McGuinness
Transcript of McGuinness
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
1/18
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
2/18
Critical Thinking a central aim for higher education
In the liberal education tradition (Newman)
For life-long learning
For employability
For citizenship and the survival of democratic values
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
3/18
Graduateness what graduates should know
and be able to do
Dearing (1997)
Disciplinary knowledge
Methods of enquiry, ways of reasoning and thinking typical of adiscipline, technical skills, professional practices
Generic skills communication, numeracy, ICT, problem-solving,
team-working, self-management
Values and attitudes to learning
Subject benchmark statements focus on critical thinking
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
4/18
Critical Thinking Different Meanings
Critical thinking is reasonable, reflective thinkingthat is focused on what to believe and do (Ennis,
1982) Truth-seeking
Critical thinking is skilled and active interpretation
and evaluation of observations and communications,information and argumentation (Fisher & Scriven,1997) Evaluation and argumentation
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
5/18
Critical Thinking Different Meanings
Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills and
strategies that increase the probability of a desirableoutcomepurposeful, reasoned and goal directed the kindof thinking involved in solving problems, formulatinginferences, calculating likelihoods, and making decisions..
(Halpern, 1996)
Cognitive skills and strategies wide range of contexts
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
6/18
Thinking and
Language
Different
Kinds ofCritical
Thinking
Memory Skills
Argument Analysis
Hypothesis testing
science reasoning
Dealing with likelihood
and uncertainty
Decision-making
Problem-solving
Creative Thinking
Halperns Framework
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
7/18
Thinking and
Language
Recognising persuasive
language
Misuse of definitions
Leading questions
Paraphrasing
Using multiple representations
Halperns Framework
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
8/18
Argument Analysis
Creative Thinking
Halperns Framework
Identifying premises,
counter-arguments and
conclusions
Judging credibility of
information
Difference between
opinion, judgement, fact
Avoiding common fallacies
Redefining a problem
Generating possibilities
Seeing multiple perspectives
Taking risks
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
9/18
Hypothesis testing
science reasoning
Dealing with likelihood
and uncertainty
Halperns Framework
Predicting and confirming
hypotheses
Operational definitions
Controlling variables
Sampling and generalisation
Limits of correlational
reasoning
Estimating probabilities
Recognising regression to
mean
Using base rates
Limits of extrapolation
Risk assessments
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
10/18
Decision-making
Problem-solving
Halperns Framework
Defining and redefining
problem situations
Setting goals
Generating solutions
Using alternative
representations
Recognising constraints
Evaluating solutions
Framing a decision
Generating options
Predicting consequencesand weighing pros and
cons
Recognising bias in
hindsight analysis
Seeking disproving
evidence
Effects of memory on
decision-making
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
11/18
Thinking and
LanguageMemory Skills
Argument Analysis
Hypothesis testing
science reasoning
Dealing with likelihood
and uncertainty
Decision-making
Problem-solving
Creative Thinking Reflective
Thinkingmetacognition
Halperns Framework
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
12/18
Thinking and
LanguageMemory Skills
Argument Analysis
Hypothesis testing
science reasoning
Dealing with likelihood
and uncertainty
Decision-making
Problem-solving
Creative ThinkingDispositions
Open-mindedness
Flexibility
Truth-seeking
Confidence in reason
Halperns Framework
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
13/18
Developing critical thinking being explicit
Making critical thinking more explicit
identifying what it means
building up a vocabulary talking about thinking and learning
trying to make it more visible to students
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
14/18
Developing critical thinking designing tasks?
Tasks that require critical thinking
Tutorials, assignments, essays, exams Beyond memorising or even good summarising
Justify
Compare and contrast
Argue in favour of a position
Evaluate a position, evidence, conclusions Challenge assumptions
Problem solve in regard to ..
Examine other options
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
15/18
Developing critical thinking Dialogue?
Importance of Dialoguefor critical thinking
Socratic dialogue Questioning (teacher-student)
Peer interaction about reasons and explanations
Role of virtual learning environments (
Cognitive conflict (contradictions, inconsistencies)
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
16/18
Developing critical thinking evaluating?
Evaluating and monitoring thinking
Talking about the kinds of thinking that is required in a task orassignment
Monitoring and evaluating the thinking metacognition
Writing logs, journals, reflective pieces, critiques
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
17/18
Self-Regulating
Learning for
Critical Thinking
Argument Using language
Hypothesis
testingProblem
solving
Evaluating
Confidence
Truth-
seeking
Open-mindedness
Flexibility
Sceptical
Learner in ContextCurriculum
Disciplinarytraditions
Tasks
Assessments
-
7/27/2019 McGuinness
18/18
Start early - in first year!