Macromolecules

General Structure• Organic– Carbon based• Hydrocarbons

– Carbon and hydrogen only» Methane

• Inorganic– Non-carbon based

• Functional Groups– Group of atoms that interact with other molecules• Creates shape

– Determines function

General Structure

• Monomers– Single large molecules composed of many smaller

atoms• Polymers– Long chains of monomers

Building and Breaking Polymers

• Construction– Dehydration reaction• Loses water molecule

• Break Down– Hydrolysis Reaction• Add water

Starter

• What are the differences between a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction?

• What are the properties that make water so important?

• What are the 4 major macromolecules?• What are the two parts to a chemical reaction?• Explain why water is polar.• What are orbitals and how many electrons are in the

first two that we talked about?• Complete the orbitals for H, O, C, N?

Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins • Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

• Main fuel supply for cellular work

Carbohydrate Structure

• Made of sugar molecules– Composed of the following Organic Molecules• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen

Types of Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides – simple sugars– 1 sugar unit– Ex: glucose

• Disaccharides – double sugar– 2 monosaccharides– Ex: Sucrose

• Polysaccharides – complex carbohydrate– Ex: starch

Glucose

Sucrose

Starch

Stored Sugar

• Organisms break sugars down– Use what they need– Store what they don’t• Glycogen

Lipids

• Energy Storage• Cell Membrane Structure– Fats

Lipid Structure

• 3 carbon backbone attached to three fatty acids– Saturated – all three fatty acids chains have

maximum number of Hydrogen atoms• Butter

– Unsaturated – contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains• fruits

Types of Lipids

• Steroids– Four fused rings

• Lipids because they are hydrophobic

– Estrogen– Testosterone– Cholesterol

• Necessary to surround cells

Proteins

• Responsible for almost all day-to-day functioning of organisms

• Hair• Muscle• Long-term nutrient storage

Protein Structure

• Made up of Amino Acids– Linked together in a chain called a polypeptide• Nitrogen• Carbon• Oxygen• Hydrogen

Types of Proteins

• All proteins are the same EXCEPT– The R-Group• Determines the proteins function

Enzymes

• Reactions require energy to proceed– Heat is a common energy source but body temp is too

low.• ENZYMES ARE NEEDED!!!!!

A protein that speeds up specific biochemical reactions Recognized by the –ase ending

– Lower the amount of energy required to start these reactions• Lower the activation energy

– Catalyst– Recycled

Continued• Very specific– Acts on certain chemicals called substrates• Sucrase Sucrose

– Breakdown to fructose and glucose

– Recognizes substrate by shape

Nucleic Acids

• Stores Genetic Information

• Double Helix• Sugar, Phosphate and

Nitrogenous Base– A, C, T, G, U

Nucleic Acids

• Made of Nucleotide chains– Store genetic information– Direct protein Synthesis• Making of Proteins

Types of Nucleic Acids

• Two very common types– Deoxyribonucleic Acid• DNA

– Ribonucleic Acid• RNA