MACROMOLECULES

MACROMOLECMACROMOLECULESULES

Mr. WinchMr. WinchCentre Wellington DHSCentre Wellington DHS

Carbohydrates and LipidsCarbohydrates and Lipids

Types of CarbohydratesTypes of Carbohydrates1.1. MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides2.2. Oligosaccharides (Di’s and Tri’s)Oligosaccharides (Di’s and Tri’s)3.3. PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

Carbs… MonosaccharidesCarbs… Monosaccharides simple sugar containing 3 to 7 carbonssimple sugar containing 3 to 7 carbons examples: glucose, fructose, galactoseexamples: glucose, fructose, galactose provides instant provides instant energyenergy

““ONE”ONE” ““SUGAR”SUGAR”

“STRAIGHTCHAIN” FORM

“RING” FORM(in water)

Carbs… Characteristics of Carbs… Characteristics of SugarsSugars

1) An –OH group is attached to each 1) An –OH group is attached to each carbon except one; this carbon is carbon except one; this carbon is double bonded to an oxygen (carbonyl double bonded to an oxygen (carbonyl groupgroup

Start numbering the carbons of your sugars at the end closest to the carbonyl group!!!

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

Carbs… Characteristics of Carbs… Characteristics of SugarsSugars2) Size of carbon skeleton varies from 3 2) Size of carbon skeleton varies from 3

to 7 carbons.to 7 carbons.

ClassificationClassification Number of Number of CarbonsCarbons

ExampleExample

TrioseTriose 33 GlyceraldehydeGlyceraldehyde

PentosePentose 55 RiboseRibose

HexoseHexose 66 GlucoseGlucose

Carbs… Characteristics of Carbs… Characteristics of SugarsSugars3) Spatial arrangements around 3) Spatial arrangements around

asymmetric carbon may vary. For asymmetric carbon may vary. For example, glucose and galactose are example, glucose and galactose are stereoisomers.stereoisomers.

Can you spot the only difference??? 1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

Notice how the –OH’s are on different sides. This affects the properties of these molecules & makes them chemically different


4) In aqueous solutions, many 4) In aqueous solutions, many monosaccharides form rings. monosaccharides form rings. Equilibrium favours the ring structure.Equilibrium favours the ring structure.

1

2

3

4

5

6

12

3

4

5

6The #5C –OH reacts within the molecule at the terminal aldehyde group, breaking the double bond and creates a closed ring


Figure 7, p. 30 text – Forming Figure 7, p. 30 text – Forming αα glucose glucose & & ββ glucose glucose

Carbs… DissaccharidesCarbs… Dissaccharides

made up of two monosaccharidesmade up of two monosaccharides common examples: common examples: glucose + glucose = maltose (malt sugar)glucose + glucose = maltose (malt sugar) glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)

glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar)glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar)

““SUGARS”SUGARS”““TWO”TWO”

MOO!!!

the forming of a disaccharide creates the forming of a disaccharide creates waterwater in the in the process - this is known as process - this is known as dehydation synthesis or dehydation synthesis or condensation reactioncondensation reaction

the connection between monosaccharides is called the connection between monosaccharides is called a a glycosidic linkageglycosidic linkage

Dissaccharides… cont’dDissaccharides… cont’d

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides a a complexcomplex carbohydrate consisting of carbohydrate consisting of

many simple sugars linked togethermany simple sugars linked together

Functions:Functions:Energy StorageEnergy StorageStarchStarch - in plants - in plantsGlycogenGlycogen - in - in animalsanimals

Structural SupportStructural SupportCelluloseCellulose – – component of plant component of plant cell wallcell wallChitinChitin – exoskeleton – exoskeleton of arthropodsof arthropods

““MANY”MANY” ““SUGARS”SUGARS”

•Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide. This makes glycogen more loosely packed, allowing enzymes to access it easily to be broken down into glucose.

• Cellulose is tightly packed because of the lack of branches. This allows the cellulose molecules to stack themselves closer to each other, creating bonds between molecules. This causes it to be rigid and makes it difficult to break down.

Macromolecule #2Macromolecule #2LIPIDSLIPIDS

Functions:Functions: Long-term energy storage (triglycerides)Long-term energy storage (triglycerides) Form cell membrane Form cell membrane

(phospholipids)(phospholipids) Messaging (steroids act as Messaging (steroids act as hormones)hormones) InsulationInsulation

Cushioning of Internal OrgansCushioning of Internal Organs

LipidsLipidsWhy are lipids well suited for Why are lipids well suited for

long term energy storage?long term energy storage?

Contain many high energy bonds Contain many high energy bonds between carbon and hydrogenbetween carbon and hydrogen

Contain twice as much energy per gram Contain twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates (very concentrated)than carbohydrates (very concentrated)

Types of LipidsTypes of Lipids1.1. Fats (triglycerides)Fats (triglycerides)2.2. PhospholipidsPhospholipids3.3. SteroidsSteroids4.4. Waxes (see text)Waxes (see text)

FatsFats Made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.Made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. There are many kinds of fatty There are many kinds of fatty

acids. They differ in two ways:acids. They differ in two ways: 1. In length1. In length

2. In the # of hydrogen atoms 2. In the # of hydrogen atoms attached to itattached to it

An Example of a Fat An Example of a Fat MoleculeMolecule

(Triglyceride)(Triglyceride)

Glycerol

Fatty acids

1

2

3

Digestion of a Fat Digestion of a Fat MoleculeMolecule

+

+ 3 H2O

triglyceride glycerol

3 fatty acids

The above is a hydrolysis reaction.

What is the reverse of this reaction called?

Fig 1.21p. 18

Where have you seen Where have you seen these fats?these fats?

Glycerol + 1 Fatty Acid Glycerol + 1 Fatty Acid MonoglycerideMonoglyceride + H + H22OO

Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids Diglyceride Diglyceride + 2H+ 2H22OO

Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids Triglyceride Triglyceride + 3H+ 3H22OO

Types of Fatty AcidsTypes of Fatty AcidsSATURATED (palmitic acid)SATURATED (palmitic acid) No double bonds between carbonsNo double bonds between carbons

MONOUNSATURATED (oleic acid)MONOUNSATURATED (oleic acid) 1 double bond1 double bond

POLYUNSATURATED (linoleic acid)POLYUNSATURATED (linoleic acid) More than 2 double bondsMore than 2 double bonds

Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated

# of double bonds between carbons

Orientation

State at Room Temp.

Origin

Which are better for you?

Example

Types of FatsTypes of Fats

SaturateSaturatedd

UnsaturatUnsaturateded

Poly - Poly - unsaturatunsaturat

eded# of # of

Double Double Bonds Bonds

between between carbonscarbons

nonenone

At least At least one one

double double bond bond

between between carbon carbon atomsatoms

Several Several double double bondsbonds

Types of Fats… cont’dTypes of Fats… cont’d

SaturateSaturatedd



ededOrientatiOrientati

on of on of Fatty Fatty AcidsAcids

Straight Straight chainschains

Kinks / Kinks / bends at bends at

the the double double bondsbonds

Kinks / Kinks / bends at bends at

the the double double bondsbonds


SaturateSaturatedd



eded

State at State at Room Room Temp.Temp.

Solid Solid (tightly (tightly packed)packed)

LiquidLiquid(less (less

tightly tightly packed)packed)

LiquidLiquid(even less (even less

tightly tightly packed)packed)


SaturateSaturatedd



eded

OriginOrigin AnimalsAnimals(meat, (meat, dairy)dairy)

PlPlanants ts


SaturateSaturatedd



eded

Which Which are are

healthierhealthier??

Bad forBad for

Stored Stored in in

adipose adipose tissuetissue

HealthHealthierier


SaturateSaturatedd



eded

ExamplesExamples Butter, Butter, lardlard

Olive oil, vegetable Olive oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil, peanut oil, canola

oil (genetically oil (genetically modified)modified)

What up with TRANS-What up with TRANS-FATS?FATS?

NOT GOOD FOR YOU!!! (FRIES, PEANUT BUTTER)NOT GOOD FOR YOU!!! (FRIES, PEANUT BUTTER) Created from oils (unsaturated) that are Created from oils (unsaturated) that are

hydrogenated (hydrogen added to double bonds) hydrogenated (hydrogen added to double bonds) Done to increase shelf life, flavour, & workability Done to increase shelf life, flavour, & workability

(eg. semi-solid for baking)(eg. semi-solid for baking) Only partial hydrogenation occurs & get a change Only partial hydrogenation occurs & get a change

in the orientation of hydrogens around some in the orientation of hydrogens around some double bonds (cis- turns into trans)double bonds (cis- turns into trans)

This fat is packaged by your body as LDL (aka BAD This fat is packaged by your body as LDL (aka BAD cholesterol) leaving you @ risk for heart disease, cholesterol) leaving you @ risk for heart disease, artheriosclerosis, diabetes & obesityartheriosclerosis, diabetes & obesity

Type of Lipids #2Type of Lipids #2PHOSPHOLIPIDSPHOSPHOLIPIDS

are fat derivatives in which one fatty are fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen-group and one of several nitrogen-containing molecules.containing molecules.

an important part of the cell membrane an important part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)(phospholipid bilayer)

PhospholipidPhospholipid

PhospholipidPhospholipid

• The phospholipid can also be represented as:

Polar Head – hydrophilic (water-loving)

Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids) - hydrophobic (water-hating)

Type of Lipids #3Type of Lipids #3STEROIDSSTEROIDS

Steroids consist of 4 fused carbon rings

Cholesterol•Precursor for other steroids•Component of animal cell membranes•Contributes to arteriosclerosis

Testosterone


Mr. Blair WinchMr. Blair WinchCentre Wellington DHSCentre Wellington DHS

Proteins Proteins

ProteinsProteinsFUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS Act as enzymes (to control chemical Act as enzymes (to control chemical

reactions)reactions) Provide support and help shape cellsProvide support and help shape cells Act as transporters (hemoglobin)Act as transporters (hemoglobin) Act as hormonesAct as hormones Make up structures (hair, cartilage)Make up structures (hair, cartilage) Act as antibodies (immunoglobulins)Act as antibodies (immunoglobulins)

ProteinsProteinsare polymers of…are polymers of…

Amino Acids20

8 EssentialNeed to obtain via diet

12 Non-EssentialBody can make

Amino Acid StructureAmino Acid Structure

CarboxylCarboxylGroupGroup

R – Side ChainR – Side Chain

Central CarbonCentral Carbon

R – Side Chain 20 possibilities; different R-groups give the amino acid different biological properties

Amino Group

ProteinsProteins Are often very large polymers of many Are often very large polymers of many

amino acids (monomers) linked together to amino acids (monomers) linked together to form form POLYPEPTIDESPOLYPEPTIDES

Proteins are built by condensation reactions Proteins are built by condensation reactions forming forming peptide bonds.peptide bonds.

aaaa11 – aa – aa22 dipeptidedipeptideaaaa11 – aa – aa22 -- aa -- aa33 tripeptide tripeptideaaaa11 – aa – aa22 -- aa -- aa33 – aa – aan n polypeptide polypeptide

Proteins are broken down through Proteins are broken down through hydrolysis reactionshydrolysis reactions

PolypeptidesPolypeptidesPolypeptide ChainPolypeptide Chain

Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid

Peptide Bonds(Amide Linkage)

This polypeptide will begin to fold over on itself until it has reached its 3-dimensional shape

The folding will be determined by the R-group interactions of the specific amino acid sequence

It is only the final shape that will determine the protein’s specific function

Peptide BondsPeptide Bonds

+ H+ H22OO

This is a …This is a … DEHYDRATION REACTION!DEHYDRATION REACTION!

Levels of Protein StructureLevels of Protein StructurePrimary StructurePrimary Structure Amino acid linear sequenceAmino acid linear sequenceSecondary StructureSecondary Structure Folding into a helix or pleated Folding into a helix or pleated

sheetsheet

Levels of Protein StructureLevels of Protein StructureTertiary StructureTertiary Structure Folding of secondary structures Folding of secondary structures

into a 3-D shapeinto a 3-D shape

Quarternary StructureQuarternary Structure 2 or more polypeptide chains 2 or more polypeptide chains

assembling togetherassembling together

Hemoglobin – A Complex Hemoglobin – A Complex ProteinProtein Found in RBCs, is responsible for Found in RBCs, is responsible for

oxygen transport to your cells for oxygen transport to your cells for respirationrespiration

Scientists believe the protein dates Scientists believe the protein dates back 4 billion years to the start of lifeback 4 billion years to the start of life

A quarternary protein consisting of 4 A quarternary protein consisting of 4 polypeptidespolypeptides

2 of the polypeptides (2 of the polypeptides (αα subunits) subunits) contain 141 amino acids while the contain 141 amino acids while the other 2 (other 2 (ββ subunits) contain 146 amino subunits) contain 146 amino acidsacids

Hemoglobin – A Complex Hemoglobin – A Complex ProteinProtein

Heme groups contain iron (II), acting as Heme groups contain iron (II), acting as sites where oxygen molecules can bindsites where oxygen molecules can bind

Heme

Hemoglobin – At the Heme Hemoglobin – At the Heme of it allof it all

These molecular cages are called porphyrins and are thought to have predated oxygen (2 billion years ago) back when single celled living things used sulfur in its metabolism

DID YOUKNOW?


Mr. WinchMr. WinchCentre Wellington DHSCentre Wellington DHS

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)RNA (ribonucleic acid) Nucleotide TriphosphatesNucleotide Triphosphates Nucleotide CoenzymesNucleotide Coenzymes

DNA and RNADNA and RNAare polymers of…are polymers of…

Nucleotides

Phosphate Pentose sugar

Nitrogenous base

3 parts

Basic Nucleotide Basic Nucleotide StructureStructure

Purines

Pyrimidines

Reacting NucleotidesReacting Nucleotides

What type of linkage is this?

Phosphate ester

Key Function of DNAKey Function of DNA Store genetic information in an organismStore genetic information in an organism

Key Function of RNAKey Function of RNA Participate in protein synthesisParticipate in protein synthesis

RNA vs DNARNA vs DNA Single Stranded vs Double StrandedSingle Stranded vs Double Stranded Ribose vs DeoxyriboseRibose vs Deoxyribose Uracil vs Thymine in pairing with AdenineUracil vs Thymine in pairing with Adenine

Nucleotide TriphosphatesNucleotide Triphosphates Nucleotide structure with 3 phosphatesNucleotide structure with 3 phosphates ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP and UTP are all possible based upon the nitrogen base presentATP, GTP, CTP, TTP and UTP are all possible based upon the nitrogen base present

Nucleotide TriphosphatesNucleotide Triphosphates NTP’s are used in the making of DNA and RNANTP’s are used in the making of DNA and RNA ATP is used as the cell’s energy currencyATP is used as the cell’s energy currency GTP can be used in intracellular signaling GTP can be used in intracellular signaling (relaying messages from hormones inside the cell)(relaying messages from hormones inside the cell)

Nucleotide CoenzymesNucleotide Coenzymes Coenzymes assist enzyme’s with the reactions they carry outCoenzymes assist enzyme’s with the reactions they carry out Often formed from the various forms of Vitamin BOften formed from the various forms of Vitamin B Essential to metabolismEssential to metabolism

Nicotinamide Adenine Nicotinamide Adenine DinucleotideDinucleotide

Plays a key role in cellular respiration assisting with the Plays a key role in cellular respiration assisting with the transfer of energy from organic molecules into ATPtransfer of energy from organic molecules into ATP

NAD participates in reactions involving the transfer of NAD participates in reactions involving the transfer of hydrogens (REDOX reactions)hydrogens (REDOX reactions)

A Special Nucleotide - cAMPA Special Nucleotide - cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphateCyclic adenosine monophosphate Involved in intracellular signalling (as part of a cell’s response to a peptide Involved in intracellular signalling (as part of a cell’s response to a peptide

hormone)hormone)

Cyclic AMPCyclic AMP

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