Living Systems SOL 5.5 Cells:

• All living things are made up of cells • Any thing that is living is called an organism • These are the smallest living parts of a plant or animal. • Cells take in nutrients and get rid of waste. • Cells need energy so that they can grow, move, and divide. • Cells reproduce through a process called mitosis • Can only be seen through a microscope

Animal and Plant Cells

• Both have similarities and differences • Animal cell is spherical • Plant cells are more rectangular

Parts of Cells:

• Nucleus: known as the cell’s control center o Controls all of the cell’s activities o Found in the center of the cell. o Stores information about the cell like DNA o In both Plant and Animal cells

• Cytoplasm: jelly like fluid inside the cell

o Allows for everything to move in the cell and all activities to happen inside. o In both Plant and Animal cells

• Vacuole:

o Stores food, nutrients, water, and waste o Bigger in plant cells o In both Plant and Animal cells

• Mitochondria: power house of the cells

o Provides energy for the cell o In both Plant and Animal cells

• Cell Membrane: outer part of the cell

o Allows water and oxygen to pass in and out of the cell o In both Plant and Animal cells o

• ***ONLY IN PLANT CELLS!*** o Cell Wall:

Outside the cell membrane and gives the cell extra shape Gives the cell support without it wouldn’t be able to grow

o Chloroplasts:

Contain chlorophyll

Living Systems SOL 5.5 Plants make food when the sun hits the chlorophyll through the process of

photosynthesis Needed for the plant to have food!

ANIMAL CELL:

nucleus

cytoplasm

vacuole

ribosomes

mitochondria

Animals give off carbon dioxide that helps plants and they take in oxygen that plants

give off. PLANT CELL:

Nucleus

Chloroplasts

Mitochondria

Vacuole

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane

Living Systems SOL 5.5

They make their own food from the Sun’s energy, nutrients from the soil, and water from rain.

They give off oxygen that help humans and animals breathe and take in carbon dioxide that animals give off.

The green color of plants is from the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts 5 Kingdoms of Living Things:

• We classify living organisms based off of different characteristics • Animals, Plants, Monerans, Protista, and Fungi

• Animals: (Animalia)

o Many celled organisms o Has a nucleus o Relies on oxygen to breathe o Eats other plants and animals to survive o Can move and adapt to environment o Two types:

Invertebrates Vertebrates

o Examples: humans, snakes, birds, fish, sea sponges, jellyfish

• Plants: (Plantae) o Many celled organisms o Has a nucleus o Produce their own food through photosynthesis o Reproduce in many ways o Two types:

Nonvascular Vascular

o Examples: flowering plants, ferns, mosses, conifers

• Monerans: o One celled o Has no nucleus o Absorbs their food o Reproduces by dividing o Microscopic (small in size) o Examples: bacteria and algae

• Protista:

o Mostly one celled organisms o Has a nucleus o Some can produce their own food o Reproduce through dividing o Examples: amoeba, euglena, and paramecium

Living Systems SOL 5.5

• Fungi: o One or many celled organisms o Has a nucleus o Absorbs their food (decomposers) o Reproduce through spores o Must grow on another object o Can be put to use medially (example mold is used in penicillin) o Examples: yeast, mushrooms, mold

Invertebrates and Vertebrates

• Animal kingdom is classified into two groups Vertebrates:

• These animals all have a backbone • Subgroups:

o Mammals: Have fur Give birth to babies Warm blooded Live in both land and water Use lungs to breathe Humans, whales, dolphins, lions, bears

o Birds:

Have wings and feathers Lungs to breathe Lay eggs Warm blooded Penguins, cardinals, robins, quails

o Reptiles:

Breathes with lungs Have scales Lay eggs Cold blooded Snakes, turtles, lizards

o Amphibians:

Breathe with both lungs and gills Live in both land and water Lay eggs Rubbery skin

Living Systems SOL 5.5 Frogs, toads

o Fish:

Breathe through gills Lay eggs Cold blooded Have fins and scales Trout, Clown fish

Invertebrates:

• These animals DO NOT have a backbone • Subgroups:

o Sponges: No mouth, stomachs, or other organs Cannot move Most live in the ocean

o Stinging Cells Invertebrates/ Spiky Skinned Invertebrates:

Has tentacles, mouth Some live on ocean floor, some can move Shoot poisonous darts or tentacles can sting prey Jellyfish, coral, sea anemone

o Worms:

Can grow back body parts if they lose them Long bodies Flatworms, Roundworms. Segmented worms

o Mollusks

Some live on ocean floor and ocean water; some live on land Make shells from minerals in the water Octopus, snail, squid

o Anthropoids:

Has four groups Have keen sense organs Have exoskeleton In two or more segments Crustaceans:

• Live in land or on ocean floor • Have five pairs of legs • Have antennas • Examples: crabs, lobsters

Arachnids: • Four pairs of legs

Living Systems SOL 5.5 • Most live on land • Called parasites • Examples: spiders, ticks, etc

Insects: • Largest group of the Arthropods • 3 sections of their bodies, 3 pairs of legs, 2 pairs of eyes and has a

mouth Millipedes or Centipedes:

• Many body segments

Vascular and Nonvascular Plants • Plant kingdom is split into two categories

o Subgroups: Vascular Plants

• These plants have special tissues similar to roots that transport water and food throughout the plant

o Like veins • They are tube- like material that supports the stems and

leaves of the plant • Help the plant grow tall • Examples: flowering plants, celery, sunflowers, any trees, etc.

Nonvascular Plants:

• These plants DO NOT have special tissues to transport minerals and nutrients.

• They transport water and nutrients through their CELLs. o Absorb water like a sponge!

• These plants tend to grow LOW to the ground. • Examples: mosses, liverworts, ferns, and hornworts