI – Educational intellectual capital index

𝑋(𝛼) = (∑ 𝑤𝑖 𝑋𝑖

𝛼𝑁𝑖=1

∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑁𝑖=1

)Equation 1

An index is defined as a generalized mean X (a) (‡0) with the weights of wi (>0) for N components

i (=1,2,3,. . .,N). SISI and CCI were calculated by using N = 8, 3 respectively.

4.2.2.1 SISI calculation

The component indicators for calculating SISI are the following, Girls Toilets, Drinking Water,

Electricity, Boundary Wall, Library, Playground, Computer Lab, Ramps. Equation 2 is used in calculation of SISI

𝑆𝐼𝑆𝐼(𝛼) = (∑ 𝑤𝑖 𝑋𝑖

8𝑖=1

∑ 𝑤𝑖8𝑖=1

)Equation 2

= (𝑤1 𝑋1 + 𝑤2𝑋2 + 𝑤3𝑋3 + 𝑤4𝑋4 + 𝑤5𝑋5 + 𝑤6𝑋6 + 𝑤7𝑋7 + 𝑤8𝑋8

𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 + 𝑤4 + 𝑤5 + 𝑤6 + 𝑤7 + 𝑤7)

= (1.2 𝑋1 + 1.3 𝑋2 + 1.0 𝑋3 + 1.2 𝑋4 + 1.8 𝑋5 + 1.0 𝑋6 + 1.5 𝑋7 + 0.9 𝑋8

1.2 + 1.3 + 1.0 + 1.2 + 1.8 + 1.0 + 1.5 + 0.9)

Table 2

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8

Girls Toilers

Drinking Water

Electricity

Boundary Wall

Library

Playground

Computer Lab

Ramps

1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.8 1.0 1.5 0.9


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Table 2 maps the component indicators with their respective weightages.

4.2.2.2 CCI calculation

The component indicators that are used in this index were condition of the classrooms i.e. Good,

Needs Major repair and needs minor repair.

𝐶𝐶𝐼(𝛼) = (∑ 𝑤𝑖 𝑋𝑖

3𝑖=1

∑ 𝑤𝑖3𝑖=1

)Equation 3

= (𝑤1 𝑋1 + 𝑤2𝑋2 + 𝑤3𝑋3

𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3)

= (5.9 𝑋1 + 1.8 𝑋2 + 2.4 𝑋3

5.9 + 1.8 + 2.4)

Table 3

X1 X2 X3

Classrooms in Good Condition Classrooms need Major Repairs

Classrooms needs Minor Repairs

5.9 1.8 2.4

Table 3 shows the component indicators with their respective weightages used in calculating CCI.

4.2.2.3 EISI calculation

Education infrastructure index is just an average of SISI and CCI of that particular district.

4.2.2.4 EICI Calculation

The component indicator that are taken into consideration while calculating the EICI are the

educational qualification of the teacher of Telangana state. Equation 4 gives the calculation of the

index.

𝐸𝐼𝐶𝐼(𝛼) = (∑ 𝑤𝑖 𝑋𝑖

5𝑖=1

∑ 𝑤𝑖5𝑖=1

)Equation 4

= (𝑤𝑖 𝑋𝑖 + 𝑤𝑖𝑋2 + 𝑤3𝑋3 + 𝑤4𝑋4 + 𝑤5𝑋5

𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 + 𝑤4 + 𝑤5)

= (0.9 𝑋1 + 1.5 𝑋2 + 2.1 𝑋3 + 2.7 𝑋4 + 2.7 𝑋5

0.9 + 1.5 + 2.1 + 2.7 + 2.7)

Table 4

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Secondary Higher Secondary Graduate PG M.Phill 0.909091 1.515152 2.121212 2.727273 2.727273


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Table 4 shows the component indicators with their respective weightages used in calculating EICI.

5 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

The details of the interpretation are presented below.

5.1 SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE Figure 2

From figure 2 it is quite evident that all the districts are good when electricity and Boundary wall

is considered, the thing that is very poor in all the districts is Computer lab facility. Which is of

huge weightage in index calculation. So in order to improve the education infrastructure facilities in the state government can release funds to provide these service in secondary schools.

Hyderabad being the capital of Telangana and being the metropolitan city everyone expects it to

have better infrastructure facilities but this analysis contradicts it, when coming to SISI

Hyderabad scores the least and that is mainly due to large number of schools present in this area.

But when we take the population of Hyderabad into consideration which is significantly much

more bigger than that of the other districts of Telangana there comes the problem, in Hyderabad

there are less number of schools per 1000 of population, and it shows that there is serious need

for government to take steps to improve the standards in its capital city.

But again most of the Greater Hyderabad including some of the mandals of Rangareddy and Medak the picture will be different again.

0.000

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

70.000

80.000

90.000

100.000

School Infrastructure attributes

Girls Toilers Drinking Water Electricity Boundary Wall

Library Playground Computer Lab Ramps


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Figure 3

Figure 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Girls Toilers

Drinking Water

Electricity

Boundary Wall

Library

Playground

Computer Lab

Ramps

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100ADILABAD

HYDERABAD

KARIMNAGAR

KHAMMAM

MAHBUBNAGAR

MEDAK

NALGONDA

NIZAMABAD

RANGA REDDY

WARANGAL

Polygon Chart - School Infrastructure - Telangana

Girls Toilers Drinking Water Electricity Boundary Wall

Library Playground Computer Lab Ramps


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Analysing figure 4 and figure 5 it is quite evident that most of the districts are doing bad with

Computer lab and ramps, and the districts which are doing bad with computer lab is also bad in

ramps. When cluster analysis was done and all the components are arranged into three clusters the following result is found.

And observing the polygon graph we will know the following

Cluster Observation 1 These are the components of the school infrastructure where

the districts are not doing well.

2 These are important components but are doing moderately well by all the districts.

3 This cluster contains components like Electricity, boundary and library were almost all the districts have been able to do a good job.

5.1.1 SISI – School Infrastructure Index

The formula used for calculating this index is already shown in the methodology section here we

intend to show the results obtained with rankings of the districts.

Table 5

District School Infrastructure Index Rank ADILABAD 64.42466 6 HYDERABAD 53.31877 10 KARIMNAGAR 62.00738 7 KHAMMAM 68.16062 1 MAHBUBNAGAR 59.09663 9 MEDAK 60.88762 8 NALGONDA 66.24893 2 NIZAMABAD 65.20679 4 RANGA REDDY 65.03716 5 WARANGAL 65.27298 3

Cluster 1•Computer Lab

•Ramp

Cluster 2

•Girls Toilets

•Drinking Water

•Playground

Cluster 3

•Electricity

•Boundary wall

•Library


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Figure 5

ADILABAD 1

HYDERABAD 2

KARIMNAGAR 3

KHAMMAM 4

MAHBUBNAGAR 5

MEDAK 6

NALGONDA 7

NIZAMABAD 8

RANGA REDDY 9

WARANGAL 10

The clustering was done with the help of R Studio and the Data provided by SS, with 8 components

that are listed in SISI. The results showed high collaboration with the index which does add to the

credibility of it. The clustering show that there are 3 clusters with following districts in each of them.


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When Kmeans clustering was done with R Studio, it clearly shows that Hyderabad is an outlier

with its very low score in School Infra structure index.

5.2 CLASSROOM CONDITIONS Classroom is one of the most important aspect of an infrastructure of a school, The Head Master

of Bhashyam School in Bachupalli area told us that “Classrooms when not in good condition will certainly effect the concentration of the student while the lectures are going on, which will affect

there mark inturn.” This calls for giving a higher weightage to the classroom condition or a different index all together.

The results of the CCI are given below.

Table 6

District Classroom Condition Index Rank

ADILABAD 53.720 4

HYDERABAD 51.809 6

KARIMNAGAR 57.356 2

KHAMMAM 54.117 3

MAHBUBNAGAR 60.018 1

MEDAK 51.039 9

NALGONDA 51.048 8

NIZAMABAD 51.107 7

RANGA REDDY 52.220 5

WARANGAL 51.029 10

Cluster 1 • Hyderabad

Cluster 2

• Adilabad

• Mahabubnagar

• Karimnagar

• Medak

Cluster 3

• Rangareddy

• Nalgonda

• Warangal

• Khammam

• Nizamabad


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5.3 THE EISI – EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE INDEX This index is just the average of the SISI and CCI, results follow.

Table 7

District Infrastructure Index Rank ADILABAD 59.072 4 HYDERABAD 52.564 10 KARIMNAGAR 59.682 2 KHAMMAM 61.139 1 MAHBUBNAGAR 59.557 3 MEDAK 55.963 9 NALGONDA 58.649 5 NIZAMABAD 58.157 7 RANGA REDDY 58.629 6 WARANGAL 58.151 8

With these results it’s evident that the government need to have a greater fund raising towards the infrastructure development in Hyderabad in secondary schools.

61

.13

9

59

.68

2

59

.55

7

59

.07

2

58

.64

9

58

.62

9

58

.15

7

58

.15

1

55

.96

3

52

.56

4

INFRASTRUCTURE INDEX - TELANGANA


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5.4 INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL ANALYSIS The polygon analysis of the educational qualifications of the teachers in different districts of

Telangana follows, it reveals some interesting facts.

Percentage of teacher with secondary education was omitted because there a very less variation

shown in that component. This statement is even backed by analysis of variance done in excel.

The variance was very high in teachers with PG in among the districts, and even the variance in

the EICI being low we can tell this is the pain point for intellectual capital. The data shows that Teachers with M.Phill qualification are very low in almost all the districts.

The highest percentage of teachers with PG are present in Mahabubnagar and that makes it sit

right on top of all other districts with respect to EICI.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Higher Secondary

Graduate

PG

M.Phill

Chart Title

ADILABAD HYDERABAD KARIMNAGAR KHAMMAM

MAHBUBNAGAR MEDAK NALGONDA NIZAMABAD

RANGAREDDI WARANGAL


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Table 8

Table 8 shows the variances within the components.

5.5 EICI – EDUCATIONAL INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL INDEX

District Name Intellectual Capital Index Rank

ADILABAD 20.789 10

HYDERABAD 21.379 7

KARIMNAGAR 21.709 3

KHAMMAM 22.067 2

MAHBUBNAGAR 22.436 1

MEDAK 21.532 6

NALGONDA 21.589 5

NIZAMABAD 21.625 4

RANGAREDDI 21.368 8

WARANGAL 21.163 9

SUMMARY

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Secondary 10 36.39475 3.639475 1.276599

Higher Secondary 10 117.8097 11.78097 9.28587

Graduate 10 560.926 56.0926 11.74296

PG 10 279.5469 27.95469 15.15615

M.Phill 10 5.322689 0.532269 0.039439

ANOVA

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 20801.64 4 5200.411 693.3693 8.64E-40 2.578739

Within Groups 337.5092 45 7.500204

Total 21139.15 49


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6 DISCUSSION

6.1 EISI VS EICI To draw the relation between these two indexes bubble charts were created using excel and they follow.

Figure 6

The figure 6 the X-Axis is the EISI, Y-Axis is EICI, and the size of the bubble indicates number of

schools per 1000 population. The details are tabulated below.

District Infrastructure Index Intellectual Index Schools/1000 People

Bubble Colour

ADILABAD 59.07 20.79 0.315

HYDERABAD 52.56 21.62 0.310

KARIMNAGAR 59.68 21.71 0.360

KHAMMAM 61.14 21.53 0.265

MAHBUBNAGAR 59.56 21.38 0.269

MEDAK 55.96 21.37 0.294

NALGONDA 58.65 22.44 0.353

NIZAMABAD 58.16 21.59 0.311

RANGA REDDY 58.63 21.16 0.310

WARANGAL 58.15 22.07 0.360

20.50

20.70

20.90

21.10

21.30

21.50

21.70

21.90

22.10

22.30

22.50

51.00 53.00 55.00 57.00 59.00 61.00

EISI VS EICI

EISI

EIC

I


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Figure 7

District Infrastructure Index

Intellectual Index

Total Number of schools

Bubble Colour

ADILABAD 59.07 20.79 862.000

HYDERABAD 52.56 21.62 1242.000

KARIMNAGAR 59.68 21.71 1372.000

KHAMMAM 61.14 21.53 741.000

MAHBUBNAGAR 59.56 21.38 1088.000

MEDAK 55.96 21.37 890.000

NALGONDA 58.65 22.44 1229.000

NIZAMABAD 58.16 21.59 793.000

RANGA REDDY 58.63 21.16 1644.000

WARANGAL 58.15 22.07 1268.000

Khammam which is having the smallest bubble size in figure 7 shows is the one which I having

highest Educational Infrastructure Index. But this does not hold true, with others. But Khammam is not at its best with Educational Intellectual Index.

20.50

20.70

20.90

21.10

21.30

21.50

21.70

21.90

22.10

22.30

22.50

51.00 53.00 55.00 57.00 59.00 61.00

EISI VS EICI

EISI

EIC

I


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7 CONCLUSIONS

The main concern of this study was to develop an alternative way of conducting a research on

secondary education sector in Telangana region and understanding the standards the state

maintains. Surprisingly the results show that Hyderabad has poor infrastructure facilities in

secondary schools, the reason for this is beyond the scope of this study. But certainly that is a

concern for the present government with the status of its capital city. Index developed was backed

up with cluster analysis and analysis of variances.

These two indexes i.e. EISI and EICI are good indicators of the quality of education in the state

and can be extended towards country and also granulated data.


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8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

(n.d.).

Aiga, H. (2006). Measurinf access to continuing professional education amoung the health workers in Ghana: Constructing and Index. Social Indicator Research, 77, 449-478.

Gouri Sankar Bhunia, P. K. (2012). Assessment of School Infrastructure at Primary and Upper

Primary Level: A Geospatial Analysis. Journal of Geographic Information System, 2012, 4,

412-424, 412-424.

Telangana Government. (n.d.). Retrieved from telangana.gov.in:

http://www.telangana.gov.in/Other%20Docs/Population.pdf

wikipedia. (n.d.). Telangaga. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana

MEASURING INTELLECTUAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TELANGANA REGION

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