Marine Invertebrates. Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) Kingdom Animalia (animals) No vertebra...
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Transcript of Marine Invertebrates. Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) Kingdom Animalia (animals) No vertebra...
Marine Invertebrates
Marine Invertebrates
Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) Kingdom Animalia (animals) No vertebra (backbone) 97% of all animal species on earth
Phylogenetics
Protostomes(mouth first)
Deuterostomes(mouth second)
Embryo cell division
simple ---------------------------- complex
Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry
Pelagic vs. Benthic Zones
Suspension vs. Deposit Feeding
Sponges
Phylum Porifera (“pore bearers”) Structurally simple
No true tissues or organs Aggregate of 4+ kinds of cells
Most distinguishing – collar cell (filter feeding)
Spicules (CaCO3 or SiO2), spongin (protein mesh) internal skeleton No symmetry (asymmetry)
Sponges
spongin
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/03180007.jpg
Active suspension feeders (filter feeders) Benthic
Sponges
Can reaggregate, regenerate
Sponges
Reproduction: Asexual
Break, regenerate
Sexual Broadcast sperm Internal fertilization Planktonic larvae
http://www.oceanicresearch.org/jpegs/spawning_sponge.jpghttp://www.sars.no/images/adamska_Research_Figure3.jpg
Sponges
Phylum Porifera – 3 classes: Class Calcarea (CaCO3 spicules) Class Hexactinellida (SiO2 spicules, glass sponges) Class Demospongiae (spongin, maybe SiO2 spicules, 95% of all sponges)
Sponges – Different Shapes
Tube, vase, barrel
Flat, encrusting
Ball
Finger, rope
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/OPG/bahiahonda/photos/BAH-loggerhead-sponge.jpg http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/science/benthic/bc37a.jpg
Sponges – More Variety
http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/oee/vcd/photos/xmarine.htmlhttp://phage.sdsu.edu/imagery/gallery/images/full/opantos_205643651075.jpghttp://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/gallery/livingocean/livingocean.html http://www.aquaticvideo.com/reef_creatures_web/images/
← calcareous
“fire”→
Glass Sponges
http://www.naturalsciences.org/education/deepsea/images/
Silicon spicules Deep-sea, cold
http://www.science.widener.edu/~schultz/canon_10d/glass_sponge3.jpg
Long Island Sponges
http://www.mbl.edu/marine_org/images/animals/images/microciona.2.jpg
← Red beard sponge (Microciona prolifera)
← Boring sponge (Cliona sp.)
http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/dyrynda-wale-cliona-celata-beta-wl.JPGhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-304/htmldocs/chap11/images/rock8l.jpg
Finger sponge (Haliclona oculata)
http://www.seamasters.be/images/bio/Peter/zakspons(vanBragt).jpg
Tufted vase sponge (Scypha ciliata)
Cnidarians
Phylum Cnidaria Stinging cells (nematocysts) for defense and feeding Radial symmetry True tissues, but no organs Planktonic (medusa) or benthic (polyp) – some alternate
CnidariansBody orientation: Medusa – tentacles down Polyp – tentacles up
Radial symmetry: body with gut central mouth circle of tentacles
Cnidarians
Tissue layers: Epidermis (outer) Gastrodermis (inner, digestive) Mesoglea (middle, jelly) No organs
Cnidarians
http://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent/images/nematocyst.gif
Cnidarians
Phylum Cnidaria – 4 classes: Class Hydrozoa – hydroids, some jellyfish, siphonophores, “fire coral” Class Cubozoa – box jellyfish Class Scyphozoa – most jellyfish Class Anthozoa – anemones, corals
Hydroids
http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/brink/pink_hearted_hydroids.jpg
http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/cnidaria/hydech.jpg
Pink-hearted hydroids (Tubuleria sp.)
Snail fur (Hydractinia echinata)→
http://i1.treknature.com/photos/2550/img029.jpg
Siphonophores
http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/plankton.htmlhttp://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent5/blowups/b_bargmannia_sp.jpg
http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm
Hydrozoan Jellyfish
NOAA
Ribbed hydromedusa (Aequorea sp.)
http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/40108000/jpg/_40108958_velella203.jpg http://www.reefs.org/library/aquarium_net/1097/images/p_penici.jpg
Cubozoan Jellyfish
http://www.australianfauna.com/images/irukandjijellyfish.jpg http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/images/Carybdea_sivickisi_Guam.jpg
Scyphozoan Jellyfish
NOAA
http://www.njscuba.net/etc/cozumel/images/03220047.jpg
http://www.itchyfeet.org/roatan/upsidedown.jpg
Moon jelly (Aurelia aurita)
Sea nettle (Chrysaora spp.)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/hershman/253773774/
Lion’s mane (Cyanea capillata)
Anemones
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-304/htmldocs/chap11/images/rock7l.jpg
Frilled anemone (Metridium senile)
http://home.comcast.net/~milazinkova/Fogshadow.html
http://www.sherrysknowledgequest.com/Percula2a.jpg
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/69/186245645_0bcd7af4ab.jpg?v=0
Soft Hexacorals
http://oc-creative.com/7gal/SteveBOXzoos5.jpghttp://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/
http://www.coralreefecosystems.com/images/blzoos.jpg
NOAA
Tropical Reef-Building Corals
http://www.floridamarine.org/images/gallery/ NOAA
Temperate & Deep Reef Corals
(Acropora pruinosa – Japan)
http://whelk.aims.gov.au/coralsearch/html/401-500/Species%20pages/468.htm
(Oculina arbuscula – Atlantic to NC)
http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2003/05/coral.jpg
(Lophelia pertusa – North Atlantic, deep)
http://www.lophelia.org/images/jpeg/43570008_cropped.jpg http://www.southernct.edu/includes/images.php?src=news_images&imgid=656
(Astrangia poculata/danae – Atlantic, inc. LI)
Octocorals
http://www.geoffschultz.org/Reef/Coral/images/20050303-113902.JPG
Cnidarian Reproduction Spawning of eggs and sperm (Anthozoans) Alternate between planktonic (sexual) and benthic (asexual) stages (other 3 classes) All have planktonic ciliated larva (planula)
http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis2/images/figures/Figure_4.gif
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Labs/Lab03/Aurelia-planula+SEM.gifhttp://people.uncw.edu/szmanta/crbio_slides/crebioslides.html
Comb Jellies
Phylum Ctenophora Cilia combs (8 rows), prism effect Sticky cells (colloblasts), usually on 2 tentacles
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/260181162_b466c4c8b9.jpg?v=0
Comb Jellies
Biradial symmetry (radial/bilateral) True tissues, but not true organs All marine, almost all planktonic Important predators of copepods and larval organisms Large numbers aroundLong Island
Mnemiopsis leidyi
Comb Jellies
NOAA
http://www.coml.org/medres/img/figure_18full.jpg
NOAA
http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~haddock/plankton/Velamen.jpghttp://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/animals/radiata/ctenophora/beroe4.jpg
Phylogenetics
Protostomes(mouth first)
Deuterostomes(mouth second)
Embryo cell division
simple ---------------------------- complex
Worms, Worms, and More Worms
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) Ribbon worms (Nemertea) Roundworms (Nematoda) Peanut worms (Sipuncula) Echiuran worms (Echiura) Segmented worms (Annelida)
Flatworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes Simplest phylum with true organs, organ systems, bilateral symmetry Central nervous system (brain) No respiratory system (diffusion) Incomplete digestive tract (food, waste through same opening)
Flatworms
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-4a/Class_Turbellaria_1/Lab_4a-01a.jpg
Turbellarians – free-living, colorful, mostly benthic
Flatworms Flukes, tapeworms – parasitic
http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20031208/87d4bff74e41427cb278526bd9cbe76a/5260_lores.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png/320px-Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png
Segmented Worms
Phylum Annelida Segmented body Circulatory system (some gills) Mostly benthic Most marine species are polychaetes (bristle worms) Others:
Oligochaetes (earthworms) Leeches
Segmented Worms
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb6pg7.htm
Parapodia – appendages for locomotion Setae – bristles
Segmented Worms
http://webmineral.com/specimens/Methanehydrate.jpg
Frozen methane hydrate with “ice worms”
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nereis_succinea_%28epitoke%29.jpg/800px-Nereis_succinea_%28epitoke%29.jpg
Segmented Worms
http://storesense2.megawebservers.com/stores/h/HS2651/catalog/christmas-tree-worm.jpghttp://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/expedition6/daily/ss020602/6.jpg
Hydrothermal vent, cold seep tube worms
Formerly Phylum Pogonophora No mouth, gut, or digestive system Absorb nutrients directly from water or from internal symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria
Segmented Worms
http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E84896E2-2F7E-4D2A-9D46-366B50558303/87497/p5365dop.jpg
Segmented Worms
Segmented Worms
http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2004/whalefall.html
Osedax mucofloris, bone (“zombie”) worm
Segmented Worms
http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm
http://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/weisblat/media/AEBPARlifz1.jpghttp://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/images/parasites5.gif
Leeches not as common in the ocean as freshwater