Macromolecules copyright cmassengale1. Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organic Compounds that...

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

copyright cmassengale 1

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.

• MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.


Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in

outer shell.

• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)copyright cmassengale 3

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.• Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.• Made up of smaller “building

blocks” called MONOMERSMONOMERS.• Examples:Examples:

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and

RNA)RNA)copyright cmassengale 4

Question:Question:How Are How Are

Macromolecules Macromolecules Formed?Formed?


Question:Question: How are How are

Macromolecules Macromolecules separated or digested?separated or digested?


CarbohydratesCarbohydrates



• Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules.

• Examples:Examples:A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide



Monosaccharide: one sugar Monosaccharide: one sugar unitunit

Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyribosedeoxyribose

riboseribose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose


glucoseglucose


Disaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unit

Examples: Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose)– Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)–Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)


glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)

glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)






cellulosecellulose

LipidsLipids


LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which are

not soluble in waternot soluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic are soluble in hydrophobic

solventssolvents.• Remember:Remember: “stores the most energy”“stores the most energy”• Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides


LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:

1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes

(phospholipids)(phospholipids)


LipidsLipids

Triglycerides:Triglycerides:ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.


H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

O


=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see these on

food labels:1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)


O


=

saturatedsaturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

unsaturated

ProteinsProteins


Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides)• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa)

bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).

• Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions


Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides)

Four levels of protein Four levels of protein structure:structure:

A.A. Primary StructurePrimary Structure

B.B. Secondary Structure Secondary Structure

C.C. Tertiary Structure Tertiary Structure

D.D. Quaternary Structure Quaternary Structure


Primary StructureAmino acids bonded

together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)


aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

Secondary StructureSecondary Structure• 3-dimensional folding

arrangement of a primary primary structurestructure into coilscoils and pleatspleats held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.

• Two examples:Two examples:


Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and

foldedfolded into a more complex 3-D more complex 3-D arrangementarrangement of linked polypeptides

• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)bridges (S-S)

• Call a “subunit”.“subunit”.


Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure• Composed of 2 or more

“subunits”• Globular in shape• Form in Aqueous environments• Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)


subunitssubunits

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids


Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) strand)

• Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.


Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:

phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:

adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA thymine (T) DNA

onlyonlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)


NucleotideNucleotide


OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)

DNA - double helixDNA - double helix


P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

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