Madgearu, Alexandru - Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th-12th Centuries

7/22/2019 Madgearu, Alexandru - Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th-12th Centuries

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Byzantne Mltary Organzaton on the Danube,

thth Centures


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East Central and Eastern

Europe n the Mddle Ages,

General Editor

Florn Curta

VOLUME

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee
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Byzantne Mltary Organzaton

on the Danube,thth Centures

By

Alexandru Madgearu

LEIDEN BOSTON


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Cover illustration: Saltero d Baslo II, Marc. Gr. Z. (=), . IIIr. (Basl II Bulgaroctonus,mnature). Su concessone del Mnstero per Ben e le Attvt CulturalBbloteca NazonaleMarcana.

Lbrary o Congress Catalogng-n-Publcaton Data

Madgearu, Alexandru.[Organzarea mltara bzantna la Dunare n secolele XXII. Englsh]Byzantne mltary organzaton on the Danube, thth centures / by Alexandru Madgearu.

pages cm. (East Central and Eastern Europe n the Mddle Ages, ; Volume )Includes bblographcal reerences and ndex.ISBN ---- (hardback : alk. paper) ISBN ---- (e-book) . Danube

Rver RegonHstory, Mltary. . Byzantne EmpreHstory, Mltary. . ByzantneEmpreHstory, Mltary. I. Ttle.

DR..M

.dc

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CONTENTS

Lst o Illustratons .......................................................................................... v

Lst o Abbrevatons ...................................................................................... x

Introducton ..................................................................................................... 1

I. The Recovery o the Danuban Fronter .......................................... 7

II. The Mltary Organzaton o the Danube Regon ........................ 59

The Theme o Drstra (later, Paradunavon) ............................ 59

The strategoias Cty Commanders n the Theme

Drstra/Paradunavon ....................................................................... 88

The Theme o Srmum and the New Bulgaran Theme

on the Mddle Danube ................................................................... 95

III. The Evoluton and Functon o the Danube Fronter oByzantum () .......................................................................... 101

The Fortficatons ............................................................................. 101

The Danube Fronter n the th Century ................................ 115

The Danube Fronter n the th Century ................................ 144

Concluson ........................................................................................................ 167

Bblography ..................................................................................................... 173

Index o People ................................................................................................ 199

Index o Geographcal Names ..................................................................... 204

Index o Sources .............................................................................................. 210

Index o Modern Authors ............................................................................. 211


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ABBREVAN

AA Ac Aqu Acdm cum Hugc,Budp

AB Achg Bugc, AEMA Achum Eu Md A, WdAA Auu uuu d Ahg A. D.

Xp,

AM Ahg Md, AMN Ac Mu Npc, Cuj-NpcAMV Ac Mu V, VAh Ahgj, B Byz. Ru d ud yz-

, BuxBB Byzugc, BBA B Byzch A, B

B Byzch chug, AmdmBHR Bug Hc Rw, BM Bulgaria mediaevalis, d. V. Gjuz, V. pk-

Zm, K. N, BM Buu Mum c, BucuBMG Byz d Md Gk ud, BmghmBNJ Byzch-Nugchch Jhch, AhB Byz ud, Pugh

BH Bu d c Hqu d Acdm Ru-m, BucBNR Buu c Nummc Rm, BucuBorders Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis. Frontiers in Late

Antiquity and the Middle Ages (C Mdud. Uy Yk. ud h Ey Md-d Ag, 12), dd y Cu, uhu, 2005

Byzantium and Byzantium and East Central Europe. Papers of aEast Central Symposium, Cracow, 2426 September 2000, dd yEurope G. Pzg, M. m, P. ph, Ccw, 2001Byzantium at War Byzantium at War (9th12th c.). N Hc

Rch ud, u ByzRch ( ympum, 4), dd yK. kk, Ah, 1997


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x list of abbreviations

Byzanz und Byzanz und seine Nachbarn, hg. A. Hhwg (d-Nachbarn Eup Jhuch, 26), Mch, 1996

Byz Byzc, PguBZ Byzch Zch, MchCCDJ Cuu cz Du d J, CCHB Corpus Fontium Historiae ByzantinaeCEB X Actes du XIIe Congrs International dtudes Byzantines

(Ochride, 1016 septembre 1961), 2 ., Bgd, 1964CEB XV Actes du XIVe Congrs International des tudes Byzantines,

3 ., Bucu, 19741976CEB XV Actes du XVe Congrs International dtudes Byzantines

(Ah, pm 1976), Ah, 1980CEB XX XXe Congrs International des tudes Byzantines. Pr-actes,

3 ., P, 2001CN Cc ummc, BucuCronica 1999 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campania

1999, D, 2000Cronica 2000 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice. Campania 2000, uc,

2001Cronica 2001 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice. Campania 2001, Buz,

2002Cronica 2002 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campania

2002, . Ghgh, 2003Cronica 2003 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campania

2003, Cuj-Npc, 2004Cronica 2004 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campania

2004, Mg, 2005

Cronica 2005 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campania2005, C, 2006

Cronica 2006 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campania2006, uc, 2007

Cronica 2007 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campania2007, , 2008

Cronica 2008 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campania2008, g, 2009

Cronica 2009 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campania2009, uc, 2010

Cronica 2010 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campania2010, u, 2011


12/225

list of abbreviations x

Cronica 2011 Cronica cercetrilor arheologice din Romnia. Campa-nia 2011, gu Mu, 2012

DAW chch Akdm d Wch,Phphch-Hch K, DkchDud Dud, VDobruda. tudes Dobruda. tudes ethno-culturelles, , 1987DP Dum k Pp, Whg DCEAVR Enciclopedia arheologiei i istoriei vechi a Romniei,

3 ., Bucu, 19942000EB ud Bkqu, EBP tudes byzantines et post-byzantines, Bucu, ECEEMA E C d E Eup h Mdd Ag,

4501450, G Ed . Cu M N M N. A d chg , Rm-

PNMV zj Ndj Muzj (puy zj

Vk Ahgk Du), VIstro-Pontica Istro-Pontica. Muzeul tulcean la a 50-a aniversare,

19502000. Omagiu lui Simion Gavril la 45 de ani deactivitate, 19552000, uc, 2000

JB Jhuch d chch Byzk, WMCA M cc hgc, BucuMGH Monumenta Germaniae HistoricaMN Muzu N, BucuPeace and War Peace and War in Byzantium. Essays in Honor of

George T. Dennis S.J., dd y mhy . M dJh N, Whg DC, 1995

Polychronion Polychronion. Festschrift Franz Dlger zum 75.Geburstag, hg. P. Wh, Hdg, 1966

PP Pk-P, umPrinos Prinos lui Petre Diaconu la 80 de ani. Vum gj

d Cd, Vu u, M Ngu, B,2004

Proceedings Proceedings of the International Symposium dedicatedHaralanov to the Centennial of the Dr. Vassil Haralanov, held in

Shumen in September the 13th15th 2007, cd. Jd, hum, 2008

Rd R d , BucuREB Ru d ud Byz, P


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x list of abbreviations

REEE Ru d ud ud-E Eup, BucRHEE Ru Hqu du ud-E Eup, Buc

R R c, BucuRR R c Rm, BucuRRH Ru Rum dH, BucB ud Bcc, B ud Byz ggphy, Whg DCCV(A) ud cc d ch ( hg),

BucuCN ud cc d ummc, BucuEER h c d E Eup Rw, dMM ud m d md, BucuMMM ud m d muzg m,

Bucu d-chug, MchRH Scriptores Rerum Hungaricarum tempore ducum

regumque stirpis Arpadianae gestarum. Edd ppu Emcu zpy, 2 ., Budp, 19371938

ud ud. R d , BucuM ux Mm, C d Rchch dH

C Byz, PVyz Vyz. Epmk g Ku Vyz-

Eu Phphk ch AuPpmu, hk

Von der Scythia Von der Scythia zur Dobruda, hugg Ch.Ch, R. Pg, R. Hh (Mc

Bugc, 11), W, 1997ZRV Zk Rd Vzhkg u, Bgd


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II

he s mgaph eg a mpehesve svey he Byzae

mlay gaza Blgaa a bja was we by lae

Bes ,1 as al esl hs ses pblshe bewee a

( sae: Bes ; Un duc byzantin du XIe sicl: Katakalon

Kkaumnos, BSH, , , ; Bes ; La qustion d Paristrion,ou conclusion dun long dbat, B, , , ; Bizanul i romanitata

d la Dunra d Jos, Be, ). Beses leay ses (alms hesame as hse avalable a w ay), hs w was base a small

mbe lea seals, a vey sae ahaelgal aa m he

as apava a Gav, whee exavas ha sae ew

yeas bee hs b was pblshe (see G. Fles,Fouills t rchrchs

archologiqus Calachioi (Capidava?) n 1924 t 1926, aa, ,

, ; Iem, Capidava n poca migraiilor, I, , , ;

Gh. ea, Dinogtia, I. Risultati dlla prima campagna di scavi, aa,

, (), ).he b pblshe was he s e exlsvely eae

he mlay a amsave gaza he pves Paa-av a Blgaa. Bee Bes, lae Iga,2 Gheghe I. Ba,3

ag Aasasjev,4 Pe Maev,5 sa eles6 have

eal wh hs p ly ageally. he s seals mlay a vl-

a gaes wee pblshe he s. May ame m Slsa, a y

wh he bes maa a ha me (see . Bes, Ls scaux

byzantins trouvs Silistri, B, , , , ; . Bes, P. Papahag,

Plombs byzantins dcouvrts Silistri, B, , , , ). Gheghe I.

Bas sag mgaph eae he Bla Sea als -

be he sy he Byzae pe he aba eg.

Hweve, alhgh we bewee a , he b was pb-

lshe ly , as he ah was se ps by he mms

1 Bes .2 Iga , .3 Ba , ; Ba .4 Aasasjev , .5 Maev .6 eles , ; eles , .


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introduction

egme, a he masp was ae Fae by Vale Lae, a

pblshe hee a lal assa he maa aspa).7

he evelpme he ahaelgal eseahes maa a Bl-gaa ae le he ea he Byzae as,

a hse ses whh exavas e: apava,

Gav, Isaea, Pl l Sae ( he maa pa bja),8

Plsa, Peslav, Slsa a Vaa ( Blgaa). he ex w blg

p . Bess was I Baeas b he h vlme

he sees sa bge, pblshe .9 Baea se ml-

ay gaza he bass ahaelgal s a he he ms

eely svee seals. He als aalyze he ls es pblsheby las mes . he mgaph le he esls

ahaelgal exavas ae by I. Baea hmsel gehe wh

Gheghe ea a B Mea a Gav a Isaea, a als

a he eseah he yge geea ahaelgss

(Pee a a a Fles) a Pl l Sae a apava. he

ahaelgal mgaph gea-Gav pblshe bgh

a esve b awg a lea hlgy he pe.10 A

be syhess he he e eseah he Byzae e

he hh ees was pesee a he h Ieaal gess

Byzae Ses (L, ).11 Seveal ses appeae he s

he mlay hsy a hsal gegaphy he aba eg he Byzae pe, by sh shlas as Alexa Blav-Ghmp,12

sa ha,13 Pee a,14 Alexae Kzev,15 Pee .

sel,16 Ege Ses,17 Aew basy,18 aesz Waslews.19

he as he h Ieaal gess Byzae S-

es Bhaes (), a emaable aalge was pblshe e he

7 Ba .8 he exava eps wee pblshe eah yea SIV, a he MA.9 Baea, ees , .

10 ea, Baea .11 ah, Baea, a .12 Blav-Ghmp ; Blav-Ghmp .13 ha ; ha ; ha .

14 a ; a a; a b; a .15 Kzev , ; Kzev , ; Kzev , ; Kzev , .16 sel ; sel , ; sel .17 Ses ; Ses a; Ses b; Ses ; Ses ;

Ses .18 basy .19 Waslews .


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introduction

le la bza ma [Byzae le maa], a

gehe wh a mbe papes pesee a he gess, whh wee

eae he hsy he Byzae mlay gaza he a-be eg.20 Pee as mgaph he Peheegs, whh ha

bee pblshe he pevs yea, als le sme sss he

mlay gaza Paaav.21 He e hs ses he

same ve wh hs b he mas.22

A ew geea hsas appahe he p he s,

sg ehe leay (Iva Blv,23 Jaha Shepa,24 lae eba

aaa,25 Vasla pva-Zamva),26 ahaelgal ses, pa-

laly he eve-gwg aa eslg m exavas Pl lSae, apava, Gav, Isaea, as well as m ewly pee ses

, aa, lea, Kva, , Vee, Baev (Sefka

Agelva, Slva Baash, V H. Bama, Ljmla eva-Peva,

Gheghe M-Aameea, Ees bele-vea, Ma

Ppv, Ia Vasl). I Seba, he blg he pwe plas he

I Gaes eg ee he ppy may ese exavas,

whh bgh sme esls eleva he hsy he hh

ees. A small se he abe e was hs se a

alms exhasve mae, alhgh ly he she ba he

ve ( smla eseah was ae he he, maa

ba). Fally, exavas Smm (Semsa Mva), Belgae aBaev ee als he Byzae as he aea.27

A sga pgess ame wh he svey may lea seals -

eg he mlay gaza, whh wee lae pblshe by Geg

Aaasv, I Baea, Iva Jav, Ljbm Masmv, Gheghe

M-Aameea, Ees bele-vea, a Wee

Seb. Hweve, by a he ms mpa svey was ha a eeahve hes seals Peslav, he esl Iva Javs e-

sve w ha se. hs was a maeal qe vale js he

eg, b he Byzae Empe as a whle, se whee else ha

20 Ses ; Lews ; Waslews ; Baea b, ; pva-Zamva b, .

21 a .22 a .23 Blv b, ; Blv .24 Shepa ; Shepa .25 aaa .26 pva-Zamva .27 F all hese ses, see he ws qe hape III.


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introduction

s may seals bee a pesely ae ex. he msma

eseahes Gabel sea, I. Jav, Gh. M-Aameea

a E. bele-vea wee als mpa b heeeme he hlgy he abe e.

Ae ew ahaelgal exavas wee ae Paa

Fee, Hva, Peslav, Plsa, Sala, j, a el w e

a Pl l Sae, apava, Gav, , a Isaea. hse exava-

s wee e by G. Aaasv, Alexa Baea, V. H. Bama,

sel ha, aa ama, I. Jav, Gh. M-Aameea,

Ia . p, el Paashv, a Vale Yv.

he aply gwg am ma a he geeal evelpme ses Byzae mlay hsy mae pssble a mbe sy-

he ses, whh lae vas aspes he mlay gaza

he abe pves, he e hsy. he ses pblshe

by I. Baea,28 P. a,29 I. Jav,30 Gh. M-Aameea,31

. mes32 a . Waslews,33 bgh mpa bs

he hlgy he Byzae mlay a amsave ga-

za, as well as he Peheeg a ma vass. Meve, he

ses he Hgaa meevals Fee Ma eg he Byza-

e-Hgaa elas g he h a h ees eal als wh

he abe e, as he mlay as bewee Byzam

a Hgay vlve he mle se he ve.34 he sgabs he sy he abe eg may be s-

es he geeal mlay hsy he Byzae Empe pblshe by

Jh Hal,35 Has-Jahm Kh,36 Jaha Shepa37 a Wae

eagl.38 he Bsh Byzas Pal Sephes we seveal s-

es, lae pae a mgaph ab he Bala pves

he Byzae Empe he hh ees, wh may vaveeas he evl he abe e.39 I Bas b he

28 Baea b; Baea ; Baea .29 a ; a b; a b.30 Jav a; Jav ; Jav ; Jav b; Jav a.31 M-Aameea ; M-Aameea a.32 mes .

33 Waslews .34 Ma ; Ma ; Ma .35 Hal .36 Kh .37 Shepa .38 eagl .39 Sephes ; Sephes .


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introduction

pve Paaav s haly aessble, as was pblshe ly a

small mbe pes.40 Fl as hapes he Byzae a-

be pves a he ma was he hsy ealy meevalSh-Ease Epe shl als be mee gvg me ae

he ahaelgal a msma aa ha Sephess b.41

he ee aelea ve he las ew eaes he evelpme

Byzae Ses, espeally he els ahaelgy a sgllgaphy

ha a maj b a bee esag he mlay ga-

za he abe eg he hh ees. A ew syhess

s w pssble a eessay.42 he pese b, a pae ves

he gal masp pblshe maa by eaea eSa pblshg hse, s he al esl seveal ses eae

he beggs he abe pves, he evl he mlay

gaza, a ee hlgal aspes eg hs p.43

Sme my al ps have hage ae leag ab he sv-

ey ew seals he eeme he aalyss he exsg aa. he

eseah hs b wes mh he Flbgh ps-al ga I

eeve m h Sae vesy (be Mah ), a

he ses he lbaes me a he mba as ee

Byzae Ses Washg , as well as Blgaa. May has

ae e hse wh have pve me wh bs a ses whh

wee smeal he wg hs w: Vel Ahm, Geg Aa-asv, Jea-lae heye, Fl a, Gabel sea, A a,

he lae Pee a, Sela heva, Seg Ispes, Iva Jav,

Gheghe M-Aameea, Ees bele-vea, Pal

Sephes, V Spe, a Valey Yv.

40 Ba .41 a , .42 A vevew he ee eseah pva-Zamva, Smev , .43 Magea ; Magea a; Magea b; Magea ; Magea

a; Magea b; Magea .


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20/225

C O

COvy O Dub O

d S ks1 sd dm D is dds , d ssm bg 0, bz d x g d sm dg , ggg

s gs bg. O D s s s, s ss dm (s) ss md bz ss g ,2 d sg w Dsm (d Ss), s dd Csm () s d.3 Dsm ws d w S-m 0 gs bg sk w d s-dOnglos, s d s ssd Cs v w d 0 sswg ( s gd mssg s g bz dg-

, ms m, m Dsm).4 Cs ms D, , d s dg md Kks (dd ) s sm i xsd s ws s d bz dm sms bgs.5 u, xs x-s w ss w md g, g s s gw m 0 .

m d s, wks sg g s dm. diw Onglos s s, s s q m s s Css d ks w ddd, sdd s d mss, ws d , s

1 Dm , ; Mdg , ; C 00, ; Mdg 00,.

2 m ss (b , ), w s ssd

ks (Od- , 0; 000, ).3 Dsm: Od- , 00. Csm, m 0 ss s s w m (Cs ,, . ). d , dmd sm D sss sd - s w sd fl.

4 b , ; Jd 00, , .5 b 00, 00, . .


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chapter one

D. M, s w Onglos s , g (s sd Onglos ws m-

md sm m md ws).6 s ks md ks sm s w ,s s, w ws md, dd d m.7ks m d md gd Ms.Sm did is () w dd Onglos.bw Onglos d D ws sm ms z. s dd Onglos md, D Ds, s bgs sd ssd m sg Onglos. m Onglos ms m k wd agul /aul, w ms , s.8 M ss did Onglos w s Md, dd sS , d Ds, s w s vd s- dk,9 s di s sm w ms s S d , id dk d w md gs d, ws s ws d x-ds mm b.1

sd ws jd , w d 0 sk d qd g g dd dk s bss, - dk, d s-dSm Dk Ddj. s g, is bgs, ws gwk Onglos.11 s ,dg bg Vision of Prophet Isaiah w sd , Ispor (sk) d g i dk m D s,12 s x

6 s, M (s. Mg, S, ); ks, , (d. Mg,). s s d Zs, Xv, .00 (d. b-Ws, ).

7 s , .8 , ; b , . mg m L angulus, sd

sm ss, s wg, s ks si ms Onglos ws ds gg bgs.

9 mg m: , ; bs , ; Gjz , ; s ,; C 00, ; Ss 0, 0.

1 b , ; , 0, ; Ss 0, 0. m g s ws s , .11 , ; , ; , ; 00, . s s

dd m is dd k , , dg wmOgs d wks s .

12 , ; Gjz , ; Sq 00, 0, , 0; k 00, . s x, s Dm , 0 ( d smw , s S 0, ).


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the recoer o the anan ronter

sd ms g s bg, x w s mm s -gd s sd

gg sd mm. gdg sk s dg , md bgs d m s msswks, m k m j ws dd w dg dk, w w d s g. s gss msk k s x s g s g bgs.

Sm Dk w C d Cs s kmg, w d s. ssd s. M -ss dd g d m, w s ds dks g ss Ddj( Sm Dk s d w G d SDk Cs). bs G Dk sms L m s (s w), Sm Dk ms -m g. s dg s dd s w d G Dk - dg.13 s x w d w Sm Dk ws is . Ms , Gg dd d Sm d G dks w sm m, w Sm g s ssd ds d G Dk.14 s, ms w s ssd w . s dk s bss, w g vd s d ,w s s d , s dg s sd m s s d s ssd w d-md , w w d s sd m K (bgd ds).15 ss, s m g dk

s , s s w d ig d.16, dks d - m Onglos m g. s ds dd dd D. . Dm d uw d.17

wks ss m, km g,w ss . km2; s; d w md

13 b, s , , 0, ; D , ; , ;M-dm 00 , ; bgd-C 00, ( -m g);Ss 0, 0.

14 Gg 00, .15 C 00, 0; d 00, ; Ss 0, 0.16 , 0, 0, .17 Dm , ; d , ; d 00, .


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0 chapter one

ms kg s .18 s s i ssm sg sggss s k g, d

s g d sws ms d dd w d s.19 w, s w d sks bgs w dg s ssm is, s md , s s s,m s m qs. , dd s Geogra-phy s xd, m s ms w ms [ ] d , D, w s sxs d w ms k, d sd d . O ssd s sk, s K, g m Kzs m ms bgs, w xd d sd.2 sd ws sd, Ddj, D D (d q). s g w m s dmd ids gd ds s d s ssds dg d w s dCs v, w bz d x s g D Dsm. gd d s s d Ddj w ms , w d w g, s m w , w d sg Cs sd g mms sjd -s. S s d :

gg s ;G (d) s , s , s ;s gd ;s gd ;

L (Cm mm) gd 0; s ; (d) s , s ;

18 S dss k , d b, s , .19 D , . id ss dg bg

Ddj , w dd ss (k , ), xsd dd - - dmd m ig

m.2 s, . s gg s ws g d Mss Cz (b , ), d . ws s k (00). s gs dgd s, w . S S 00, 0 s.


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gd ;v s d (s m d).21

d m G (w gs sm g) sws gm m s Cs v. sds w msk d g d m w s (ms ) d Cs v. s s kw g s-sd w K m s fl w s.22 is d w sg, bzs, dg g d s s sk D D.

bg s ssd 0 m m Ms gd bz dm ws s bk S, dgs s m . s bk S g qd m bg ds bg s w ws gwg s. u s m x Cm, d w m sss m bgk (0), m Js g bgs g Zg w S d bgs 0. s-sd w m M (Jk, sk g) Cm; s (m), Msm (s) d Ds (bgs)md bz m. Zg ws d Mk (Km, km ws K) d bzm , dg s, 0 .23

s wg bz-bg fls, -s bk S d D w k m bz sg, w ws sd kg m w s.

bg dd m w (g sms sd g D gs ks )24ws g dg bz s . s sg m ws d Cs v, dg ws w bg

21 Od- , 00; 000, ; Mdg 00, 0;Cs, m 0, .

22 b , .23 s, M (s. Mg, S, ); ks, (d. Mg, );b , ; bwg , ; b , 00; Gg , ; Dm- , ; Ss 0, 0.

24 Annales Regni Francorum, . (d. Kz, ); b , , 0; gg-s , ; C 00, ; Ss 0, , .


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chapter one

w sd ds s gs s (s , m ws dd bg w m, C-

, ws ss dd).25 m g Cs vs m-gs ws s bg xs , ms mbz g g d.26 Dsm ws dg bz dg s ws g Cs vgs bg. , fl 00 s md D, w d m mmdd m md wd S g, g Mk. , fl 00 chelandia w ,00 sm d d D. M-w, d m dd s, w w - J 0, . , dd bgs sd kg swms dwsm m Dsm. g m s d s s ds xs sm s- s g . w, s ms sg bz D dd w bg s d .27

s g D s dmd s dss dd . O m gs strategos dks, w sggss xs Dsm i -g mssgs m theme mmd. s m ws s turma ( sdss theme).28 d D-sm, d-dd 0 D 00 m dgs mgs d , sm bggss ss ws sd d .29 gmg d d dg mks mss dd g d s sgi .

sd, s s m sggs s bz w g ss s g D, dgDsm, w x - fls w bg. s m sd

25 wd-Js 00, .26 Sd , .

27 s, M , (s. Mg, S, , ); ks, , , (d. Mg, /, /, /); Zs, Xv, . (d. b-Ws, );b , ; b , 0, ; Gg , ; Gjz , ,0; bs , 0; Dm , ; C 00, ; Ss 0, ,.

28 b, s , ; Dm 00, 0.29 g, K 00, .


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s ds . w, s bg s mj w g, ca. 00, d s ms s-g bz dm D. bgs sdDsm w sd d w g, d sd ws k Omg ().3 mks s mg gs bg, Km (0) d s , w sd qs Msm,s, Ds, Szs d gs. ks d , ds w m L v(0) Msm . ddd wss bk S w bzm d bg. bzsd s Szs d gs. Ds s sd w w ws g Sdsk.Msm d s w bg. w wsssd Dsgk (Ojk)Cs(Smgd), s (Ms). ss wDs d Ms ws kd dk w kw sksj, w s km g.31

, xs bg sd s W d Md dg g Km, s s k. , sds ss w km d d Md w md s-d bgd D.32 M s w x s, g s m dd gd. - s g

bz g ( w-s, ks, d si kd ms ssd w bz ws) d s ws d -ws m O (Cg, Cs,

3 g, K 00, ; s 0.31 s, M 00 (s. Mg, S, , , ); Skzs,

Leo V the Armenian, (d. , ; d. s, ; s. W, ); Zs, Xv, .;

. (d. b-Ws, , ); bwg , 0; Gg , 0;bwg , ; Dm , ; Ss 0, . ksj w, sb , ; 00, ; C 00, ; d 00, .

32 L Gmms, ; S s, ; Gg Ms, ;Sm, Chronikon, .0 (d. Wg, ); bs , ; bs , ;bz , ; d , ; Dm 00, ; S 00, ; d0, ; Ss 0, 0, .


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G, d, C, M), s w s W-. ms ssd w bzs md

D, d s ms s-d s d bz. Sm s d s, m S (Dgs, bd, Cm-, Gg, d), m s d. kss S ( C) ws s bgs sm bzs sd d D. s ss ws d s d s s ws dd -s ss C Ms, g b ss.33 sdd - sms s mdk w vd s d , s bss, ss kd sm bz ss.34

s D s-d W ds Md d m s sss ( md s), dd sgs s gs Kzs, gs Mgs, d bz s ms D ( ). bzss sw ds D d wmmds, d d d s bg .Cds, bz ss, sd d skd sss m m s (). fl ws s D s m ss. bgs sm-md Mg ws m Levedia ( g w Dd bg w d md 0) s k bz- xd.35 Mgs w m w mds , w w s s bg. mg bg m,

w d d D w s s s,m w dd gs m.36 s Mg ks, bgs sd s ds G Dk ss Ddj,w C D d Cs. s km-g dks ds sds, dd g d sm s g

33 d , ; Cm , ; Dm 00, ; C 00,; d 0, .

34 s, , , .35 L Gmms, ; Gg Ms, ; Sm, Chronikon, . (d. W-

g, ); b , ; bz , ; b, Dm , ;dgd , ; Ks , , 0; Zkm , ; Mdj , 0;S 00, , ; S 00, .

36 b , ; S 00, ; Ss 0, .


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d Kzs s gs bz s ds bk S. uk Kzs, Mgs d

s Cm, gd w ws s d m Cs ssd .4 gd ds gs mm ks s s qd

sg s ws s bkS, s g ws s , w g bg s s d Msm, s w s Ds.41 m, bg d , -m wd s d gg g bs (), s mss d() wd ss gd s w bg dg m bz mgs s. 0, m m bzs s m s ss bk S s, w wd ws ds bg d s. s dg ws s sgs s bz gs bg. s, ss m, ws gd bg k bs w ks m . s gd w S-s . bz m M d mm-d kg bg . bs ws dd d d Cs d m M. wg w, mM d Ds, s, d Msm.42 md ss dg sg ds ssm dd gs bg d s, ssm sd is m dg bz gm ws bk S s, qs D g.

m ds ssm dd gs

s ws Cs m, s sms m ws Msm, w d dqs kleisura. kleisurai w m ss d , s dm sss s ss d m m. is kleisurai w ssd s s, d

4 w Mgs, s k , ; Zkm , .

m s Zkm , 0.41 bwg , 0; b , 00; Gjz , ; Dm ,.

42 Skzs, Michael III and Theodora, (d. , 0; s. s, 0; s.W, 0); Zs, Xv, . (d. b-Ws, ); bwg , ;Gjz , ; bwg , 0; Gjz , ; Gg , ; , 0;Dm , 0; Dm , ; C 00, .


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md m, d k w strategoi ms.43 bks, is kleisura ws gzd Sm Md, .44 Msm, d ss s klei-surarches w dd w g xsw d . kleisura ws d Szs d0.45 Jd is d s d ss sd dd d q , ssmd kleisura -d katepanate Msm.46 W s s katepanate ws dd gzd dg d s sd gs s w d k w d 0. w katepanoi Msm kw, Sm d vzs (s .). m ss xsd Msm, wd kleisura d mg sm gzd ds. s mss ws s Msm, w ws sgg s D d Cm.

bw Cm d Msm, D D ws g sg m, s ws k ss, s dd De Administrando Imperio.47 s s s-sg s sm d m bz m g-z s . xs D Dm d Lksm ws d m dd sLexicon ms, protospatharios d archon Lksm.Lexicon ws w d 00. w sggsd - Lksm ws sm s dd DD g .48 s di ws dsd

m ss, s m m,49 jd vskk-Zm, w md - Lksm

43 w 0, ; Okmds , ; w , ; g ,; d , , .

44 Sd-Zk 000, ; Ksm 00, .45 Jd 00 , 0, . ., 0, . .; Jd, k 00, , . 0;

Jd 00, , . 0.

46 Jd , 0, . 0, .47 Cs gs, X, 0 (d. Msk, /).48 w , 0.49 s: . . s, k w w , S, , , , ;

b, s , ; s, C , ; s , ; D , ; D , ; b , ; b 000, ; M-dm00, ; Dm 00, .


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ws ss, s, . k-Zmd ss m Lksm---D

s d.5 Lkws, ws di s-darchon Boulgarias md sm ss w bz mmd bg mm m, g d b,51 D52 d bwg,53 s d wg. s w qs d bg bs-M.54

ud s mss, Lksm msmw D g ( , s O s g, sm ) s d sm . g- ms - ss d v- , ds s id ss, g sds mL, , s - - sm.55 y, ss Lksm m Lw D ss sm s d s d s , w gs stratilates J Cds, strategos Cd, m d s s bk S. mmd k gs M .56 s s sws xs bz s dm d .s sggss xs m , ss Lksm. dd, solidus sk bs d Cs() ws dsd kw mss g S (sm, Odss g, uk) .57 s sgi-, s s d vd s- dkmd , d x smd ss sm d.58S gd s m s d ds

D, s s sm ds m ssd Lks-m m s sgi.

s w strategos Cd d mmd dm sd d s d d s

5 k-Zm 0, .51 b, s , ; b 000, .

52 D , .53 bwg , .54 k-Zm 0, . s ss, s Jd 00, .55 s , ; s , ; M-dm 00 , .56 b , ; b , .57 ss, k 0000, .58 s, , , .


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s. s Cd d g w d 0 s mm s d mss.59 W sd , m m ds k gs Cs 0, s ws s s k bg, s ms D, d m ds ssm bk S g s w, dd s Cs wssd wd s ssm, md Lksm m, d w Cs d wss s. ds ssm d ws bkS sd s Cs gs s d b-g, w w Mgs sd s ., ssm m ms D ws qd s s bk S 0. s m ss d kd d Lksm - bzm. s sss ss wd . w, s vsk k-Zm s xd w sg sk d m Lksm s ss, m , s. s md sd d m m .

b md Lksm ws dqs bz bk S,6 s d d s, s s Cs Cm ws g m-. m Lksm dd mm s D, G Dk, ms d ssd g bg w. s m

z xsd w bg d bzs Ddj.61 Dg s d, bz ws g s Dsm s d sm s d s; dg , s -d w ws bg ds. s Lksm ws sgg s s Cs. s s s ws sd bz

59 dgd , 0; Ww , .6 b , .61 000, .


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ss sg m ds D.62 m xs .

O ss gd xs Cd -bz ss, d s d Lksmm m g sm dg s d -, s sss mgs d m Csv gs bg. s w, bz dm xdd s s s Sm Dk w C d Cs,w d mkd bz-bg .63 s, xs bg dg g Km m bz xdg s s. W s ss m ws ssd is dg g Cs- v,64 s ms d w d .O d, s Sm Dk wsd g .

m Lksm ws d bz-bgw, w g , w bg Sm ()k Msm d s. m L v () dd s s bg md w D. smmd Mg s, s w s w si ( bzs w ggd sm m w w s ). wd ds sd m Lksm d w Mgs,w w mm mss g kw s Atelkuz(w D bg d D). Mgs d xd gs m Ld, d d md kz. . w s D, w s s w gs

bg. Mgs d d d Ks ssd D s bz , d gd bg, wgw s. w w s ws m Sm (w sm i ss Ds).65 zg d mds, m k L v, d m gs, w m dd d ms, Mgs.

62 s dd D , d Cs , .63 s, C , ; s , .64 s s, ss g- m is d Dsm d

sd is m.65 , L m Durostorum s ddDorystolon Dorostolon

0 s ss w Gk.


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d ws s d bg, d Mgs s . W g sss, Sm ws s

s w D. w dd w mj bg- bgg (s ), sg . m Lksm ms sd xs d, wds gd w ws bk S .66

sdd s g w qd g bz s bk S g, gsw Cs. Lk Mgs, sm -d Cm.67 O s s ws m m s. , strategos Cs, J bgs, qsd m sss w gs Sm. d gs m wd D, w bz- fl ws s s m s k. ds- w bgs d mmd m msLks ( m) d , d bz- m md w d g s. ws gdg Sm, w dd s s s fl, w w sg s ( s), gs 0, gs m d g L ks.68 Smss bgs w d w Mgs ,69 s w s s sd (-Msd)s ms Mg d g ks .7 b bz-bg , s d s g dbg , g w s Msm, Ds, Szs,

66 L, Taktika, . 0 (d. Ds, /); Annales Regni Francorum, . (d. Kz,0); Sm, Chronikon, . (d. Wg, ); s Cs,; Cs gs, XL, 0 (d. Msk, /); Skzs, Leo VIthe Wise, , (d. , ; s. s, 0; s. W, 0); Zs,Xv, . (d. b-Ws, ); Gjz , ; b 0, ; Wzk, 0; Dm , ; Gjz , ; Ks , 0; g ,0; wd-Js 000, ; S 00, ; S 00, ; d 00,. mg gs kz d s , s Okmds ,; b, Dm , ; Mm , 0; Zkm , ; S00, ; S 00, .

67 Osk , .68 s , Letters, 0; s Cs, d. bkk, 0; Skzs,Constantinos VII (913959), (d. , 00; s. s, ; s. W, ); Zs, Xv, . (d. b-Ws, ); Wzk , 00; Dm, ; d 00, ; d 00, .

69 b , ; Dm , ; Mdj , 0; Mkk , .7 D 0, ; S 00, .


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d gs. bz ws bk S sd s Cs gs s ks w s s-

s dgd.71bs gs w qk gwg ms mw s ds bk S, ws ss sm sg s. s ws sd s d g m. s w s , s w sm m ms Kzs d gs. Dg is 0 , bz m k w Kzs, w w g s, s wd dd. O d, w mss sd 0 sd w Jd s. s sm sw ms bz m, w ss wd bk S w d k gs w d D s. s, wsm mg s w s d gs ms .72 j d Mgs d -gs bg d bz m73 swd wss dg ws, d qd sg s ks gs, w s w d ms.

0, s Og sd w gs Kzs qs m m Lks (0), w wsd -s Kzs gd s Css, Kz sdd Og gs m d k Cs-. s k J , , d mm m-md Og d g. fl msd 000 sm s sgd d dsd ss m k 0, ws i

dd ms Gk .74 bz dm ws mss, d sg s s m sm bk S ws dd. s d

71 D 0, ; Gjz , ; Wzk , 00; , 0, ;Mm , 00.

72 , 0; Wzk , 0; x , .

73 s Cs, ; Msd, , ; Skzs,Romanos Lekapenos, (d. , ; s. s, ; s. W, 0); Msk 0, ; D0, ; Okmds , ; Mkk , ; Ss 000, 0; C 00, ;S 00, 0, ; S 00, .

74 Russian Primary Chronicle, ; Osgsk , 0; , ; Zk-m , , ; Ww , ; k, Sd , ; , 0.


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k gs Kz sss Sdk d m-k, d gs s Css. mk

ws k. s g s g d sd K S. Sm gd mk d d k , dg s mg Cs S,75 m sds dmsd s qs w dd . , s d w d bgd bzm, s m w gs, sws sd bz s g. M, gws s d w bz m, . bz s m g smw D bg. msd dd m Cs m d sms Cm gs bk bgs, w w mg m ds S z, s w s gs gs, d s w m m D. smm, wd bk bgs k Kz -s Cm, s sd bz ss.76

s k md ss ds g-z . m m Lks, m i(drongarios), k mss m bk S ds.77 d-g sm, s w mss d w sgg s ms (md ss s w m Constantia Constanteia)ws sd. sg ids bz s m Cs, w m dd s d, s d ssd w w ( ws s Mg, d Gk d m w Cs).78 S bz sgg sd mm d m s.79 kg

bg-bz s ssd , s-m sm bz sgg ss Ddj d xdd, s g d msm d s ss.

dg De Administrando Imperio, md- b-g d Ddj ms D, w

75 Sks 0, 0, S 0, .76 Russian Primary Chronicle, ; D 0, 0; Osk , 0; Wzk, 0; x , ; Ww , ; S 00, 0, ; S 00, ;Gdk 0, .

77 w , 0.78 M-dm , 00; M-dm , 0.79 w , .


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ms Cs ws w bg . s wsd g s m Ss, s-d

D . d s Ss, gsk w m. d s s ss mx s, d, d s d s gs. b Ss d, , g bg, m m D. m D d Ks, d m Ks C-s, d m Cs v, d m v m Dz, w bg . m Dz ds Msm.8 G sd bg s w Msm d g-s, s k m d md w sm s Ddj, d sd Lksm. W m bz s Ddj sd mdd 0 - (dg ids m Mg d Cs, sm s, , Cd d s),81 s g s bz w Ddj. sg m ids s sm fl dmm xgs w bg d bz m.

Dg d w bg d gw kw s Ddj, s-d S Dk ws d, w s ms mg is ss d mCd Cs ( S Dk s Sm s w s G Dks) (s g. ). S Dk s m, km g d ,, m k, smd w msks d m, w d . w-sx s w

w , d 0, s w d g dk. Dd , w s 0 ws d sm ss. M, solidus sk s kw m Xv.82 x md g dk Mdgd did i w sm , w ws sd w d w ws ( s s s m i).83 ms ks

8 Cs gs, X, 0 (d. Msk, /).81 M-dm , 0.82 b, s , 000, ; , ; , ; bgd-

C , 00; M-dm 00 , 0; bgd-C 00,.

83 000, ( sm kw s, ds i ).


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d sm dmss m d w xdm qs k Mdgd.84 D d

w d d bgs w d 000 s ds gs bz-d Ddj.85dg s, dk ws d bzs d-g g bs .86

s S Dk ws 0 , m C s dsd 0 v g M vd (Cs C). s-, g dmgd, ds, sd Ss Dm bgds: . . . gs Gks/ / m Dms/ . . .87 L, m s m M vd sw ss, d w d mms. is dsw s m d s w ms ( D), w s w s g upan md Dmsw d w ss s d.88 Dms s g d w s , w s m . Sm d gs dd bg,ds mg d g.89 w, sms g d .

g d dk ws m-k ds md b-g. s k ms k q M-bs ws m w ws , ssw xd m sm q.9 O C ss

84 s , .85 D , ; D , , ; D , .86 Cd , ; Cd , ; Sm , ; b , ;

M-dm 00 , .87 b, s , , ; b , ; k 00, . s

ws is sd Cm , d bgd, Cm, s , . s ws qsd d 0, 0, w d gg s-s d ss d d bg s, s d x: Ws g- gms d, bgds w, ss s x, g s s S S. g m Cmms m, d d m Ld d ws m -Cmms. s sms

s ds w wd s g dsgd s sss m. s ws w dd s, d s s swd s ds S mms.

88 bgd , .89 b , ; Ss , ; D , ; k 00, .9 C , ; Mdg 000, 0; C 00, . ms

sd k ms Dm, Sms, vs 00, .


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ms s dd md-0 g gds,d s s kw ms ms xs

dg Sss mg bg (), s mks d b sm igs s (vg) wsd Sss mg sg.91 s m bds Zu M GOG OC b SK K Z,w d sd s d gd Gg mss g s gd d s ms ! s dg s -d Kzm ks, w s wd upansd d w Tupai( m m w sd S Gg).92 s, s m upan Ddj x m M vd.

ms k w s ws d in situ, d x v. k ws - xd m w (s g Cm, ds, d m); ws d.93 s s k ws w, s x s skw. O d, s s s ws k m s, s m ms m s sd k ( s m d w ws w m). s s ws ms mmd mmm (s bg ss s ).94 bs k gd d w, ddd wds Dms w s, d d kd w dg d d ds Dms,w w ws w ws d, smm . s m k w s ws sd dg

d w m w dk sd s gs bz s Ddj, s w d 000(s w).95 w, kg g m wkqd dg w a fundamentis, sms m - s k ws d sm dg

91 ks , 0 ( s); s , ; gg

00, ; s 00, ; S 00, .92 ks , .93 s md b, s , , , , d s w -

dd ws.94 bgd, Cm, s , .95 d md d d ss M vd

s ws is wd s, C , .


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g Sm .96 Sq s dd d dk ws wk dd mmm

w d sg bg s, w m s.97 w, dd g s dksg sggss dd dd m 0. s i ms d s gs g ks dd s d bg s-ms, ms s ws dd w s sds.

ssg, g x S Dk ws w ddd d, s g x s dmsd. g 0- sm w s ss ws did d-g s xs md M 0 g v , m Cs. m m 00 gs wss d sd Sm Dk (sm gs g m). m sm sm sm d w 0 nomismata ws d . g kw s sk Cs v d ms w d . sm d nomismata ssd Cs v d ms d ks wsd sdgs. b ds w dd dg s . O nomismata ssd w d kw ms s g S Dk js d , O, s,u, bs (M), d Cs.98

w g, bz m d m - w s d gs, d w . s s s bk S g d j gs bg , dd Mg d gs

m. m ks ks () sd m s bg, w d ssd , d d g-s mg, w d d s mm s .99 sd, m

96 , ; 00, ; C 00, 0.97 Sq 00, 0.

98 b, s , ; M-dm , ; -bd,O, 00, ; Cs, M 00, 0; Cs, m 0,, , ; C 0, .

99 L D, v. (d. , S, 0); Skzs,Nikephoros II Phokas, 0(d. , ; s. s, ; s. W, ); Zs, Xv, . (d. b-Ws, ); Osgsk , ; Sks , 0, ; Gjz , ; , ; bs , ; Ww , , ; dgd , 0; S 00, .


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s m s qd ss m sss ssS , w w dgs bz m. m ws w s , w bzm ws msd d sgd s sss, w s m m ws mss d.1

wg d ks ks, strategos CsKks d Ss K () k b-g, Kks d s w s s, sg - w s ws s w sz m . sggsd Ss , wd k bg, dd- gs m ,00 ds gd ds (d 00kg). smm , K d s mg w m sd s g s 0,000 m, w w d ms D d Ds. bg m, 0,000 m d dd , ws s dd, d S-s qd s sss s bg, dg - s. Sm bg ss w s sd, sg bz . s, sg s mm w gd Lw D g, w s d s bz m. s s mj sg msk, s gd , s g sg d m m. Ss ws w mg s m. dg ss mC, dd d m K, sd sz D, s s

m m, w s d; gd, sks, w, d -s s m G, s d ss m g d bm, dm s s, wx, , d ss.11 dd, s s m D d g m xs d wC d s, sm m s C d sdz Mg mds. Jwsms kw d m S Kz ss, w wd D, w K ds sd

d d Gm ws u D

1 Mw 0, .11 Russian Primary Chronicle, .


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md- . s, gg Lw Dws m d m g s.12

Cd w s s, ks ks ddd s s sm Sss s skg gs k K. d k Sm dg Mg -s bg , w ss sss, s s w d , di s ms sm g d. , s swd ds d s xss s.Ss d s m K gs , sdg wbg m bs (), w d d s wms w bz sss. sd mg,Ss ws ws g ms w gs d Mgs. m s, kd bz - w s bgs w d d s . sws w dm ks ks s m. - fls w m, w Kks d dd gd, w dmd ss sss mid. ss, s bz g bds Sks d ds gs s kds (d L bgs), 0km ws m Cs, sg smm 0. bz m m ,000 m, ws ms m-d s w s m s 0,000 m, mgd ms mg m s flks, sg m ss.13

mm, ks ks d d w J zmsks (), gd g, w g s gw w s, s ws gd m d

bds kss . , d, S-s d w zmsks d m zmsks

12 L D, v. ; v. (d. , S, , ); Skzs, Nike-phoros II Phocas, 0;John Tzimiskes, (d. , , ; s. s, , ;s. W, , ); Zs, Xv, .; Xv, .0 (d. b-Ws, ); Sks , ; Lws , ; Wzk , 00, , ;b , ; k, Sd , , ; bs , ; Ww

, 0; Ss 000, ; C 00, . sz w dsssd . .13 L D, v. , 0 (d. , S, , ); Skzs, John Tzi-

miskes, (d. , ; s. s, ; s. W, ); RussianPrimary Chronicle, ; Sks , 0; Zs, Xv, . (d. b-Ws,); Wzk , 0; , ; k , ; k, Sd ,; bs , ; dgd , 0, 0; Ksm 00, , .


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sg . s s s isd dg w bds ks, bz m md d g s bg, kg k

s d s . dg L D, bz- s dd ,000 dss d ,000 m. mws mmdd m ms, sssd stratilates bdsSks d stratopedarches ks (w mmdd sm d Md). s ws k m sd bgs . ws md s m. s ws is s g -s gs s, m d m dd Ssws m d Ds. Ss, ws g, s s wd m m- D.14 gd m bz d drongarios L, w d d s Ds M, w si mss k ds w s d wdw . s mmd flws d s,15 d -d, js. Mw, bz d m, mg m -s wd Ds, k s sss, s s sk dD.16 m ds w dd dg s mg,s s d zgd.17 g d Ds d, d m d sg. , Ss s ddd d d sm ksgs bz s. w, w bz fl swd , s sdd d s d kd. M, bzs d w s Gk im ss gs s ms.18

bz m sd ws g Ds (s w d mmd bds Sks), w s g ws d k ks. J Skzs ms dg m m dg sg: dg w m m m Cs d

14 g , 0.

15 Jd 00, , . 0.16 D s did w md vjd b , .17 Dz 00.18 L D, v, 0; X, , (d. , S, , ); Skzs,

John Tzimiskes, (d. , 00; s. s, ; s. W, );Zs, Xv, . (d. b-Ws, 0); k, Sd , ; bs, ; d 00, 0.


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sss ssd d D. sg ms msdds [ ] dg mss d sg-

ds. d m kd, dsg is k g sss d w si s s m.19 ms mssg m dd L D, ds Skzs d m w s s. uk L D- w md ms s q, Sk-zs d m ds.11 s, g w d, Skzs s m sw s L D ss. s, ds x w x g gss s sss. skg gssm m wd mk ss d bz-s, s dsg ds g s. S s d mg m g s m, d s sds s w, s m k w bgs. zmsks wsd s s g bg m s . gzd bs sm ( bg ws d Ss d d ws d qd). m m, sm bgs ds Sss sd. S ss w sd s s s bz m ws g.111 m x Skzs s s sdg zmsks. m d s j bgs w ds s, d s m . s s s wgss s s, s wg d m s Ss Mgs, dg w w ms s s s s ssg gss m w d m.112

md is w d k D, wd Cs s w, w s sd. sCs s ms sm s md Cs- gs, ms d s-d Cs. s sq, sm dd d s-sg s w d ss, w sd

19 Skzs, John Tzimiskes, (d. , 0; s. s, ; s. W, ).S s Zs, Xv, .0 (d. b-Ws, 0).

11 MG , .111 Sks , , ; Okmds , .112 Peri strateias, 0/. d d s s s, s 0000,

0.


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Cs d is.113 s w d s s . M m

k s dg ssg s m Cs, d m s, [d] d D. wds, -mds w d . Sm sd s s W ( S), b s,114 s s kw xsd k D Ds. S k gd s s ds D, s dd s-s g d m mwk s. xm, M Sm d s qs ms d ws m m g , sms - dg ms d bz d .115 s w s, s g ms m k ssd w bz ss md bgs . S kw d m , sms d ss sm ssss sd .

s ms Ds, d s, mss ws g ks. s mss J zmsks wd s s sds g ds, mw dd m sg Ds.116 O d g s s s s m sg, wdws mk ss g s s mm m ms dd m. , wd dm s md Skzs d m Ds-. C m m ss w ms s d,

s, m ss wdw. s s Cs (Cs) sd s g s, s dd wdw s. w wdw ws D, w g , d. G bz ws d Ds, wdwg w mxs ws . Mg w s ds, Ss ws w

113 Ss , ; M-dm , .114 Ss , ; D , ; D , ; D,

v , ; b 00, (S 00, 00 s q sk s m).

115 Sm , .116 Skzs,John Tzimiskes, (d. , 0; s. s, ; s. W, ).


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Gk wd s m fl s D.117 s d ws wdw

d Cs (d g s), m g D-, g s g . ws w d s w zmsks gd d xd s Cs d s, s w d kd ss s D . s s gm g s s Ds.118

y--Sd m (w ws md 0) ms , Sss , zmsks k (s, zd s Ds, , s Ds) d gg s s qd sss.119 sm s Skzs: O sss d sdw, m d s sss d s g ks d d m .12 s: m d Cs d mmds s s, w ms d ms w d sdd .121 w ss gm: sm s d s sdd wg,w s w k bz m d ms. , w d w m s, g, k D. D d s k bzs w w g k, s s s Skzs , wd ( = k) s sd sg k.122 -ss, g ds Skzs dd s si smg s , w s s wk.

ss m S sd ws w, d w s bg sgds Ds, s s ws k ( s D kw s Os ws

117 L D, X. (d. , S, ).118 d , 0; b, s , ; b , ; k-

, Sd , 0; bs , ; Mdg 000, .119 y--Sd, . g Okmds , , d dd m b, s , s wg.

12 Skzs, John Tzimiskes, (d. , 0; s. s, ; s. W,).

121 sm, s b 00, ks.122 D , .


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m sm m). ds d S s gd sd s Mdd gs, d s q s-

s sm s xsd k, w m-w fldd.123 w, x S, D, s dmsd is s s ddjs sg Ds .124 m s s -g w dsssd d . .

w bg s k D Ds, s s ms ds ssm gs Mgs d gs, wgd m is s k, s O,s d C-C dd w d 0 ss i G W Dd b d sd m. C, d 00m m ws d G Dk, s ms md ss d m, sg . s ws sm q, w m wd m. xs d s m.125 xs O (ss d km dwsm m Ds, S , d C D) sggs , w ws d -g m ddd sg m, ws , s dmsd sk m -s (0) d d s.126 g s ssm s ddg xs D dwsm (.., s d s) m Ds, s k, s . s ms k s md Skzs dy--Sd.

s m k sg Ds ws ddd J0, Ss w s s, md. L D ms qs ws d gg s.127 s, w, s wd Lg, m w m wd wd (cuvnt) ds. k-s Okmds mkd L D d d wd

123 v , .124 S s D , 00; D , . s g s S, s . .

125 D , 000; s , ; . D, Cochirleni, v, ,.

126 Cs 00000, 0; C, Cs 00, .127 L D, X. (d. , S, ).


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m gg k m d m ss wsk m, d ws s msd g wd ws

s. s s m s ms ( s sks m) , d s g g bz m. d, sm wd () s sd Skzs g s dg s 00. Sm wd s g.128 Gg md j Ok-mds gg wd ws wd sm bgs, w k m Gk gg (w wd ms komventon).129 W s sms d w is g, Gg gs wd qs d d dsd m Gk gg, m bgs w ssd wd . , , ws s w Okmds sd s smss m. m s msd d m bs sss ss, w, ms s. g ms d id x w s gg d k sw s m. dms d gs g d sd s ss mg bgs s mg gg s, xm, zk, k [d gs], ss, s s w kw s.13

m igg, wmd d d s d kd , Ss i sdd J , , dgd w J zmsks. s ms wdw m bg d ss bz .131

wg s , J zmsks s s gs, skg s ks w qdbg. Ss ws kd gs ms

128 Okmds , 0.

129 Gg , .13 Anonymous Book on Tactics, /.131 L D, X. (d. , S, 00); Skzs, John Tzimiskes,

(d. , 00; s. s, ; s. W, ); Russian Pri-mary Chronicle, 0; Zs, Xv, . (d. b-Ws, ); b, s, ; , ; k, Sd , 0; bs , ; Ss000, ; d 00, 00.


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D s s w k K.132 Mw, bs wsk Cs w m k sg

( w w d, sddd w gd d s, d d s s), d d m [bs ] w k magistros.133 s ws i g s-g bz w w L D d Ms, -m m w d d d bgs m Cs vs d xd gs m. mmd- sq w ws ds bgs. m s, L D, dzmskss mg s g Ms m (ms sd m d d msz ws m d m s).134 dd, s gd bz m w q xs. bsds g w D d S , s w bg ds ws w dd d d. ws d w qd ds g D ws sk .135 Ms s w sd D d s bg, s ws d m w s ks w xd.136

m gz ssd J zmsks s fld s is kw s Taktikon Scorialensis, w ws dd ,sd, d sdd ks Okmds.137 x dsd ws kw m d dms s, xs- sm w s imd ms d sids. m s ws d s bg,d d d mmd strategos d -

s sdg s, m w, s w s, d gd s. strategos, dg TaktikonScorialensis, sdd Ds.138 s s is s

132 Skzs, John Tzimiskes, (d. , 0; s. s, ; s. W, );Russian Primary Chronicle, 0; Zs, Xv, .; . (d. b-Ws, , );k-Zm , ; sk , ; Ss 000, ; Mm , ; S00, .

133 Skzs, John Tzimiskes, (d. , 0; s. s, ; s. W,). S s L D, X. (d. , S, 0).134 bz , .135 k-Zm , .136 d , .137 Okmds , 0; Okmds , .138 Okmds , /, /.


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m w m s kw s Ds. m Dristra s ms k mdd bg m Drstr,139

w sggss bz dms ws mkg s w s w sjs. w, bg m m d m bzs s . s-dChronicle of Monemvasia, sd d s ms w d Js Ds, d d Ds- (, ).14 bg m w, Drstr, sms s gs ss mDristros, bg kw m g Sm.141

s Ds, L D ms m J zmsks gd m d-s m S d Ss, w d d bz m dg sg.142 m ds ss d s dd m mDris-tra Taktikon Scorialensis d ss s d ssdd sm d. ss, m g m Ds ds s w d sm ss.143 ss m s gg m md Sss,protospatharios dkatepano ds, imd .144 Jd - d ss ms ssd : Ds, d s, d ds. d-g m, ws d D d - Ddj.145 L, Jd gd s s d md ds ws Ds, sz Ls146 ( w w dsssd . ). D, wg ks Okmds, ws d :

Sss ws mmd tagma d m , g (w , k) w ws ms s S d Ss. M, m ws

139 M , .14 Ksg 00, .141 M , ; b , , . .142 L D, X, , (d. , S, , 00).

143 bs , ; Ss , ; Kz , ; Kz, Gjz , ;Wswsk , 0, 00; Ss , 0.144 Jd , 0; Jd , , . ; Jd 00 , ,

. .; Ksm 00, ; Jd 00, , . 0.145 Jd , .146 Jd , 000; Jd, k-Zm , 0; Jd ,

, . ; k-Zm , . S s Ss 000, .


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Ds w bz m. s, L D ms msk Ds , w Skzs kw

d d w m ds , d sss m s.147Okmds d d s: Ds ws dd d

ds, s m. Sss ms is g , d d k katepano. Dsws w m dd d m sm ( d Taktikon Scorialensis), sm m s ws md ds s, w d d Ds.148 w, k mmd sdg Ds/Ds ws wdm katepano strategos. ws s d Tak-tikon Scorialiensis, . .

Okmds d sm g Lw D md Taktikon ScorialensisWestern Msm,d katepano w d strategos d s ds. katepano Msm ws d m ws, xs dk Msm ( q )149 d Okmds s ss katepano ws Ws Msm.15O sd g k sd katepano WsMsm s s is, m mmd dks s s.151 dks katepanoi dd sw mmds s (dk), Msm (dk),Cd (dk), Ws Msm (katepano), (katepano), s-sk (dk), d (dk). Okmds d Ws- Msm ws sm s kz ( g wd w

sm mg, m w s).152 s, w, wd m J zmsks k s Md s w. Okmds ws dd s,153 s s

147 Okmds , ; D , 0; D , .148 Okmds , . Jd 00 , gd w s.149 sm s C , ; K , ; Ksm 00, .

O Wswsk , md dks w mmds ms,

w katepanoiw mmds stratiotai, sds w wd m s xg d .15 Okmds , 0, ; Okmds , /, /.151 K , .152 Okmds , .153 d , ; b , ; D 0, ; D ,

; Mkk 00, ; ms 00, ; b 00, ; Ksm 00, . Sm


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xs bz w D . zmsksd ss s, dd d s

ds , s w ws d -gs, w w ms s. di d m mms s, w w w s ws smd .154, s (folles) sk J zmsks d bs d W, s ids d d d m -, s sm s s kw m Md, bd g gs w ms d bzs.155 s s d d s. O d, s q s sg, ms m g mg ws d Ss. g D, dgds, ws ss, d m ws s m ss.

Okmds d m Ws Msmkatepanate s s sds, w gg s s dms g D D, k . s md dd s bg s .156 ds s ss Dm Dm, patrikios d anthypatos, dk d Msm, gd ms q.157 -id mmd s d Msm d s d mmd Dm Dm.158 s s sm s Dm, mmd bg ss b(v) Md, w w bz sd 00, w d anthypatos (dg Skzs, ws md m Sm).159

ss d xs sg Ws Msm, k g d s (k-Zm , ; Wswsk , ;k-Zm , ; Wswsk , 00; Mdg , ; Mdg000, , ; Ss 000, ). g s ws ss dk d katepano sm m w sm sMsm.

154 Osgsk , ; dgd , .155 S gz Cs 000, .

156 Okmds , .157 Jd , 0; Jd, k-Zm , 0; Jd , ,. ; Jd 00 , ; Jd 00, 0, . ; S 00, 0;Jd 00, , . .

158 Okmds , .159 Skzs,Basil II and Constantine, (d. , ; s. s, ; s. W-

, ); Zs, Xv, .0 (d. b-Ws, ).


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s ss Dm Dm ws v g, s sq k bg d i mds

fl w bg.16 Mms bg s wsmd bz w swd s d i wm bks, ds s s. Okmds, wd Dm Dm bg, jd d d d dk m w bg-s w s igg bz m. sd, dg Ok-mds, Dm Dm ws sd w i s .Okmds ds sm zd s Dm Dmws sm s s md Skzs 00. is dd di , d S k d sm s dd.161 s, s wd mk DmDm mmd j s m ms dMsm, w w s D 000 s . i dk ws q katepano. i m ws L, imperial spatharocandidate andturmarches Ms-m, kw m d ss dsd Ss d dd 0 .162 G ds, L ws g ws Msm.

Ws Msm Ddj,w D, bk S d Cs , s w d ms ss,163 w g m d sw s. dg , Ws Msmdd sgs Ds d s, w w sd .164 w, W S s g w d ss

16 s ssd Mdg 000, .161 Mdg , ; Mdg 000, ; k 00, . S s C 00,

. Jd , Okmds , , Ss 000, , d Sss 00, , dd d w Dm m v d Dm Dm. M, Ksm 00, , , w g m sd, dd d bg m ws d dk Ws Msm s , w jd Sm, g g bz sd 00.

162 Jd 00 , , . .; Jd 0000, ; Jd, k00, , . ; Jd 00, , . 0; S 00, 0; Jd 00, ,

. .163 d , ; k-Zm , ; Ss , ; Sd ,; D , ; K , ; k-Zm , ; Mdg 000, ; M-dm 00 , ; k-Zm, Sm 00, ;Jd 00, ; M 00, ; Sss 00, ; y 00, ; b00, ; S 00, 0.

164 M 00, ; M 00, , .


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strategoi Msm, w w z d Smgd(s bg),165 d dd ,

s Msm, w gs d s.dg S, w Msm ws ssd smw w d d ssk, w ss m Msm g.166 S sg, s Dm Dm sd s d Md, , m w dd s d s mmd. sm w d dd sm m g xdb-Gm, s d md kw S.167

m , - ss m s bg d m md Msm ssd s m w bz-bg g Dsgk (Ojk)Cs (Smgd)s (Ms) , s ssd . s d g m wd ds Cs.168 s m ssq d sg sggss m d s . O d, g k Ws Msm s s md ss ws m sg w, s gd g ds bg. b s,s m d dms ws ms ss D , w ws d s, s -d s. s s, m d Ws Ms-m md Taktikon Scorialensis ws Ddj, s s d g mkd S Dk. DmDm d L w mmds m, d m

s , w d dsd. sdd dm-s, ms m Ddj, w s ss dd d. s sd strategos d ds katepano WsMsm, ms mmd ss m .169 Cs sms s dd s-, s m ms ws d x

165 Jd 00 , , , . . , .166 S 00, 00.167 b-Gm , .168 b , 00; Gg , 0; Dm , .169 Ss 000, ; Ksm 00, 0.


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sm m.17 m g k Ws Ms-m ws ds gs s mm ks. ,

is s d J zmsks D gssd k Ws Msm (d s dm), k Ds ( d sg),d sg s-s (s g. ).

, dmd bz m g D- xdd ws, s sg M ws ssd,w s dmd d s dss Dgs, mprotospatharios d strategos M. M, s s, s wM (md D) d m smm. bs s m ws dg g J zmsks, d d ws d s . sg M s md Taktikon Scorialensis, w .171 s xdd d wd M ws md m s, m m Dd m s m ws bks . O d s d- s m xs k s ( z),w s dmd s J, protospatharios d katepano s, dd sm d. dg d sd s-d Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, bz m dk s qs bg, upan gds dd zmsks d.172 bs s ws sd w sg gms,173 bzqs s m qs bg ms . m s sd , k s ms xsd s w . s-

g M gd k w d mm dw m Ds.

17 Mdg 000, ; Mdg 00, . k-Zm , ssd sd strategos ws S, s d dmd k dd s m

Ddj. Ks 00 , sds sd sg ws Cs, sz.171 s, Okmds , ; , 0; Okmds , ;

Ksm 00, , . g dss s . .172 g 0, ; s, Okmds , 000; Ksm 00, , ,

, .173 bj 00, .


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2

.themlaryorganzaon

eween971and986


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S qs , sg ws ssd s ( d s s strategos sss m dd

s dds 0 ).174 Msm, d kleisura wsd, w d d , d s bg . ss g ss w kleisurarchoi, xsd ks, dsd s, ds d s dds 0 . sm dg m d d s strategos ks Msm.175 strategoi s d kleisurarchoi Msm w s d ds dk d. M k md- , s ws m s s w dms ds wss bk S. sg s w D mws d s ks. sm mss dCm, w w i, strategos Cmm bss(K Ss) ws ssd s . s d qd Ss m Kzs , d bzs .176 d ds gs s d sm d i, strategos s xs.177

mj g k bz-s d m -s dg g bs (0). m sg ms m w vdm (00) dg w wgd gs g bds ks. s sm, vdm m-d , bs s ss. s s sg ,000 vg ws w d ds -s s Css d ds. , s kd Cs,s ws d mmd d w

bds ks. m dw D d bkS, d d sg w sd s ms. d s m d d m sd, Cs sdd s 0, vdm g k s --w s m-g g.178 s bz-s s d g

174 s, Okmds , , . ..

175 Okmds 00, . ss sd Jd 00 , 0, ., .;Jd 00, , . 0, .176 Okmds , , .177 Okmds , /, ; Ks 00, . s M, strategos

s xs dd md- , Jd 00, , . 0.178 , ; k, Sd , ; ms 00, 0, 0;

Ksm 00, .


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d , d 0 wd s k (dsssd . ).

mm, w, dg m s md,d gs w . s D - ws g dszd, w, d bg s. ss (comitopuloi) bg k m MdSm, , Dd d Msssd gs bzs. Sm ss d Cm d () d gd s g mm gs bg m bs , mss sdg s-bz w. , Skzs d Zs d apostasias s gg bs s g. sm sss m s bg s O () Qdg sg sggss sm kd bg s d sd bz sg, d s ms sd Md.179 w, s d Gm ms sss w s Qdg,w wd m m ws ds m w bg s d m, s d Smm, wws qd bz m d fl wbg, 0.18 dd, bg Md ws d bz s, d s bg s ms d gd g s m , gs w s.181 mms .

Sm m d ss gs bzs. ssd s, m w w ws sd

Md w md -d J zmsks. m g, d ss ks bzs, kg dg w w m bs d g bds Sks(). bw d , bgs Md ds mj s gs bz m, ms mg Sd (Si), gs , . Sm m m

179 Skzs, Basil II and Constantine, , ; , (d. , ,; s. s, , ; s. W, , ); Zs, Xv, .; Xv, . (d.b-Ws, , ); Sks , ; jk , ; Dm , , 0.Contra: ssj 0, 0; Ss , 0; g , .

18 Ljk , 0; , .181 , ; k 00, .


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bg s ms, m mbs ws g, s d sd.182 ws

w s dd d Od, w w m s bg . s w ssg s ws bg, Md s, s sm ss m Mdwg ssm.183

O is s, Sm g bzs ms , ws d s s bg. D g ds sm m m m, s,g gd sgs, zd ddd - s ddd gs. s wk , ms s gg md ds w Burjan, w ds (shahr) d , g d-xs kg Rum, d Bulghari, g ms -ws m, w w bzs.184 w ms k Sms sjs, s Sm d k wds. dd ks d D g, s w ws im sd Mdd ms bg. s s -ss, Sm mgd q g bz s d bks, kg dg -fl w m, s w s bz ws w s. xs Sms s wds D g , qs Sd d ssq j Gg,w bz m d g S Kss, domestikos ws scholai(mmd m bks) sd ss d gs , .185 bs

s mg s d dms dg s (sx ) d dd w d 000, s sggsd bz ws d dg d.s ms s ws qd Sm , ms

182 , ; Ss 000, .183 gd s kd d s g-

mz s s, sss m ygs, s , ; Mdg00, .184 dd -m, (d. Msk, ).185 Skzs, Basil II and Constantine, (d. , 0; s. s, ;

s. W, ); L D, X. (d. , S, ); k-Zm , 00; , ; ms 00, 0; Sss 00, ; y 00 ,0; Ksm 00, 0, .


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s j m ss. Dg s mgw mssgs m S Kss w s s. K-

ss dss s , L Msss, ws s sd w sg s.186 s sggsd s md d bz s w m strategoi s s ,187 g sss sggs. s s qs ss i strategoi sss - g d( w s ). g qd d , Smd m Od, w d ds.

bz s Mdd D g g - sg M ms sd m w g dk Gz d Sm, w k m ds. d , Gz d s dgs mg G, Sms s d (dg Skzs, G-s m ws wm m Lss). mg w g- ss ws w dd d , w G k sw wm m Lss, md .188 mm, sg M d dsd, ms s Sms s . sm , sm s w sd m D g s, w w d g s. Dg, ks sds gs sd s w dd s m, g d dwgs.189 Ddj ( k Ws Ms-m) md d bz . s d s sws ws . s gd Dd Ks,19 m k w d

186 Jd, k-Zm , ; D , ; k-Zm ,; Jd , 0, . ; Jd 00, , . ; Sss 00,00; Jd, k 00, 00, . , ; Ksm 00, ; Jd00, , . . L Msss s md s K , .

187 k 00, .188 Skzs,Basil II and Constantine, (d. , ; s. s, ; s. W-

, ; k 0, , , , ; Msk 0, ; , ; Mkk , ;Sss 00, , ; sz 00, . G ws s d dm ms. d-g g , 0 d ss 0, 00 (d Sss 00), mRomanosds s m m Lss ws v g. s, , wd ssd is s m ms g mss.

189 D , ; k-Zm , 0.19 b , .


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kouropalates 0 d w dd 000.191 S ws gi bz m, s mssg ws s ddssd

mmd. d nomismata w s s sk w d ws d G, km s G, ms k mss w gs Sm.192

S Dk m g s bg s Ddj md d bz . ds qd -s d m s g . s mss sd upan Dms sm w d000, s sd s m M vd. s Ds s m . g S Dk ms ws bg , sm ss Dsmd d bz , s s s 000 mks m .193 s s ds w s sw s qs, s m k Ds ws k bgs s . ws m sd smg Sm. bg s xs- wks dg s bg ms bzs, mfolles s d .194

d g ss g d bg ss w s s. , bzs Gm g Cs b. s sd s dx s d L Ds Chronicle, w d w bz mmd d Klimata, ssd d -md s. mmd s sd md sk sss gs s ms m w

d basileos, w d smw . wg s, s-s d s x G , Gk , ss ms. d d s ms w s sd s d. sg m

191 Gss , 0, , 0; G , .192 b, s , ; M-dm , ; -bd,

O, 00, 0; M-dm 00 d, ; Cs, m0, .193 bs , ; D , ; Sm , ; Ss , 0;

M-dm 00 , ; b 00, ; M 0000, ; Ksm 00,, .

194 Od- , ; M-dm, 00, ; y00 , .


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x gd ss d m d d -s. W sm, g d ms

Cm, s d s qs k Ddj, , 0, g ssd ss sm sm s md x.195 Ss w s s k sd Cd,196Lksm,197 v.198

dsss s m dd w k dm-sd gms sd s w s w m-s, wds g.199 s d d ss k ms id d d ss -g d s ss. Gwg gd, s md x, wd xm s x - -s w gmzg ss Cm d LwD g (s ws js w s m g bss ). dd, ms ss w-g ks s d sm s (s vdm). W s- dms md 0 gs sd, w sm sm ms sgi s. ms m s mKlimata, w x s m . D-g ss m, ws mm d m, s d Cs gs wk, d ss (d m g), w s ms did w bk.s w s, Klimata ws , sm m Cm,w xsd s m w d . 0.2 M-, m Maurokastron, w s md x, d

xs 0 . s ws w s (C , w bd Dssk uk)ws 0 m, d w ws Maurokastron d Asprokastron d dg sd

195 D ; Cd ; D ; Cd ; D , ;

b-Gm , 0; M-dm 00 , ; Dm 00, ;M 00, 0, 0.196 D , .197 M 00, , ; M 0000, 0.198 b-Gm , .199 k , .2 S d Sk , .


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.21 C w ss mm d d-g ss m, ws Mks Cm

0 . m sgi s msm w s x xss w d sgi wd s bzs: , -s d s ws s. - d ss sd dj ss (Gk). , Gk wd d s basileos. ks sd d m,22 ss gms s wd gs s m x ws ss g, d xs s dd sms w d. s-d Gk s s sj s k.23

s bz Ddj d D g, s s smss d . bs s s gs s w wd s w md C -km(00) d s m , d w gs bgs. is mj bz gs Sm- ws Ss, w dk sskks Os msd bg m g m dd G. s 000 s bg ws d gs dks (dk d) d ks Xs(strategos s). s sk, s, d L sw qk k s m mg m m .24 s d J zmsks ws s -d, m s ws d, s s

ws w dd m Ds ( m d s m w dsssd x ), w k Ws Msm d xs w, s Dm D-m s kw s mmd 00 ( d bz s 00) (s g. ).

21 s s md s w d 00, .

22 b , ; D , .23 g s w Mdd 000.24 Skzs, Basil II and Constantine, (d. , ; s. s, ; s.

W, ); Zs, Xv, .0 (d. b-Ws, ); , ; Ww ,; d 00, 00; Ss 00, ; ms 00, 0, , ; y00 , ; Ksm 00, , , . ss ks Os d s d Ss, s Jd 00, , . .


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w mg d bs 00 gd ws D g, d vd, m qd

di sg, w sd m M Dm. mdg s Gk , m k Ds , sgdw xgs . sg w md -qs di, d sms d ss vd md ss bs s .25 s g ssggsd, vd ws s ms wSms s.26 d s d w w m Ds. m s m g g.

w s mgd D g 00. ggsssw bzm d g, ws mg k . O ddg sd w bg, d d d js d gs g kg. m d g w kw s b s dd LegendaMajor Sancti Gerardi,27 vita is s Ms-Cd.Ms ws sd dk d m, w s gs Kg S g. w ds dd - d ssq w: 0000, d smms w 0 d0. sd 28 ss g sm ws d w Gks, s s w s. wds, w gs m ws wgd mm d bz w g, m bs s d 0. dd sg x Leg-enda Major Sancti Gerardis s ss d sms,w mk di m ss g d x s. s, m s sd wd -

sss S d vd. w, s s m k s d s, w sss gd g,d . xsd () Sdg d. O d, s bz md qd vd 00, s k m ssssd . ms m j s s.

25 Skzs,Basil II and Constantine, 0 (d. , ; s. s, ; s. W-, ); Zs, Xv, . (d. b-Ws, 0); Kz , , ; Kz,Gjz , 00; Ss 000, ; k 00, ; ms 00, ; Sss00, , .

26 g , .27 S, , 00.28 b , .


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W ss wd bzs s m , Kg S g, w d g gs bg g

w bs 00, s w s ?29 m bzs D g 0 w gs, gs(s w), d gs w s d ms gs. u s 0, bzm d s s m g. sm s k 00, w S s kw dd m sss bs . m -fl s md w g d bz m dg d w 00 d 0 ( g s d s dd ms d s w w S). s- s 00, m ws Sms . Sm - md Gks md x w bgs,ws m d d s (w x ws w) bg ws bz .21 m Gkss d s g dsg s mks, gd-ss . ws d w w m dS sd d d 00.

m s sd zd vd bzqs w, m w ws d w Sm dvd ws d jsd bg Od.Sms mg Dm d s-d S ws gs g dk vjk ( kg S ). , G dd s g w,w g bg fl w gs. 00, Smws fl w bs , s w S .s sg sggss m ws Sms .211 S s g

kg m ws k s d g M . , fl w S d m ms gdd s sd dm g w bs d S , d, d Sm, d, dm D g w vd d b.

dg sm s, bs d w Sm 00, w gzd bg s,

29 S , s G , ; Kszk 00, .21 , ; G , .211 sm Sss 00, , . Mkk , d Sm

ws fl w S , g m ws s ss, igg gsSm.


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Md. mm, ms ws m bg, ws ssid w g

w Lw D d S , s w s D d s, s sd sg dm m. bg ws s.212w, 0 bs gd s md d ddd bg. d mg md qs Od, bg . ds k Kmgm ss Sm , J 0, 0. gkg S k mg s bss .213 w-g bg ms G (00) d J vds (00)d ig, w m sss. s sws gzd 0 J vds w Kks, m k. mg dd w zzks, strategos m Ds, d s. b-gs d gs sd, mds dd dg.214 s sggss 0 gs s sm m, w g s bz m, d m m Ds ws s.

mg Md, dg Od, s bg, ws d 0. m bg ws gzd sm d dd g bks qd mbg 0, w g D, w mdd Ds. sd dk bg

ws Sk (Skj), d is s ws Dds, m dk ssk.215 s k s dg w

212 Ss 000, 0; Ss 00, 0.213 Skzs, Basil II and Constantine, (d. , 0; s. s, ;

s. W, ); Zs, Xv, .0 (d. b-Ws, ); G ,; Ss , ; , ; Mkk , 0; Ww , ; S-s 000, ; Ss 00, ; Sss 00, . Kimbalongon s Gzds v m Cmpulung (g id). dg Sss 00, ,Kmg s ss.

214 Skzs, Basil II and Constantine, , 0 (d. , 0; s. s,; s. W, ); Zs, Xv, .0 (d. b-Ws, );bs , 0; b, s , ; Jd , 0; ms 00, , ;

Sss 00, , 0; b 00, . Skzs gs m Tzitzikios, m ws zzks, did w ss zzks, anthypatos,patrikios d sgs Cd (MG, s, Okmds 00, 0, . .) , , w sw (Sk 00, , ).

215 Skzs,Basil II and Constantine, (d. , ; s. s, ; s. W-, ); bs , 0; Ss 000, ; ms 00, ; bs00, ; Ksm 00, ; Jd 0 , 0.


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s m, x gs s gz- kg 0, w Mdd D g ws

d m bg. g g D ws m vd md d- , d 0, w bz m md -ws s bg, w Smm (Sm-sk M), sd d bg sgs. m Sermon g s mmd Skzs s s w m .216 Gd ms bznomismata, sk Sermon stratilates ( wd g Gk m g) d sd d smw D g d bg mmd.217 g s gs dd . 0.218 wg sm s-gm, mmd Smm ws kd g CsDgs. m Smm ws s d -ws, s ss m m M. w dd s bgd d b, w, k S-mm, d bg s . ismmd m Smm ws dk Cs Dgs,w md m bg.219 m S, ws smms msk m Smm,22 ws ws w Mg. m ws dmsd S -s, k Ljd, w s md 0 w strategos Zm d S.221

s m Smm d dgd k D, K, s w ws ds

216 Skzs, Basil II and Constantine, (d. , ; s. s, 00;s. W, ); bs , , 0, Ss 000, ; k 00,0.

217 Smg , , , 0 ( mg ); g , .218 M , ; Od- 00, , 0; Jd 0 d, .

gs m d bg S s, sm w qdw md s g, Sm s k s sm s Ss (bgs d Ss), dg d js bg m Oms () d w S xsd s ms

kgdm sd ss.219 Wswsk , ; K , ; b , 0; Ss 000, ,, ; ms 00, , ; Sss 00, 0; Ksm 00, ; Ksm00, .

22 L , ; Wswsk , .221 Mksm , ; Ss 000, , , , ; Ss 00,

.


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d b. dmsd sw K s sms Dsks md 0 d 00 s s s

b.222 xs s gd bz -ss s ms bz dms xdd k D, sg w wd s ssq fls w g. s, w, m Smm xdd b.

0, , w bz s xsd g DDs d Smm (s g. ). is ws xdd g w s , w s ms. d w ms Ds d Smm ms smw Gs g d vd. s kw w g 00dd k Ws Msm xs Ddj, s sms sggss ws s d m Ds.

222 Mdg 00, 0.


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C

My gnzn Dnub gn

. The Theme o Drstra (later, Paradunavon)

M 700 d ss dd m 97 98, 000 00, d 00 088 v d s d sv. Ms m

d msss dsd m mmds d is , s md s s s m sv, svd v sd d. m d ss m sv s s , m sd s d dmsv v s qd b m b. sv v ds dss stratego s d dd m97 98, d s qd

vvd b s Sm:

Sks (s d Ds); s ( d s); Sks ( d s); (s); Kk (s).1

m d k baslkos protospatharos. bsds mmds m, k m i, d, s d k baslkos protospatharos, svd s sm -m sv. s s s dd mm vd s d m.2 d mmd (ek prosopou) m

1 Jdv 98 , 9; Jdv 987 , 899; Jdv 99, 9, 87; kmds998, 88; Ss 000, ; k 00, 797; Jdv 00 , 000, . b. 8, 0, . 8. , 0, . 8. , . ; bv 008, 9, 9; yv 008 , 8; Ksmv008, 8; Jdv 009, 78, . , , . 890; Jdv 0 , 8,. ; Jdv 0 , 0. Smv 99, 8 vs sd strategosKk s s (ms S), vd s m 97.

2 ns, kmds 99, , . 9..


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d s, md dss Ss, s k m s m sv.3

nks Xs, s sv ss, s strat-egos d s, 98, s ms v m. s V yv s d, s strat-egos sd kd 000,4 k yv, snks Xs s mmd m , mvd s m s. s d s k s m, sv.

is strategos Ds d katepano Sss s Sks. s m s ss k mpe-ral protospatharos d strategos Ds, ms sss m d s . sdd nksXs s strategos , s d Ds, ms - 97. , s s v md s d Ds . fld d s dsd m m. mmdmd s.5 Sks s smms msk . V s dmsd 97 d m s d C,6 [] ()[](), s . s v d, [] () , s m d s m , v sm s ss d . s s vss m m s d Ds s, dd 0 , d d J msks m. strator(sd-) s mm m s, kd dd,

3 Jdv 99, , . 90; Jdv 00 , 0, . b 9; Jdv 009, 9,. 9.

4 Jdv 99, , . 0; Jdv 00 , 0, . b8; Jdv 00, 0,. ; yv 008 , ; Jdv 009, 89, . 78.

5 Jdv 98 , ; D 98, 777; Jdv 987 , 9; Jdv 99, 7, . 977, , . 7 ; k 00, 88; Jdv 00, 8, . , 8, . ; Jdv00, 0, . 00; yv 008 , 7; bv 008, 9; Jdv 009, ,

. , 7, . 00, , . 990; Jdv 0 , 8, . .6 M, b 9, 8; b, s 97, 7. kv-zmv 97, 99; Jdv 009, 9, . 709. ss d

, s M 00, 78; M 0000, 0; M 008, 778; M00 , 007. Mv, M ds bs d s s ss d dis m strategos Cksmd 0 ( m, s ).


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d s s s s vs kd m.

s stratego sd Sks i s ss:

kds (protospatharos d strategos Ds); Ms (protospatharos d strategos Ds); (protospatharos d strategos Ds);1 bsks (protospatharos d strategos Ds);11 Dvd (protospatharos d strategos d Ds);

dd d qs, s mmdd smv m m Ds;12

d (prmkeros d strategos Ds);13 ks (patrkos d strategos Ds 07).14

bs m Dorostolon s m sm Durosto-rum, s v is sd i , Drstras dd sd. s d md, m is s 97 Taktkon Scoralenss. kds d Ms mmds Dorostolon, ms v d Sk-s, d , d sss 97. s k mmds Ds. kss ,

Jdv 99, 8, . 7; Jdv 00, 8, . ; Jdv 00 , , . .; vv008, 8, . ; bv 008, 9; Jdv 009, , . , 99, . 0; Jdv0 , 0.

Jdv 0 , 8, . .

1 Jdv 99, 9, . 89; Jdv 00, 8, . 7; Jdv 00 , , . .;bv 008, 9; yv 008 , 8; Jdv 009, , . 707; Jdv 0 , 8,. 0. ss sm strategos s md v.

11 S 99, ( dBasleos); Jdv 00, 88, . ; Jdv 00 , ,. ., Jdv 009, , . 7; Jdv 0 , 8, . .

12 Ss 98 , ; D, V 97, 8; Jdv, kv-zmv 988, 0,; Jdv 99 , 8, . ; kv-zmv 99, 9798; Jdv 000, 8, . 7;Jdv 00, 8, . ; Jdv 00 , 0, . C 0; bv 008, 9; Ksmv008, 89, 9 (dd ); Jdv 009, 90,. 707.

13 bs 97, 7; bs 9, , 970; Ss 98 , ; b, s

97, 89; kv-zmv 97, 0; Jdv, kv-zmv 988, ; Jdv 99, 8889, . 9; Jdv 000, 8, . ; Jdv 00, 8, . ; Jdv 00 , ,. .; bv 008, 9; Jdv 009, , . 8, 9; Jdv 0 , 8, . 79. s sm mmd s sd Mkv 998, .

14 Sks,Basl II and Constantne, 0 (d. , ; s. s, 97; s. -, 7); bs 9, 70; Ss 98 , ; b, s 97, 9; Jdv 99,0; bv 008, 9.


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s s Ds, Ds, s ms k md md Sks. s, Sss, Sk-

s, kds d Ms mmds ds/Ds/Ds 97 d 97, . m mmds v s Ds/Ds, mmds . m, ms s d mmd stratego, s msd ss, d sds (tagmata) d vv -m s mmds dks katepano.15 s s x mmds sd i s s ds m. C ms svs j mmd d dv v sk s ds -qd s s.16 s ds -qd v s sdd ms di s mmd is s qs. ss vis m s 97 d 98 v d -sv v sss v dms s dd d- m .1

D , s ks s -svd: s Msm. , Ds, s d s s , s d mskss . s ss ms d s d ds m- ms s. s ss D ms v dd s si, s d dd s, s sd smd. s sv s si ds dd m m s Cs. s

dd m v md sv ms 98, d mmd strategos s (sv). strategos d s ds m -s s vs s dmsv .1 ms m m s d ds strategos sd s-sv. s s m

15 C 98, 887, 9.16 ms 00, 00.1 kmds 998, 8889.1 s md, s, D 98, 77; Md 999000, 7; S-

s 000, ; ms 00, 00; yv 008 , , 8; Ksmv 008, ; Ksmv00, 0.


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m ss s s m, v dms.1

i v s b 08 m ddmsv bk s, m ms b, Smm d S. - n bs2 d sv ss,21 v sdvd d v dv m dd 0800, sm m s ms b d Smm.22 bs, v Jdv,23 Ss,24 bs bsv,25 b26d bj Ksmv2 v s ss katepano dv dd 00s m m dv m d ssd. d m, m d Ds ms v md xs - s 0 sd -sfl D . ds ssk dvd d ,2d m d dv d 07,s s d sm . dsv s Dms, anthypatos, patrkos d katepano Ds s d s vs. katepano vs s mmd m, d Ds.2 s k s vests d katepano b smm 0 d0 ( S s ssd s ss).3

1 99, 9; kmds 998, 8889.2 bs 9, 0.21 b, s 97, 7, 99; kv-zmv 97, 0, ; Kv 979, 7; J-

dv, kv-zmv 988, ; K 99, ; kv-zmv 99, 98; M

00, 79; Sss 00, 0. D 99 , 7 d bss ss di M,vestarches d katepano dv s s 007 (s ). d d D s dd ssi bs d katepano dv s 00s. v s d D s s m vs sds, s s s.

22 Md 999 , ; Md 999000, 0; Md 00, 7.23 Jdv 987 , 0; Jdv 00, 8; Jdv 00 , ; Jdv 00 , 7.24 Ss 000, 78, 9; Ss 00, .25 bsv 007, 7.26 b 00, 9807.

2 Ksmv 008, 99.2 ssk 97, , .2 Jdv 00, 808, . ; Jdv 00 , ; Jdv 00, 7, . 09.; Jdv

0 , 8, . .3 99, ; S 99, 7; Jdv 0 , 89, 8. vs, s -

sdd Dms s dk b m d (bs 9, ).


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ms v katepano Ds , ms i m Ds D v md s

md- . s s i s. is k mmd m Ds, s m m ssd s dd vs ( s k 0, s . ), svests Kk Kkms, m Sksdss s (archon) s s d ds ( ). s s k - b s. 0, Kk Kkms s Cs, sm d s ms 0 s d dk . s ms v m katepano 0/0 d 0.31 ss , d sk.32 s i katepanos dd D v Ds 00s, ms s ss ss vs 0. katepano dk s mmd tagmata, kd ss sdsdsd m m. d ms, mmds -d d stratego is dds , vs d d bs d dks katepano smmds, d s s d mmd s m (tagmata). is dks md s- vs m, ssk d d, d s Msm. 97, dks m vvd m s Sm, d d s sd sskd d d mmd dks, d stratego. ssk d d m ms m m- ss bk d bs .33

x katepano D v s patrkos M, s sss. d Sks, s ss ( ). M s md ms ss 00s, dsssd

31 Sks, Constantne Monomachos, (d. , ; s. s, 0; s. -

, 07); bs 9, 778; b, s 97, 7; ssk 97, ; Jdv99, 0; M-dm 00 , 77; Jdv 00 , ; b 00, 9899;bv 008, 9; Jdv 0 , . s , s Svvds 98987, .

32 Jdv 99 , 909, . ; Jdv 000, 9, . ; Jdv 00, 77,. 78; Jdv 009, 88, . .

33 C 98, 8; ms 00, 0; Sss 00, ; Ksmv 008, 7779,, 89; Ksmv 00, 090, , .


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.34 vs s sd Jqs s sv sd, ddd J

Ms, m . sd v-s s d md , k M s s i, ms dd Dm 0d J 07.35 M, xd Kd d d K d ssd D 0, M s d mmd .36 s ms s i 0 d 07, Kk Kkms. s msk v s s s vs , s s d ss d s ds v. Sks mks v sd v-s s md ss dd, d Kkms ( b d s m ss, m mmd!) s k dv m mmds (akrta).3 , M s d ssq katepano Ds, Dms C-s (. . .)s. s d m s k m s, s patrkos d katepano Ds. s m dd 00 d 00,3 s 07, Ms mv. s, Dms ms v sdd katepano d m, smm 00s. M, d, sd s magstros 07, d s vvd d s Cms m .3

34 Sks, Constantne Monomachos, 7 (d. , 9; s. s, 7780;s. , 70); bs 9, 778; b, s 97, 90; ssk97, ; M-dm 00 , 78; Jdv 00 , ; b 00, 9900;bv 008, 9.

35 97, 78.36 Kd 977, 77. Sd 97, 77 d dd vs

0809, s s dms sd ss.3 Sks, Constantne Monomachos, 7 (d. , 8; s. s, 79; s. -

, 90); Kkms, 7 (d. Sd, 8/8).3 ns, kmds 99, 0, . .; Jdv 00, 88, . ; Jdv 00 ,

; bv 008, 9. s . . .st . . . md m m v, d

s s s ssd Dm ks C, s ss d dv. M-dm 00 , 8 dd m ms d q . v vs (Md 999 , )dvd d s katepano s i 00ss 00s, s vd m dv v m mmd 08. M () s sdd M 00, 0 d Mk 00, .

3 Sks,Mchael the Old, (d. , 98; s. s, 09; s. , ).


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katepano s ms Ds, m m 08 d 07. d M -

s, s s s dk Sd 07, ms smmd m b s Sauromata sss m sm Cs X Dks (0907). Sauromata k m s d s m, s s -s ( ). Magsternks bsd svd ms Ds s Sauromata. M dsss sd s s vvs d d Sauromata d vs. sms sm Sauromata ms s, s s sms v d s md. -x vs is 0, nks bs s k v sssd ms d sv, bsMs, dk b, s kd. s m Dm k .4 s k vs mdk 09, s m s d m-md s Cms, dd s.41 ms D-s ms v katepano Ds 0, sm ms k. s d V s m svestarches d katepano, m v.42 s m sm boulloteron s d Ss.43 s ms dd ms Ds svd s mmd Ds, vd k vestarches 07, s d v s s d m s dk Sd.44 s s ss s V D d

4 s, d. bkk, 7, 97 (d. M, 9, 77); Sks, Constan-tne Monomachos, 7 (d. , 8; s. s, 7980; s. , 0); Kk-ms, 7 (d. Sd, 00/0); bs 9, 8; Ss 9, ; D 970, 7,9; M-dm 00 , 78; b 00, 9; Smv 008, 7780. 09,nks bs s dk dss d (C 98, ; Mg, ns-, kmds 00, ; K 008, 08, 8).

41 s, d. bkk, 7 (d. M, ); Sks Cs, 07;zs, XV, . (d. b-s, 7); M dss, , (d. Ds,909); M S, XV. (d. C, ) ( k s sPartqay,

s); D 970, 777; S 00, 97; S 009, .42 sv, Jdv 99, 70, . ; Jdv 99, ; Jdv 00 , ; J-dv 00, 80, . 7; Ksmv 008, 9; bv 008, 9 (dd d 0);Jdv 009, 9, . 90.

43 Jdv, kv 007, , .; Jdv 009, 9, . 9.44 zs, XV, 0. (d. b-s, 8); Dv-Vssv 00, .

s ms Ds, s Jdv 00 , .


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the tar oraato o the ae reo 7

m s s s D -d m s k v s .

m , ms Dss sss s Dms Kk, is mmd d katepano dv. v ss(m m Ss d m sk) v m anthypatos, patrkos d katepano dv.45 - s s ds Kv, s-m s ss s d, s s patrkos d strategos. Kv s ms vs dd Dms Kk m katepano dv. s m m s strategos, katepano s d Ss.46 spatrkos d strategos, Dms Kk ms v m-md k . d msmvd, sm Kv s dsd d vs 07. D vd Dms Kk- d d strategos 00s.4 m mmd dv sm 00 v 0,s s k v m proedros m, mmd dv. k proedros s sd v dks d Cs X.4 d, d ss m Ss, Dms Kkvd s katepano dv, manthypatos d vests.4 s m md i q sm m. s s sss s m s-dd ms Ds, d sd 0. ms mm s d strategos (d00) d mm s k v proedros d

katepano ( 0) s ss cursus v b- mmd.5

45 bs 9, 997 (Ss d Cs); ns, kmds 99,, . 7. (k ); Jdv 00 , 7, . 8. ; Jdv 00, 9899, . 00; vv 008, 0, . (sk); Jdv 009, , . 77,87, . .

46 Jdv 98, 99; Jdv 00 , 7; Jdv 00, 98, . 000; Jdv

009, 00, . 0, .4 D 99 , 798.4 99, ; D 99 , 8.4 Jdv 00, 9899, . 00.5 bs 9, 997 (d Jdv 98, 99; Jdv, kv-zmv

988, ; Jdv 00 , 7, . 8.; Jdv 00 , 89). Ss 98 ,8 sd d . M-dm 99, 0 ( sm


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Dms Kk, d s s vsd i katepano dv. s d ks patrkos d

anthypatos, d s s d vv ( Ss), s dd 00 d 00. s sm d s d (s ids s k). s m 00s, d s s md s strategos,d smms 0 s v d dk dss.51

s mmds, m Paradunavon d s ds D . m Ds s s d m dv, d v- m sm . s dd d s Cms (0709), ms k 09, d s - d s, dsssd . m s d s s dvd . bssd ( v s dsd) s 08, smm s ms b d Smm. ssksd, dvd Ss, ks sm m D mmd d- ss, sd 0. ss ss mmds ss, v, m dv s sds i 00s.52 is katepano d-v s Dms Kk, 09.

m Parstron s ss s vsd i, s s s m m ss.53 i m Paradunavon ms D. v, ss, s d (d s m q ) Istros

q s ( m md Cm d zs), Dunav, m b . b s ms vs d m m - v v, d d d v m dvd

M-dm 00 , 88) Dms Kk s dk ca. 070. bv 008, 97 v sd 080s.

51 M dss, , 7 (d. Ds, 08); Mg, ns, kmds 00,, . 7.; Jdv 00 , 7, . 8.; Jdv 00 , 970; Jdv 00, ,. 7; ss-S 008, ; ss-S 009, 0709, . ; Jdv 009,, . 7; Jdv 0 , 8, . .

52 sm Jdv 00 , 7; Jdv 0 , 88.53 Ss 98 , sdd v d sssv ms: Ds-

, dv, s. s v s s.


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the tar oraato o the ae reo 9

m Ds. s Ss d, ms v ssmd , d s q ss v-

m s b mPodunava, s - s.54 s vs 0,55 M s m-

s ms s D s ( ), bs ks d nks bs. - Sks d zs56 d sm m. bsks s k s , md s sss . bs xs mmds sm v s mss, ds ssk5 d D5 v sd 0 m dvd dvdd sm vss d ss. ssk dd 09, d s Cms.D md d, d ssd bs ks d sd mmd s s. n bsd d s m. d m, 0 nk-s bs s dk b 0,5 d d vd s s m. , s k i s m d vestarches dks ks, s sd 0.6 bs s d v bs kss dk dv 09, d d md i 0, s d.61 D, sd d dks md Sks, vd bs ks s mmd b s, md is. s bs sds m v

54 Ss 98 , 7. m s ms vs s s b. m v xd s sd v dv dmdd 7 (kv 008, 8).

55 Sm sds m 0, d ss m M dss (s ).

56 s, d. bkk, 8 (d. M, ); Sks Cs, ; zs,XV, 9. (d. b-s, 78).

5 ssk 9, 7980 (bs ks s, bs s). s dd sm s ssk 99, 98.

5 D 970, 899.5 bs 9, , 8990, . S s C 98, ; K 99, 0;g 998, 8; K 008, 89; Jdv 0 , 8.

6 Kkms, 8 (d. Sd, 8/9); bs 9, ; K 99, 0; Jdv99, 0, . ; Jdv 009, 8, . ; Vv 00, 8; Jdv 0 , 78, 8.

61 bs 9, 890.


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70 chapter two

sd Sd (Si), D d s s s. ss s v v, d v D dmd

s m m d. m -dv s s sm vs s s md Vsk kv-zmv, nks bsd s m, bs ks s m-md s .62

ss bs ks ss v.63 s, xm, s mCd md ss bs.64 m d s s md m vs v m-mds d dd bs mk ds , 09. s s m (bs ks) m xs . s k, m k bs d s ( xs). bs dks sv svs md ds , s m-md dv s s s s d m.n x s d s s bs ss d m.65

d s ssd 90 is d , Ss ms, d s d s s bs.66 v, d s m , s s d sds ss S J Cms, s dm, d d s d d s. Vs n. zsk,6d s M. bk,6 dd ds skd m , dk Msm, d s s b m, J Vdsv.6 d s s s

km ms m (m

62 kv-zmv 97, 009.63 is m s m s sd Md 998. sd

ks v m m, d s sds sd 998 vd id vs sm ds sd Md 00.

Madgearu, Alexandru - Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th-12th Centuries

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Transcript of Madgearu, Alexandru - Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th-12th Centuries