TAMAN BOTANI NEGARA SHAH ALAM (GROUP A)

SITE PLAN

Location Plan010101

Key Plan010102

Master Plan010103

Topography010104

Site Plan010105

Section A-A010106

Section B-B010107

Section C-C010108

Section D-D010109

Section E-E010110

Section F-F010111

LANDSCAPE

PALMS01

BAMBOO01

PALMS & BAMBOO01

0

Thick palm tree Thin palm tree Salacca Coconut tree Bamboo

TREES02

TREES02

Sesendok tree Shorea SP. Dokong tree Cempedak tree Ludai tree

SHRUBS03

FLOWER03

SHRUBS & FLOWER03

CordylineKopsia Cow grass Bougainvillea

NON-ACCESSIBLE AREA04

PALM TREE

● Tall (8-10 metres ) & thin bark ● Grow in the tropics ● Palms inhabit a variety of ecosystems :

poor drainage area or regular flooding, tropical mountain habitats, grasslands and scrublands, desert oases, extremely basic lime soils

● General uses: cultivation of the date palm, palm wood, rattan cane

PALMS

CHARACTERISTICS05 BAMBOO

● Tall (9-10 metres) ● Quick-growing, versatile , non-timber

forest product whose rate of biomass generation is unsurpassed by any other plants.

● Has a higher compressive strength than wood, brick, or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel

● Main feature : culms, which are strong, straight, smooth, light, hard and hollow

● Small, narrow leaves ● General Uses : used for building

materials, as a food source, and as a versatile raw product.

COCONUT TREE

● Mid-range height ( 6 metres )● Strong thin bark preferred for its :

straightness, strength, salt resistance● Long Light feathery leaves● It has shallow roots● Grows well in drained areas● General uses : Coconut milk, wood,

husks and shells for charcoal

PALMS

CHARACTERISTICS05

SALACCA SP.

● Medium height (4-6 metres)● Strong thin bark preferred for its :

straightness, strength, salt resistance● Long Light feathery leaves● It has shallow roots● Grows well in drained areas● General uses : Coconut milk, wood, husks

and shells for charcoal

SESENDOK

● Mid-canopy tree (10m) with a diffused, dome-shaped crown

● Grows along tropical lowland, rivers and steep slopes

● Grows best in sunny conditions and in sandy soil

● Fast growing● Abundance of heart shaped

leaves compacted together● Soft and thin wood● Flowers once or twice a year● General uses : wood for

construction (match box, drawing boards, planks)

TREES

CHARACTERISTICS05 SHOREA SP.

● “Emergent Storey” tree● Large tree (up to 50 metres) with a

hemispherical crown● Straight, cylindrical bole that can be free

of branches for 18 - 24 metres● Ranges in Southeast Asia● Critically endangered● Grows well in lowland areas in moist

tropics● Very durable wood that is in mid-range

in terms of weight and hardness● General uses : light construction,

plywood, planking

DOKONG

● Average sized ( 6 metres )● Irregular trunk● Hard, thick and heavy wood● Buttress roots exposed above

ground● Flowers grow in clusters that hang

from branches and trunks● Very low wind tolerance and grows

preferably in shade● Has thick and cloudy resin● Grows in rich, moist, acidic soil● Good nesting area for ants due to

their sweet fruits● General uses : fruit syrup, wood for

constructing rural houses, traditional medicine

TREES

CHARACTERISTICS05 CEMPEDAK

● Tall tree and can grow up to 20m ● Its smooth bark becomes thick and

rough as it ages ● Leaves are dull to medium green and

have long brown wiry hair on the surface ● Uses : fruit, timber used in furniture-

making and building

LUDAI

● Deciduous ● Monoecious ● Small to medium-sized trees up to 30 m tall ● The bole is columnar to sinuous, up to 60 cm in diameter,

sometimes fluted at base or with steep buttresses. ● Natural habitat : Sapium species are found scattered in well

drained primary and secondary evergreen to deciduous rain forests, up to 800 m of altitude.

TREES

CHARACTERISTICS05

KOPSIA

● Short shrub ( 2 metres )

with pale green leathery leaves

● Delicate five-petaled flowers in white or a very pale pink, with a vivid crimson center

● Grows in the tropics ● Slow growth ● Commonly used as an

annual/bedding plant

SHRUBS & FLOWERS

CHARACTERISTICS05 CORDYLINE SP.

● Short shrub ( 3 metres ) ● Evergreen flowering plant ● Woody stem with long leaves ● Grows in the tropics ● Produces yellowish to red flowers that

mature into edible red berries ● General uses : leaves were used to

thatch the roofs of houses, leaves for wrapping or food storage, medicine

BOUGAINVILLEA

● Popular ornamental plants in most

areas with warm climates ● Evergreen where rainfall occurs all

year or deciduous in  dry season ● Actual flower of the plant is small and

generally white but is surrounded by three or six bracts with bright colours

● Green heart shaped leaves (8-13 cm) ● Grows well in rich loamy, well-

drained soils but is adaptable● Thorny plant ● Fast growth rate and readily

available

SHRUBS & FLOWERS

CHARACTERISTICS05 COW GRASS

● Fast growing ● Generally reaches 15 cm and flowering

culms up to 30-45 cm high ● It is shallow-rooted● Leaf blades are shiny, flat and folded● Grows slowly during dry season and

withstands heavy grazing ● May become a weed under favourable

conditions such as high rainfall and high temperatures

● General uses : often used as a permanent pasture, groundcover, turf in moist, low fertility soils

0201 04 05

06070809

POND

BAMBOO 03COCONUT TREES TALL TREESMUDDY SOIL

SMALL HUTTREES WITH THORNSFLOWERING BUSHES

DRAINAGE

Good view

Cool air ventilation

Sufficient natural light

Very exposed

Provide privacy

Stable soil = Stable structure

Shading

Risk of getting hit by falling coconut

Doesn’t provide shading

Dead trunk

LAND

SCAP

E ANA

LYSI

S/O

PPOR

TUNI

TIES

Risk of getting hit by falling coconut

Doesn’t provide shading

06

Difficult to build on due to soft soil

Mosquito breeding ground

Resting Area

Provide Shading

Eyesore

Risk of getting hurt

Doesn’t provide shading

Good view

Attracts animal (birds, insects)

Mosquito breeding ground

Bad smell

Unhygienic

! This slide talks about things that are offered by the spots/location we’ve chosen, whether they are an advantage or disadvantage, it’s all up to your preference

07 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

08 SOIL CONDITION

EXISTING STRUCTURES

1

6

3 4

52

HutSign boardPrivate buildingFertilizer station

Bridge with brick pathwayGazebo 23m²

42m²

108m²

240m²

2m²

25m²

LEGEND:

1

3

4

5

6

2

Lamp post 5m²

Starting point from HUT, there is a

signboard 40 feet away from it.

1

6

3 4

5

2

A private building can be see from a

distance of 168 feet away.

A compost station is located 56 feet from the private

building.

Continue walking 87 feet to the T-

junction, where there is a bridge

with brick pathway which connects to a

gazebo.

HUMAN CIRCULATION01

LEGEND:HutSign boardPrivate buildingCompost stationBridge with pathwayGazebo

1

3456

2

Lamp post

HUT02-Surrounding trees and bushes provide shade to the structure-Low penetration of sunlight-Used for storing tools-Ridge vent for ventilation

PLAN

ELEVATION

AIR FLOW

SIGNBOARD03

PLAN

ELEVATION

-Located at the T- junction, which is a prominent location, suitable for a signage -Board lacks information.

PRIVATE BUILDING04-Located beside the composting station-Good ventilation -Odorless-Not accessible to public

PLAN

ELEVATION

COMPOST STATION05-Located beside the private building-Constructed with semi open structure-High ventilation -Little unpleasant odor -Not accessible to public ELEVATION

PLAN

BRIDGE WITH BRICK PATHWAY 06-Leads to the gazebo-Made from clay bricks, durable and can withstand wear and tear of constant footsteps-Suitable for use of small transportation-Porous nature of clay breaks prevents formation of puddles-Also leads to another gazebo located further back ELEVATION

PLAN

GAZEBO07

PLAN

ELEVATION

-Location shaded by surrounding trees-Resting spot for public -Highly accessibility-Open design ensures good ventilation and a cool environment

COLLECTIVE ANALYSIS

COLLECTIVE ANALYSIS08Due to the lack of maintenance, these structures are in poor

condition but still acceptable overall. The relevant authorities should take the initiatives to clean up and maintain the

surrounding.The usage of materials such as clay tiles, bricks and concrete on these structures require minimum

maintenance, yet maximizes the natural ventilation at the same time.

COLLECTIVE ANALYSIS08

These buildings are mostly neglected, poorly maintained and not accessible by public.

The surroundings should be cleaned up for aesthetic purposes. Also, there should be a proper pathway to

enhance the accessibility of the hut for visitors.

The main materials for the private building include bricks, ceramic tiles and clay tiles for roof. The

utilization of these materials minimize the amount of maintenance work. The building is not accessible for

public.

To minimize the unpleasant odor from the fertilizer station, trees must be planted to act as a buffer medium, also to

provide a shading area. The zinc roof also acts as a reflective medium which reflects heat and reduces the temperature of

the structure.

CLIMATIC STUDY

SUN PATH01- An average of 8 hours per day of

sunshine. - The golden hours, defined as the

hours with a comfortable intensity of sunlight are 8a.m. to 10a.m. and 5 p.m. to 6p.m.

- Sunlight will be harshest at around 12pm. to 1p.m.

LIGHT INTENSITY02- Highest light intensity are along

the trail and lakes. - Followed by the trail sides and

lakeside. - The end of the trail has the lowest

light intensity because it surrounded by trees and sunlight is blocked throughout the day.

SHADED AREAS03- Most of the shaded area are

formed under the trees. - The gazebos provide the shading

area for people to rest. - The end of the trail has the most

shaded area because the dense vegetation shields the sunlight from the site

ANNUAL WIND DISTRIBUTION04- Southwest Monsoon (April to September)

Prevailing wind flow brings warm, humid climate and torrential rainfall.

- Northeast Monsoon (October to March)Strong winds brings cold and moist air from South China Sea. The site is affected by this monsoon wind as its rainfall higher than normal season.

- March and October are the transitions between two monsoons.

WIND ROSE05- Most of the wind comes

from the south but the wind normally come from northeast and southwest.

- The average wind speed has been around 4 km/h. The highest wind speed will be 19 km/h.

RAINFALL06- The average monthly amount of

precipitation is recorded at around 240 mm.

- February and July are the driest months because there have low precipitation.

- October to November are the peaks of high rainfall following by April and May which have the high precipitation with an accumulation of around 270mm due to monsoon seasons.

HUMIDITY07

The trail has the lowest humidity because it is exposed to sunlight. The end of the trail has higher humidity which more 80% because sunlight would be blocked. The area which near the lakes got the highest humidity because the air are moist.

HUMIDITY07

- On average, May and November are the most humid months due to high precipitation.

- These are decisively unfavorable conditions for hiking. People may feel infirmity and easily get sweat.

- March is the least humid month.

TEMPERATURE08- Monthly average maximum temperature

ranges from 32 to 34°C. - Monthly average minimum temperature

ranges from 22 to 24°C. - The average maximum and minimum

temperature per month vary less than 2 °C annually.

- For the site, daytime average maximum temperature will be around 32°C. At night the average minimum temperature drops down to around 22°C.

CIRCULATION PATTERN

ACTIVITIES

Taman Cempedak

Lake

8.30 a.m. - 11.00 a.m. 11.00 a.m. - 2.00 p.m. 2.00 p.m. - 4.00 p.m.

Jogging Cycling FishingRest

Most of the people are cycling and jogging. The temperature and sunlight is more suitable for people to walk around there.

People started to leave the site due to the increase in temperature. Most of them went for lunch and rest.

Some people brought their fishing pole, baits and other equipments to start fishing

ACTIVITIES SCHEDULE

Relationship between thermal comfort of user and number of usersAccording to the some study on thermal comfort and user behaviors in outdoor spaces, as the temperature increase people tended to engage in static activities in environments that exhibit sufficient shading. The shaded areas were conducive to static activities as the temperature gets higher.

ACTIVITIES ANALYSISChanges in the mean user time spent in sunny and shaded areas during the hot seasons.

PET (physiological equivalent temperature)= a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment

Between 12 p.m. to 4.30 p.m. people prefer to engage in outdoor leisure activities in areas containing shade-providing trees or shelter, avoiding direct exposure to intense solar irradiance. Taman Cempedak is a perfect spot which provided natural shading and slightly inclined landscape with visually pleasing view which encourage people to rest and curry out static activities.

Jogging

Cycling

Picnic

Fishing

STATIC & DYNAMIC ACTIVITIESStatic activities is performed at a specific site and area. People pay more attention toward the surrounding provided a best opportunity to catch people’s attention.

Dynamic activities is performed in a larger area people are less notice toward the surrounding area. And the density of people in a particular area is lower.

Seasoned activities / Temporary eventThere are some temporary event such as Karnival Sambutan Musim Bunga, Hari Terakhir Persekolahan, Musim Bunga which have potential to boost up the number of visitor at the site.

CampingSome area of the site is suitable for camping such as Taman Cempedak area provided a best spot for camping.

OTHER POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES

VIEWS AND VISTA

1 2 3 4 5 64 7

8 9 1210 11

123 4112

10

12

5 6 97 8

1

2 3 4 5 6 11

11

12 1314

1 2cc

3 41 651

7

10

8

11 12 13

7 10

9 14

8 9

POSITIVE VIEWS

POSITIVE VIEW 7

POSITIVE VIEW 1

POSITIVE VIEW 8

POSITIVE VIEW 9

POSITIVE VIEW 2

POSITIVE VIEW 4

POSITIVE VIEW 3

POSITIVE VIEW 6

POSITIVE VIEW 5

- The lake is surrounded on all sides by lush vegetation and greenery.

- Its close proximity to the main road ensures that this site is seen clearly by every pedestrian passing by, turning it into a visual focal point.

.

01 POSITIVE VIEW

POSITIVE VIEW02- The lake located in view behind the site is

stagnant and murky.- However, the lush vegetation between the lake

and the site partially shields the view of said lake.

- The elevation of the site is a gradual decline, allowing the user on the site a measure of privacy.

03 POSITIVE VIEW- The user on site has a clear view of the lake,

south from the site.- The site is shielded by the thick foliage of the

surrounding bamboo plants which creates a sense of protection, suitable for a insecure user.

- The thick foliage also decreases the penetration of sunlight, creating a shaded area.

POSITIVE VIEW04- The shrubs on site are planted orderly and well

maintained.- The lack of tall trees creates a lack of shade,

exposing the clearing to intense sunlight.- The elevation of the site is flat and even.- The overgrown weeds towards the south of the site

contrasts with the orderly arrangement of the shrubs on site

POSITIVE VIEW05- The tall trees on site create shades for the

site with its spreading canopies.- The presence of dry leaves and logs around

the site gives it a very raw and untouched feeling.

- In contrast to other sites, the trees here are tall and thin

- The high density of overhead foliage shields the site from direct sunlight.

- The trees on site are short but its foliage spreads out wide.

- High density of trees also shields the site from the main road, creating a sense of security and privacy for the user on site.

- The few tall trees located in the middle of the site contrasts with the surrounding short trees.

08 POSITIVE VIEW06

- A balance composition of the site, with the presence of the tall trees on one end transitioning into an open plane before coming to the main road.

- View window of with high visual interest due to the unobstructed panoramic view of the surrounding

07 POSITIVE VIEW

- The site is a potential viewing station, serving as a focal point for several vistas.

- Good visual transition from point to point.

08 POSITIVE VIEW08

- The elevation of the site can ease the identification of a pavilion due to the gradual incline of the site, starting from the road.

- This gives a user a clear line of sight to the site.

POSITIVE VIEW09

NEGATIVE VIEWS

NEGATIVE VIEW 3

NEGATIVE VIEW 2

NEGATIVEVIEW 4NEGATIVE

VIEW 1

NEGATIVE VIEW01- The composting centre obstructs the view to and

from the site.- Dirty and disorganized- Unpleasant odour from the composting process

NEGATIVE VIEW02- Trees on the site block the view to the grass

plain, limiting the visual interest of the site.- The site is poorly maintained with overgrown

grass.

NEGATIVE VIEW03- Many short trees planted surrounded the site

obstruct the view of the lake - Murky lake with stagnant water filled with

algae

NEGATIVE VIEW04- View shrouded by dense vegetation all around.- Dense vegetation shields the site from direct

sunlight and keeps the site dim- The dense vegetation also increases the humidity of

the site and blocks of air circulation.

SUGGESTION

POTENTIALSITE

POTENTIAL SITE

POTENTIALSITE

POTENTIALSITE

POTENTIALSITE

POTENTIALSITE

- Due to the lack of conservation, the lake is contaminated with dirt and almost pale brown, like stagnant water on rainy day. The dirt and algae should be remove to improve the aesthetic of the site.

- With sufficient care, the lake has the potential to create a sense of calm natural beauty to the landscape. The association between the lake and landscape can also achieve a sense of harmony.

.

01 SUGGESTION

02 SUGGESTION- The bushes and unkempt dry bamboos

should be removed to remove any elements which might distract users from the poetry of the site.

SUGGESTION03- With the advantages of shades and tall trees,

this is a potential site for constructing a pavilion.

- The dry leaves and rubbish should be thrown away.

- The view of the site from the road is obstructed by the trees. - This create a sense of privacy and security for the space and

user. - A pedestrian or trails should be build to ease accessibility

to the site.

08 SUGGESTION05

- Due to the balance composition of the site and the unobstructed panoramic view of the surrounding, it has potential to construct a pavilion.

- The site area is large enough for outdoor activities such as camping.

- It’s suitable for public use because of its wider and better view of vision

- The bushes around the lake should be removed and maintained well to provide a better view.

04 SUGGESTION

SUGGESTION06- Due to the gradual incline of the site which starting from

the road, it has potential to construct a pavilion.- The higher level of ground gives user a clear line of sight

to the site.- Viewing deck were suitable to build here with the

advantage of the site.

CASE STUDY

Since the year 2000, Serpentine Galleries annually commissions world renown architects and designers to design and build temporary pavilions located in Kensington Gardens, London.

LOCATION PLAN02

AREA PLAN03

SITE PLAN04

Without Pavilion With Pavilion

- Visit the Serpentine Gallery- Walk in the park- Cycling- Picnic- Relaxing

?

ACTIVITY05

With Pavilion = ?

SERPENTINE PAVILION 2006

COSMIC EGG PAVILIONREM KOOLHAAS & CECIL BALMOND

“FORM FITS FUNCTION”"The 2006 Serpentine Pavilion will be defined by events and activities. We are proposing a space

that facilitates the inclusion of individuals in communal dialogue and shared experience."

REM KOOLHAAS

● Consists of a translucent canopy & circular enclosed space at the bottom

● Inflatable translucent canopy on the top

● Pavilion Surrounded by translucent polycarbonate panels

● Bars and cafes located at the sides● Event and forum at center● Gallery/Telecast/Movie Screening● Canopy adapts to the events and

functions

Canopy rises higher than the Serpentine Gallery building

Canopy pavilion illuminates the surrounding park at night

Adapts to Weather/Events/Circulation

Clear days/Summer >> Inflated

Cloudy/Rainy/Cold >> Deflated

Circulation

Wind Circulation

Analysis/Conclusion

● Designed in mind with the site and function● Material innovation● Use of mechanics● Attention-seeking/Minimal● Pavilion goes with the content

SERPENTINE PAVILION 2008

Frank Gehry

Hi

DESTRUCTIVISMTHE DRAMATIC, MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SPACE

Discussion and performance

by night

Reflection and relaxation by day

Reflection and

relaxation

by day

Discussion and

performance

by night

Discussion and performance

by night

Reflection and relaxation by day

ViewSunlightWind

Legend

Reflection and relaxation by day

- Night Talk- Performances - Music- Film Screenings

Discussion and performance

by night.Picnic -

Sightseeing - Reading -

Family Outing -Cycling -Jogging -

LIGHT & SHADOW- Careful positioning of the structural elements make for a

comfortable space to relax.- Alignment of the glass panel to create shade for specific

areas and also to shelter the interior spaces from weather

Reflection and relaxation by day

Discussion and performance

by night.Suitable environment for small groups interaction.

Openness creates visual connectivity between exterior and interior

Able to relax under the comforts of adequate shading

Suited for events that consists of big groups

Exterior elements are hidden in the night, giving more attention to the interior spaces

Provides a comfortable amphitheatre-like environment for entertainment enjoyment

SERPENTINE PAVILION 2010

2010 - RED SUN PAVILION (JEAN NOUVEL)CELEBRATION OF SUMMER THROUGH RED

Design Architect : JEAN NOUVEL

Red is summer heat. Red complements green. Red is bright, alive, piercing. Red is provocative, forbidden, loud. Red is as English as a red rose, as red as London's iconic objects, a double-decker bus or a telephone box, the transitory places we gravitate towards. Red doesn't last.

HI

Specifications● Function: Temporary summer pavilion (cafe,

concerts,conferences...)● Net Floor Area: 500m^2

● Budget: 750,00 £

● Materials: fabric curtains, polycarbonate plastics, steel beams, glass

● Events/Activities : cafe, chess, ping pong, frisbee, “Park Night”

A

B

Section A Section B

NORTH ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION EAST ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

Red palette complements the green surroundings

Bold geometric forms & season

Retractable awnings

“Play” as central theme

Facilities accommodates an open floor plan

Conclusion

Designing a bold and dramatic design doesn’t have to come at the expense of being separated to the context of the site if done properly

SERPENTINE PAVILION 2012

2012 SERPENTINE GALLERY PAVILION by

Herzog & de Meuron and Ai Wei Wei

The architects and designers.

N

SERPENTINE PAVILION 2014

2014 - THE CASTLE OF THE SELFISH GIANT● Designed by Chilean architect Smiljan

Radic.● Described as the ‘weirdest pavilion’

exposed by the Serpentine Galleries.● Inspired by follies and papier-mache

models.● Is a development of the architect’s

previous works.● 541 square metres.● Materials - Fibreglass as the shell, and for

the main structure - structural steel with timber infill.

RELATIONSHIP TO THE SITE

● The same site is used for the pavilions every year.

● The pavilions are mounted in front of the entrance of the Serpentine Gallery, the site is surrounded by trees on both sides, and there is a path that goes from the street to the entrance of the gallery.

● Activities engaged in the park are usually walking, exercising, cycling (except on the road leading to the pavilion), visiting the gallery and memorials as well as picnics and events.

● The choice of materials was made to give an organic aspect to the pavilion, the architect wanted it to feel like it was part of the landscape.

● Openings are cut out from the shell like structure to allow the users of the pavilion to view the outside as well as for the outside to look on the inside.

● The pavilion has a hollow centre that serves as a skyclad garden, the inner walls of the pavilion also have openings that face each other and enable viewing the other side of the pavilion as well as the central garden.

FUNCTIONS

● Serves as a public space or socialising spot.

● Houses a cafe during the day.

● Stages performances at night - art, music, poetry.

CIRCULATION WITHOUT VS. WITH PAVILION

WITHOUT PAVILION

● On a normal day, the visitors would walk through the pathway connecting the gallery to the main paths and subsequently to the street.

● People sometimes gather around the trees to seek shade or for picnics.

● The part of the park where the gallery is situated is restricted to only pedestrian access.

WITH PAVILION

● Raised walkway leading to the inside of the pavilion and starts from the gallery.

● Users can walk around the pavilion and view the inside.

● Users can also walk under the pavilion to reach the centre of the pavilion and sit there on the ground itself or the large quarry stones.

“ If we don’t feel the heaviness of the stone, then we don’t have a good project ” - Smiljan Radic, about the Serpentine Pavilion 2014.

REFERENCES● Jean Nouvel (no date) Available at: http://www.jeannouvel.com/en/desktop/home/#/en/desktop/projet/london-united-kingdom-serpentine-gallery-the-red-sun-pavilion1 (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Ruault, P. (2010) Serpentine gallery pavilion 2010 by Jean Nouvel. Available at: http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2010-jean-nouvel (Accessed: 27 April

2016).● (No Date) Available at: file:///C:/Users/GE72/Desktop/19-06-2015_pavilion_press_pack_final.pdf (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● (No Date) Available at: file:///C:/Users/GE72/Desktop/SABD/semester%202/studio%20design/project%202/PROJECT%202A/CASE%20STUDY%20(RED%20SUN%20PAVILION%202010)

/serpentine%20pavillion.pdf (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Media, H. W. (2014, March 13). 2006 serpentine gallery pavilion. Retrieved April 24, 2016, from http://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/2006-serpentine-gallery-pavilion-3807● Offenbach, J. (2006, July 13). Serpentine gallery pavilion 2006 by Rem Koolhaas and Cecil Balmond with Arup. Retrieved April 24, 2016, from http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-

events/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2006-rem-koolhaas-and-cecil-balmond-arup-0● Rose, S. (2016, January 1). The gas ceiling. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/jul/03/architecture● GONCA ZEYNEP TUNÇBİLEK. (2013). TEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE: THE SERPENTINE GALLERY PAVILIONS (THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN ARCHITECTURE thesis). Retrieved from etd.lib.metu.

edu.tr/upload/12616546/index.pdf● Hobson, B. (2016, January 24). Video: 2006 serpentine gallery pavilion by Rem Koolhaas. Retrieved April 24, 2016, from Architecture, http://www.dezeen.com/2016/01/24/video-interview-julia-peyton-

jones-rem-koolhaas-2006-serpentine-gallery-pavilion-inflatable-canopy-balloon-movie/● Dezeen (2016) Serpentine gallery pavilion 2010 by Jean Nouvel. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grCxYLzK7-8 (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● (No Date) Available at: file:///C:/Users/GE72/Desktop/SABD/semester%202/studio%20design/project%202/PROJECT%202A/CASE%20STUDY%20(RED%20SUN%20PAVILION%202010)/2014-

06-23PavilionPressPackwithSponsors-%20Final.pdf (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● (No Date) Available at: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_oJiC4AmR4UU/TDt9MlClk5I/AAAAAAAAAlI/nFCtbVgNARw/s1600/DSC00101.JPG (Accessed: 27 April 2016).

● (No Date) Available at: http://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/files/2011/07/100702-SERPENTINE-PAVILION_Page_8.jpg (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● (No Date) Available at: http://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/files/2011/07/100702-SERPENTINE-PAVILION_Page_2.jpg (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Aerial View Example. (n.d.). Retrieved 27 April 2016, from http://www.coursestuff.co.uk/ENVT1075/images/serpentine4.jpg● Balmond studio. Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.balmondstudio.co.in/● London pavilions | icon 039 | September 2006 - icon magazine. (2011, August 2). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.iconeye.com/design/features/item/2473-london-pavilions-%7C-icon-039-%7C-

september-2006?tmpl=component&print=1● OMA - office of metropolitan architecture, Cecil Balmond, Arup, John Offenbach, Iwan Baan · serpentine pavilion 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://divisare.com/projects/292458-rem-koolhaas-

cecil-balmond-arup-john-offenbach-iwan-baan-serpentine-pavilion-2006● Serpentine Gallery 2006 Balcony. (n.d.). Retrieved 27 April 2016, from http://www.arthitectural.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/va_serpentine_gallery_pavilions_08-585x600.jpg● Serpentine Gallery Building. (n.d.). Retrieved 27 April 2016, from http://www.planetware.com/photos-large/ENG/london-hyde-park-serpentine-galleries.jpg● Serpentine gallery pavilion 2006, Hyde park, London. (n.d.). Retrieved 27 April 2016, from http://www.artofthestate.co.uk/london_photos/Serpentine_Gallery_pavillion_2006.htm● Serpentine gallery pavilion. (2000). Retrieved April 24, 2016, from http://oma.eu/projects/serpentine-gallery-pavilion● (No Date) Available at: http://www.jeannouvel.com/images/made/mobile/projets/776_serpentine/images/3_AJN_Londres_Serpentine_ROOF_600_422_80.jpg (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● (No Date) Available at: http://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/files/2011/07/100702-SERPENTINE-PAVILION_Page_5.jpg (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● (No Date) Available at: http://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/files/2011/07/100702-SERPENTINE-PAVILION_Page_6.jpg (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Baan, I. (2014) Serpentine pavilion 2014 designed by Smiljan Radić. Available at: http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/serpentine-galleries-pavilion-2014-smiljan-radic (Accessed: 27

April 2016).● baan, iwan (2014) 2014 serpentine pavilion by smiljan radic opens in london. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/serpentine-pavilion-2014-smiljan-radic-london-06-24-2014/

(Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Blog, L.A. (2015) Weekly features. Available at: http://www.londonarchitectureblog.com/2014/08/46-serpentine-pavilion-2014.html (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Frearson, A. (2014) Serpentine gallery pavilion 2014 by Smiljan Radić opens in London. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/24/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2014-smiljan-radic-opens-london/

(Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Independent, T. (2016) Serpentine galleries pavilions. Available at: https://www.pinterest.com/serpentineuk/serpentine-galleries-pavilions/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● (2016). Malaysiacentral.com. Retrieved 24 April 2016, from http://www.malaysiacentral.com

● Magazine, W. (2014) Smiljan Radic’s 2014 serpentine gallery pavilion is unveiled in London’s Kensington gardens. Available at: http://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/smiljan-radics-2014-serpentine-gallery-pavilion-is-unveiled-in-londons-kensington-gardens (Accessed: 27 April 2016).

● Moore, R. (2016) Smiljan Radic’s serpentine pavilion – ‘the shape is not important’. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jun/22/serpentine-pavilion-smiljan-radic-interview (Accessed: 27 April 2016).

● N.167 - Smiljan Radic - issues (no date) Available at: http://www.elcroquis.es/Shop/Issue/Details/82?ptID=1&shPg=4&artID=2327 (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Nargess (2014) 6. The selfish giant’s castle Santiago, Chile 2010 © 2014 Smiljan Radic studio. Available at: http://www.d-talks.com/2014/03/smiljan-radics-2014-serpentine-pavilion/6-the-selfish-

giants-castle-santiago-chile-2010-2014-smiljan-radic-studio/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Quirk, V. (2014) Smiljan Radic to design 2014 serpentine pavilion. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/485596/smiljan-radic-to-design-2014-serpentine-pavilion (Accessed: 27 April 2016)● Serpentine pavilion (2015a) Available at: https://architectureas.wordpress.com/category/serpentine-pavilion/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Serpentine pavilion (2015b) Available at: https://architectureas.wordpress.com/category/serpentine-pavilion/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● SERPENTINE PAVILION 2014 designed by Smiljan Radić (2014) Available at: http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/sites/default/files/press-releases/2014-06-23PavilionPressPackwithSponsors-%20Final.

pdf (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Stott, R. (2014a) Critical round-up: 2014 serpentine pavilion / Smiljan Radic. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/522962/critical-round-up-2014-serpentine-pavilion-smiljan-radic (Accessed: 27 April

2016).● Stott, R. (2014b) Smiljan Radic’s serpentine pavilion opens. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/519849/smiljan-radic-s-serpentine-pavilion-opens (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● The 2014 serpentine pavilion blends Sci-Fi with Stonehenge - point of view - march 2014 (2014) Available at: http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/March-2014/The-2014-Serpentine-Pavilion-

Blends-Sci-Fi-with-Stonehenge/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● The 2014 serpentine pavilion has landed - point of view - June 2014(2014) Available at: http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/June-2014/The-2014-Serpentine-Pavilion-Has-Landed/ (Accessed: 27

April 2016).● The 2014 serpentine pavilion blends Sci-Fi with Stonehenge - point of view - march 2014 (2014) Available at: http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/March-2014/The-2014-Serpentine-Pavilion-

Blends-Sci-Fi-with-Stonehenge/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● The 2014 serpentine pavilion has landed - point of view - June 2014(2014) Available at: http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/June-2014/The-2014-Serpentine-Pavilion-Has-Landed/ (Accessed: 27

April 2016).● (2016). Malaysiacentral.com. Retrieved 24 April 2016, from http://www.malaysiacentral.com

● Baan, I. (2014) Serpentine pavilion 2014 designed by Smiljan Radić. Available at: http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/serpentine-galleries-pavilion-2014-smiljan-radic (Accessed: 27 April 2016).

● Baan, iwan (2014) 2014 serpentine pavilion by smiljan radic opens in london. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/serpentine-pavilion-2014-smiljan-radic-london-06-24-2014/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).

● Blog, L.A. (2015) Weekly features. Available at: http://www.londonarchitectureblog.com/2014/08/46-serpentine-pavilion-2014.html (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Frearson, A. (2014) Serpentine gallery pavilion 2014 by Smiljan Radić opens in London. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/24/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2014-smiljan-radic-opens-london/

(Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Independent, T. (2016) Serpentine galleries pavilions. Available at: https://www.pinterest.com/serpentineuk/serpentine-galleries-pavilions/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Magazine, W. (2014) Smiljan Radic’s 2014 serpentine gallery pavilion is unveiled in London’s Kensington gardens. Available at: http://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/smiljan-radics-2014-serpentine-

gallery-pavilion-is-unveiled-in-londons-kensington-gardens (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Moore, R. (2016) Smiljan Radic’s serpentine pavilion – ‘the shape is not important’. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jun/22/serpentine-pavilion-smiljan-radic-interview

(Accessed: 27 April 2016).● N.167 - Smiljan Radic - issues (no date) Available at: http://www.elcroquis.es/Shop/Issue/Details/82?ptID=1&shPg=4&artID=2327 (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Nargess (2014) 6. The selfish giant’s castle Santiago, Chile 2010 © 2014 Smiljan Radic studio. Available at: http://www.d-talks.com/2014/03/smiljan-radics-2014-serpentine-pavilion/6-the-selfish-

giants-castle-santiago-chile-2010-2014-smiljan-radic-studio/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Quirk, V. (2014) Smiljan Radic to design 2014 serpentine pavilion. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/485596/smiljan-radic-to-design-2014-serpentine-pavilion (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Serpentine pavilion (2015a) Available at: https://architectureas.wordpress.com/category/serpentine-pavilion/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Serpentine pavilion (2015b) Available at: https://architectureas.wordpress.com/category/serpentine-pavilion/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● SERPENTINE PAVILION 2014 designed by Smiljan Radić (2014) Available at: http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/sites/default/files/press-releases/2014-06-23PavilionPressPackwithSponsors-%20Final.

pdf (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● (SERPENTINE PAVILION 2014 designed by Smiljan Radić, 2014)● Stott, R. (2014a) Critical round-up: 2014 serpentine pavilion / Smiljan Radic. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/522962/critical-round-up-2014-serpentine-pavilion-smiljan-radic (Accessed: 27 April

2016).● Gehry Serpentine Pavilion - Expedition Workshed. (2016). Expedition Workshed. Retrieved 27 April 2016, from http://expeditionworkshed.org/workshed/gehry-serpentine-pavilion/

● Stott, R. (2014b) Smiljan Radic’s serpentine pavilion opens. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/519849/smiljan-radic-s-serpentine-pavilion-opens (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● The 2014 serpentine pavilion blends Sci-Fi with Stonehenge - point of view - march 2014 (2014) Available at: http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/March-2014/The-2014-Serpentine-Pavilion-

Blends-Sci-Fi-with-Stonehenge/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● (The 2014 serpentine pavilion blends Sci-Fi with Stonehenge - point of view - march 2014, 2014)● The 2014 serpentine pavilion has landed - point of view - June 2014(2014) Available at: http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/June-2014/The-2014-Serpentine-Pavilion-Has-Landed/ (Accessed: 27

April 2016).● (The 2014 serpentine pavilion has landed - point of view - June 2014, 2014)● REM KOOLHAAS. (n.d.). Retrieved 27 April 2016, from http://apps.o5.no.s3.amazonaws.com/oma/www/20150804144341-800-2o3h/5000.jpg● CECIL BALMOND. (n.d.). Retrieved 27 April 2016, from http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~arrabida50/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Cecil-Balmond.jpg● Baan, I. (2014) Serpentine pavilion 2014 designed by Smiljan Radić. Available at: http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/serpentine-galleries-pavilion-2014-smiljan-radic (Accessed: 27

April 2016).● baan, iwan (2014) 2014 serpentine pavilion by smiljan radic opens in london. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/serpentine-pavilion-2014-smiljan-radic-london-06-24-2014/

(Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Blog, L.A. (2015) Weekly features. Available at: http://www.londonarchitectureblog.com/2014/08/46-serpentine-pavilion-2014.html (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Frearson, A. (2014) Serpentine gallery pavilion 2014 by Smiljan Radić opens in London. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/24/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2014-smiljan-radic-opens-london/

(Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Independent, T. (2016) Serpentine galleries pavilions. Available at: https://www.pinterest.com/serpentineuk/serpentine-galleries-pavilions/ (Accessed: 27 April 2016).● Add Some Royalty to Your Garden with the Queen Palm. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://treesandshrubs.about.com/od/commontrees/p/Queen-Palm-Syagrus-Romanzoffiana.htm● Bamboo resources conservation and utilization in Malaysia - Azmy Hj. Mohamed and S. Appanah. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.bioversityinternational.

org/fileadmin/bioversity/publications/Web_version/572/ch27.htm● Garden Heights Features | Easy to Grow Palms. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.gardenheights.com/featured_plants/featured_palms.html● Growing Bamboo. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.mastergardenproducts.com/gardenerscorner/growbamboo.htm● Fairs, M. (2008). Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2008 by Frank Gehry | Dezeen. Dezeen. Retrieved 27 April 2016, from http://www.dezeen.com/2008/03/27/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2008-by-frank-gehry/● Gehry's Pavilion. (2008). the Guardian. Retrieved 27 April 2016, from http://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2008/jul/10/serpentine

● Jackfruit. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html● Jackfruit Care – How To Grow Jackfruit Trees. (2013). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/jackfruit-trees/growing-jackfruit-trees.htm● P., J., & H. (2015). Lanzones Production Guide. Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://businessdiary.com.ph/4259/lanzones-production-guide/● Palm Tree Care Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.bhg.com/gardening/trees-shrubs-vines/trees/growing-palm-trees/● What Does Porous Soil Mean? (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://motherhood.modernmom.com/porous-soil-mean-5507.html● Cempedak. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_201_2005-02-01.html● Bougainvillea spp Plant Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://floridata.com/Plants/Nyctaginaceae/Bougainvillea spp/553● Salacca zalacca. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Salacca zalacca● Special characteristics and uses of bamboo. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/momentum/bamboo/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=838:special-

characteristics-and-uses-of-bamboo-&catid=118&Itemid=5● Ludai (Sapium baccatum) | ITTO. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.tropicaltimber.info/specie/ludai-sapium-baccatum/ ● Shorea resinosa. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Shorea resinosa ● Forest Research Institute Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.frim.gov.my/shorea-resinosa-another-jigsaw-puzzle-in-the-sky/?wppa-album=55 ● Endospermum diadenum. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Endospermum diadenum ● Malesian Euphorbiaceae Descriptions. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/Euphorbs/specE/Endospermum.htm ● Skyfield Tropical : Encyclopedia : Rare Fruit Trees. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from https://www.skyfieldtropical.com/encyclopedia/langsat/ ● 黃桐，黃蟲樹 Endospermum chinense 大戟科（喬木） (頁 1) - 雙子葉植物 Dicotyledons - HKWildlife.Net Forum 香港自然生態論壇 - powered by Discuz! Archiver. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http:

//www.hkwildlife.net/Forum/archiver/?tid-19507.html ● Blanket grass (Axonopus compressus). (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.feedipedia.org/node/498 ● COCONUT TREE. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.botanical-online.com/english/coconut_tree.htm ● Coconut Tree - Cocos nucifera. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/coconut.htm ● Cordyline fruticosa. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyline_fruticosa ● Kopsia fruticosa, Shrub Vinca, Pink Kopsia, Kopsia Merah, Pink Gardenia, Pink Giant Shrub Periwinkle -. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from https://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Kopsia_fruticosa.htm ● Plants are the Strangest People. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://plantsarethestrangestpeople.blogspot.my/2009/01/party-planner-cordyline-fruticosa.html ● Palm | tree. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://global.britannica.com/plant/palm-tree ● Climate Shah Alam (2016) - meteoblue.com - retrievded April 27, 2016. From https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/shah-alam_malaysia_1732903● Monsoon in Southeast Asia (2013) -asienreisender.de - retrieved April 27, 2016. From http://www.asienreisender.de/monsoon.html

● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/serpentine-galleries-pavilions-history/● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/20/movie-serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2000-zaha-hadid-julia-peyton-jones/● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.viewpictures.co.uk/Default.aspx● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.balmondstudio.com/work/serpentine-pavilion-2001/● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/9303164/The-Serpentine-Gallery-Summer-Pavilion-over-the-years.html?frame=2235550● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.viewpictures.co.uk/Details.aspx?ID=3241&TypeID=1● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/lilas-pavilion-serpentine-gallery-london-united-kingdom-news-photo/157906624● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/oscar-cafe.html● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.artofthestate.co.uk/london_photos/Serpentine_Gallery_pavillion_2005.htm● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.viewpictures.co.uk/Details.aspx?ID=63047&TypeID=1● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.dailyicon.net/2008/08/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-by-rem-koolhaas/● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/serpentine-gallery-summer-pavilion-2006-london-united-news-photo/157876497● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.artofthestate.co.uk/london_photos/london_serpentine_gallery_pavillion_2007.htm● (2016). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_Galleries● (2016). Retrieved from http://archinew.altervista.org/2016/01/31/frank-gehrys-wooden-serpentine-gallery-pavilion-in-2008-was-hugely-hefty/● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.metalocus.es/en/news/ten-years-temporary-pavilions-serpentine● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.e-architect.co.uk/architects/sanaa/attachment/serpentine-pavilion-sanaa-nw120709-12● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2010/jul/06/serpentine-pavilion-jean-nouvel● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.viewpictures.co.uk/Details.aspx?ID=148887&TypeID=1● (2016). Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/rogersg/5904738343● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.dezeen.com/2011/07/06/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2011-by-peter-zumthor-photographed-by-hufton-crow/● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.domusweb.it/en/video/2012/06/04/the-2012-serpentine-pavilion.html● (2016). Retrieved from http://into-the-fashion.com/27977/architecture-the-new-serpentine-gallery-pavilion/● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.dezeen.com/2013/06/04/serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2013-by-sou-fujimoto/● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/2014-serpentine-gallery-pavilion-revealed_o● (2016). Retrieved from https://www.architecture.com/Explore/Stories/Pop-uparchitecture2.aspx● (2016). Retrieved from http://www.serpentinegalleries.org/exhibitions-events/serpentine-pavilion-2015-designed-selgascano