Major Ecosystems of the World Chapter 6. Earth’s Major Biomes.
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Transcript of Major Ecosystems of the World Chapter 6. Earth’s Major Biomes.
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Major Ecosystems of
the World
Chapter 6
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Earth’s Major Biomes
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Type of biome controlled by temperature and precipitation
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Tundra
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Tundra
Characterized by:
• Very short growing season
• Little precipitation (10-25 cm / yr)
• Permafrost
• Low species diversity
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Boreal Forest (Tiaga)
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Boreal Forest (Tiaga)
Characterized by:
• Short growing season
• Low precipitation (~50 cm / yr)
• Dominated by conifers (spruce, fir), but also has aspen, birch
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Temperate Rain Forest
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Temperate Rain Forest
Characterized by:
• Cool; high precipitation (~127 cm / yr)
• Dominated by evergreens (hemlock, spruce, cedar)
• Heavily logged
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Characterized by:
• Hot summers, cold winters
• Moderate precipitation (75-150 cm / yr)
• Dominated by oaks, hickory, maple
• Commonly converted to agriculture
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Grasslands
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Grasslands
Characterized by:
• Hot summers, cold winters
• Low to moderate precipitation (25-75 cm / yr)
• Dominated tallgrass or shortgrass prairies
• Heavily converted to agriculture
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Chaparral
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Chaparral
Characterized by:
• Dry summers, mild winters
• Frequent fires
• Dominated by short pines, evergreen shrubs, scrub oak (but varies worldwide)
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Deserts
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Deserts
Characterized by:
• Wide daily variations in temperature
• Very dry (<25 cm precipitation / yr)
• Sparse plant coverage
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Savanna
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Savanna
Characterized by:
• Precipitation 76-150 cm / yr, but very seasonal with extended dry periods
• Dominated by grasses, with occasional trees
• African most famous for herds of wildebeest, antelope, zebra
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Tropical Rain Forests
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Tropical Rain Forests
Characterized by:
• Very high precipitation 200-450 cm / yr
• Very nutrient-poor soil
• Extremely high primary productivity
• Extremely high species richness
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Earth’s Major Biomes
Vertical Zonation: The Distribution of Vegetation on Mountains
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Aquatic EcosystemsFundamental division:
Freshwater vs. Saltwater
But, both contain 3 ecological category of organisms:
•Free floating plankton•Strongly swimming nekton•Bottom-dwelling benthos
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Rivers and Streams•Tend to be narrow, swift, clear, cold, nutrient poor, and highly oxygenated
•Tend to be wide, slow, cloudy, warm, nutrient rich, and less oxygenated
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Lakes and Ponds
Highly productive, high species richness
Photosynthetically productive; large fish
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Lakes and Ponds
Not always present; anaerobic, dominated by decomposers
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Thermal stratification in temperate lakes
Thermal Stratification - marked layering of large temperate lakes caused by how far light penetrates
Thermocline - an abrupt temperature transition where the cooler denser water remains at the bottom while the warm, less dense water remains at the top
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater EcosystemsFall and Spring Turnover in temperate lakes
Fall Turnover - a mixing of the layers; as surface water cools, its density increases and it displaces the less dense, warmer, mineral-rich water beneath and the warmer water rises to the surface where it cools and sinks
Spring Turnover - the ice melts and the surface water sinks to the bottom and the bottom water rises to the surface
Why is Turnover Essential?
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
Marshes and Swamps•Highly productive
•Nutrient rich due to slow decomposition
•Remove many pollutants
What is the difference between a swamp and a
marshland?
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Estuaries: Where freshwater and saltwater meet.
• Highly variable environment
(salinity, temperature, light penetration rapidly changes).
• Many fishes and shellfish spend larval stages here.
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Estuaries
Two general types:
1) Salt marshes
2) Mangrove forests
What is the difference between a salt marsh
and a mangrove forest?
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Aquatic EcosystemsCase-in-Point: The Chesapeake Bay
Largest Estuary in the US
--most productive estuary in the US
--nine rivers and 150 streams empty into the bay
-- Home to more than 1 million people
--deteriorating water quality due to pollution
--overfishing
--loss of habitat
-- sedimentation
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Three Main Life Zones -
-- Intertidal Zone
-- Benthic Environment
-- Abyssal Zone
-- Hadal Zone
-- Pelagic Environment
-- Neritic Province-- Oceanic Province
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Intertidal Zone
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Benthic EnvironmentPhotic benthic environments include:
1) Sea grasses
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Benthic EnvironmentPhotic benthic environments include:
1) Sea grasses
2) Kelp forests
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Benthic EnvironmentPhotic benthic environments include:
1) Sea grasses
2) Kelp forests
3) Coral reefs
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Types of Coral Reefs
(a) Fringing reef
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Types of Coral Reefs
(b) Atoll
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Types of Coral Reefs
(c) Barrier reef
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Human Impacts on Coral Reefs
• Sedimentation / siltation
• Pollution
• Overfishing
• Direct disturbance (anchor dragging, divers damaging / collecting specimens)
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
The Neritic Province
Dominated by floating and swimming organisms.
Such as many large fishes, sea jellies, various plankton.
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Marine EcosystemsThe Oceanic Province
Largest area of ocean
Least explored area
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Aquatic EcosystemsHuman Impacts on the Ocean
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Aquatic Ecosystems
Human Impacts on the Ocean
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Interaction of Life Zones
Case-in-Point: The Everglades