Liban Case

7/23/2019 Liban Case

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EN BANC

DANTE V. LIBAN,

REYNALDO M. BERNARDO,

and SALVADOR M. VIARI,

Petitioners,

- versus -

RICARD !. "ORDON,

Respondent.

".R. No. #$%&%'

Present:

PUNO, C.J.,QUISUMBING,

YNARES-SANTIAGO,

CARPIO,

CORONA,

CARPIO MORALES,

CHICO-NAZARIO,

VELASCO, JR.,

NACHURA,

LEONARDO-DE CASTRO,

BRION,

PERALTA, and

BERSAMIN, JJ.

Promulgated:

July 15, 2009

x - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x

D E C I S I O N



CARPIO, J.:

The Case

Thi i a !"#i#i$n #$ d"%&a'" S"na#$' Ri%ha'd J. G$'d$n

('"!$nd"n#) a ha*in+ $'"i#"d hi "a# in #h" S"na#".

T(e )a*ts

Pettoners !ante ". #$an, Reynaldo %. &ernardo, and 'al(ador %. "ar

)pettoners* +led t ts ourt a Petition to Declare Richard J. Gordon as

Having Forfeited His Seat in the Senate. Pettoners are o++/ers o+ te &oard o+

!re/tors o+ te ueon ty Red ross apter le respondent s arman o+

te Plppne Natonal Red ross )PNR* &oard o+ o(ernors.

!urng respondents n/um$en/y as a mem$er o+ te 'enate o+ te Plppnes, 314 e

as ele/ted arman o+ te PNR durng te 2 6e$ruary 2007 meetng o+ te

PNR &oard o+ o(ernors. Pettoners allege tat $y a//eptng te /armansp

o+ te PNR &oard o+ o(ernors, respondent as /eased to $e a mem$er o+ te

'enate as pro(ded n 'e/ton 1, 8rt/le " o+ te onsttuton, / reads:

'. 1. No 'enator or %em$er o+ te ;ouse o+ Representat(es may

old any oter o++/e or employment n te o(ernment, or any

su$d(son, agen/y, or nstrumentalty tereo+, n/ludng go(ernment-oned or /ontrolled /orporatons or ter su$sdares, durng s term

tout +or+etng s seat. Neter sall e $e apponted to any o++/e

/ may a(e $een /reated or te emoluments tereo+ n/reased

durng te term +or / e as ele/ted.

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2009/july2009/175352.htm#_ftn1




Pettoners /te Camporedondo v. NLRC ,324 / eld tat te PNR s a

go(ernment-oned or /ontrolled /orporaton. Pettoners /lam tat n a//eptng

and oldng te poston o+ arman o+ te PNR &oard o+ o(ernors,

respondent as automat/ally +or+eted s seat n te 'enate, pursuant to Flores v.

Drilon,34 / eld tat n/um$ent natonal legslators lose ter ele/t(e posts

upon ter appontment to anoter go(ernment o++/e.

n s omment, respondent asserts tat pettoners a(e no standng to +le ts

petton / appears to $e an a/ton +or <uo arranto, sn/e te petton alleges

tat respondent /ommtted an a/t /, $y pro(son o+ la, /onsttutes a ground

+or +or+eture o+ s pu$l/ o++/e. Pettoners do not /lam to $e enttled to te

'enate o++/e o+ respondent. Under 'e/ton 5, Rule 77 o+ te Rules o+ (l

Pro/edure, only a person /lamng to $e enttled to a pu$l/ o++/e usurped or unla+ully eld $y anoter may $rng an a/ton +or <uo arranto n s on

name. + te petton s one +or <uo arranto, t s already $arred $y pres/rpton

sn/e under 'e/ton 11, Rule 77 o+ te Rules o+ (l Pro/edure, te a/ton sould

$e /ommen/ed tn one year a+ter te /ause o+ te pu$l/ o++/ers +or+eture o+

o++/e. n ts /ase, respondent as $een or=ng as a Red ross (olunteer +or te

past >0 years. Respondent as already arman o+ te PNR &oard o+ o(ernors

en e as ele/ted 'enator n %ay 200>, a(ng $een ele/ted arman n 200

and re-ele/ted n 2005.

Respondent /ontends tat e(en + te present petton s treated as a taxpayers sut,

pettoners /annot $e alloed to rase a /onsttutonal <ueston n te a$sen/e o+

any /lam tat tey su++ered some a/tual damage or treatened n?ury as a result o+

te allegedly llegal a/t o+ respondent. 6urtermore, taxpayers are alloed to sue

only en tere s a /lam o+ llegal ds$ursement o+ pu$l/ +unds, or tat pu$l/

money s $eng d(erted to any mproper purpose, or ere pettoners see= to

restran respondent +rom en+or/ng an n(ald la tat results n astage o+ pu$l/+unds.







Respondent also mantans tat + te petton s treated as one +or de/laratory

rele+, ts ourt ould a(e no ?ursd/ton sn/e orgnal ?ursd/ton +or

de/laratory rele+ les t te Regonal @ral ourt.

Respondent +urter nssts tat te PNR s not a go(ernment-oned or /ontrolled

/orporaton and tat te pro$ton under 'e/ton 1, 8rt/le " o+ te

onsttuton does not apply n te present /ase sn/e (olunteer ser(/e to te

PNR s neter an o++/e nor an employment.

n ter Reply, pettoners /lam tat ter petton s neter an a/ton +or <uo

arranto nor an a/ton +or de/laratory rele+. Pettoners mantan tat te present

petton s a taxpayers sut <uestonng te unla+ul ds$ursement o+ +unds,/onsderng tat respondent as $een drang s salares and oter /ompensaton

as a 'enator e(en + e s no longer enttled to s o++/e. Pettoners pont out tat

ts ourt as ?ursd/ton o(er ts petton sn/e t n(ol(es a legal or

/onsttutonal ssue / s o+ trans/endental mportan/e.

The Issues

P"#i#i$n"' 'ai" #h" $&&$in+ i"/

0. 1h"#h"' #h" Phi&i!!in" Na#i$na& R"d C'$ (PNRC) i a

+$*"'n2"n#- $n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n3

4. 1h"#h"' S"%#i$n 05, A'#i%&" VI $ #h" Phi&i!!in" C$n#i##i$n

a!!&i" #$ #h" %a" $ '"!$nd"n# h$ i Chai'2an $ #h" PNRC and

a# #h" a2" #i2" a M"26"' $ #h" S"na#"3

5. 1h"#h"' '"!$nd"n# h$&d 6" a#$2a#i%a&&7 '"2$*"d a a

S"na#$' !'an# #$ S"%#i$n 05, A'#i%&" VI $ #h" Phi&i!!in"

C$n#i##i$n3 and



8. 1h"#h"' !"#i#i$n"' 2a7 &"+a&&7 in#i##" #hi !"#i#i$n a+ain#

'"!$nd"n#.98:

Th" 6#an#ia& i" 6$i& d$n #$ h"#h"' #h" $;%" $ #h" PNRC

Chai'2an i a +$*"'n2"n# $;%" $' an $;%" in a +$*"'n2"n#-

$n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n $' !'!$" $ #h" !'$hi6i#i$n in

S"%#i$n 05, A'#i%&" VI $ #h" C$n#i##i$n.

The Courts Ruling

1" <nd #h" !"#i#i$n i#h$# 2"'i#.

Petitioners Have No Standing to File this Petition

A %a'"& '"adin+ $ #h" !"#i#i$n '"*"a& #ha# i# i an a%#i$n $' =$

a''an#$. S"%#i$n 0, R&" >> $ #h" R&" $ C$'# !'$*id"/

S"%#i$n 0. A%#i$n 67 G$*"'n2"n# a+ain#

indi*ida&. An action for the usurpation of a public

oce, !$i#i$n $' 'an%hi" a! be coence" b! a

#eri$e" petition brought in the nae of the

Republic of the Philippines against/

(a) A !"'$n h$ '!, in#'d" in#$, $' n&a&&7 h$&d $' "?"'%i"

a !6&i% $;%", !$i#i$n $' 'an%hi"3

(6) A public ocer %ho "oes or su&ers an act %hich b! pro#ision of la%,

constitutes a groun" for the forfeiture of his oce3 $'





(%) An a$%ia#i$n hi%h a%# a a %$'!$'a#i$n i#hin #h" Phi&i!!in" i#h$# 6"in+

&"+a&&7 in%$'!$'a#"d $' i#h$# &a& a#h$'i#7 $ #$ a%#. (E2!hai !!&i"d)

P"#i#i$n"' a&&"+" in #h"i' !"#i#i$n #ha#/

8. R"!$nd"n# 6"%a2" #h" Chai'2an $ #h" PNRC h"n

h" a "&"%#"d a %h d'in+ #h" @i'# R"+&a'

Ln%h"$n-M""#in+ $ #h" B$a'd $ G$*"'n$' $ #h"

PNRC h"&d $n @"6'a'7 45, 4>, #h" 2in#" $ hi%h

i h"'"#$ a##a%h"d and 2ad" in#"+'a& !a'# h"'"$ a

Ann"? A.

. R"!$nd"n# a "&"%#"d a Chai'2an $ #h" PNRC B$a'd $

G$*"'n$', d'in+ hi in%26"n%7 a a M"26"' $ #h" H$" $ S"na#"

$ #h" C$n+'" $ #h" Phi&i!!in", ha*in+ 6""n "&"%#"d a %h d'in+

#h" na#i$na& "&"%#i$n &a# Ma7 48.

>. Sin%" hi "&"%#i$n a Chai'2an $ #h" PNRC B$a'd $ G$*"'n$', hi%h !$i#i$n h"

d&7 a%%"!#"d, '"!$nd"n# ha 6""n "?"'%iin+ #h" !$"' and di%ha'+in+ #h"

n%#i$n and d#i" $ aid $;%", d"!i#" #h" a%# #ha# h" i #i&& a "na#$'.

. I# i #h" '"!"%#& 62ii$n $ #h" !"#i#i$n"'9: #ha# b! accepting the

chairanship of the 'oar" of (o#ernors of the PNRC, respon"ent hascease" to be a )eber of the *ouse of Senate as pro#i"e" in Section +,

Article -I of the Philippine Constitution, ? ? ?

? ? ? ?

0. I# i '"!"%#&&7 62i##"d #ha# in accepting the position of Chairan of

the 'oar" of (o#ernors of the PNRC on .ebruar! /, /001, respon"ent has

autoaticall! forfeite" his seat in the *ouse of Senate an", therefore, has

long cease" to be a Senator, !'an# #$ #h" '&in+ $ #hi H$n$'a6&" C$'# in

#h" %a" $ @LORES, ET AL. VS. DRILON AND GORDON, G.R. N$. 0854, ? ? ?

00. D"!i#" #h" a%# #ha# h" i n$ &$n+"' a "na#$', '"!$nd"n# %$n#in" #$ a%# a

%h and #i&& !"'$'2 #h" !$"', n%#i$n and d#i" $ a "na#$', %$n#'a'7 #$

#h" %$n#i##i$n, &a and 'i!'d"n%".

04. Un&" '"#'ain"d, #h"'"$'", '"!$nd"n# i&& %$n#in" #$ a&"&7 a%# and

'"!'""n# hi2"& a a "na#$' $' 2"26"' $ #h" H$" $ S"na#", %$&&"%#in+ #h"

a&a'i", "2$&2"n# and $#h"' %$2!"na#i$n, 6"n"<# and !'i*i&"+"



a!!"'#ainin+ and d" $n&7 #$ #h" &"+i#i2a#" "na#$', #$ #h" da2a+", +'"a# and

i''"!a'a6&" in'7 $ #h" G$*"'n2"n# and #h" @i&i!in$ !"$!&".9: (E2!hai !!&i"d)

Th, !"#i#i$n"' a'" a&&"+in+ #ha# 67 a%%"!#in+ #h" !$i#i$n $

Chai'2an $ #h" PNRC B$a'd $ G$*"'n$', '"!$nd"n# ha

a#$2a#i%a&&7 $'"i#"d hi "a# in #h" S"na#". In h$'#, !"#i#i$n"'

<&"d an a%#i$n $' '!a#i$n $!6&i% $;%" a+ain# '"!$nd"n#, a

!6&i% $;%"' h$ a&&"+"d&7 %$22i##"d an a%# hi%h %$n#i##" a

+'$nd $' #h" $'"i#'" $ hi !6&i% $;%". C&"a'&7, %h an

a%#i$n i $' =$ a''an#$, !"%i<%a&&7 nd"' S"%#i$n 0(6), R&" >>

$ #h" R&" $ C$'#.

Q$ a''an#$ i +"n"'a&&7 %$22"n%"d 67 #h" G$*"'n2"n# a #h"

!'$!"' !a'#7 !&ain#i. H$"*"', nd"' S"%#i$n , R&" >> $ #h"

R&" $ C$'#, an indi*ida& 2a7 %$22"n%" %h an a%#i$n i h"

%&ai2 #$ 6" "n#i#&"d #$ #h" !6&i% $;%" a&&"+"d&7 '!"d 67

an$#h"', in hi%h %a" h" %an 6'in+ #h" a%#i$n in hi $n na2".

Th" !"'$n in#i##in+=$ a''an#$ !'$%""din+ in hi $n 6"ha&

2# %&ai2 and 6" a6&" #$ h$ #ha# h" i "n#i#&"d #$ #h" $;%" in

di!#", $#h"'i" #h" a%#i$n 2a7 6" di2i"d a# an7 #a+". 9>: In

#h" !'""n# %a", !"#i#i$n"' d$ n$# %&ai2 #$ 6" "n#i#&"d #$ #h"

S"na#" $;%" $ '"!$nd"n#. C&"a'&7, !"#i#i$n"' ha*" n$ #andin+

#$ <&" #h" !'""n# !"#i#i$n.

E*"n i #h" C$'# di'"+a'd #h" in<'2i#i" $ #h" !"#i#i$n and

#'"a# i# a a #a?!a7"' i#, #h" !"#i#i$n $&d #i&& ai& $n #h"2"'i#.

PNRC is a Private Organization Performing Public

Functions







On 44 Ma'%h 0F8, P'"id"n# Man"& A. R$?a i+n"d R"!6&i% A%#

N$. F,9: $#h"'i" n$n a #h" PNRC Cha'#"'. Th" PNRC i a

n$n-!'$<#, d$n$'-nd"d, *$&n#a'7, h2ani#a'ian $'+ania#i$n,h$" 2ii$n i #$ 6'in+ #i2"&7, ""%#i*", and %$2!ai$na#"

h2ani#a'ian ai#an%" $' #h" 2$# *&n"'a6&" i#h$#

%$nid"'a#i$n $ na#i$na&i#7, 'a%", '"&i+i$n, +"nd"', $%ia& #a#,

$' !$&i#i%a& a;&ia#i$n.9: Th" PNRC !'$*id" i? 2a$' "'*i%"/

B&$$d S"'*i%", Dia#"' Mana+"2"n#, Sa"#7 S"'*i%",

C$22ni#7 H"a&#h and N'in+, S$%ia& S"'*i%" and V$&n#a'7

S"'*i%".9F:

Th" R"!6&i% $ #h" Phi&i!!in", adh"'in+ #$ #h" G"n"*a

C$n*"n#i$n, "#a6&ih"d #h" PNRC a a *$&n#a'7 $'+ania#i$n $'

#h" !'!$" %$n#"2!&a#"d in #h" G"n"*a C$n*"n#i$n $ 4 J&7

0F4F.90: Th" 1h"'"a %&a" $#h" PNRC Cha'#"' '"ad/

A;R8', tere as de(eloped at ene(a, 'terland, on 8ugust 22, 1B7>, a /on(enton $y

/ te natons o+ te orld ere n(ted to ?on togeter n dmnsng, so +ar les tn ter

poer, te e(ls nerent n arC

A;R8', more tan sxty natons o+ te orld a(e rat+ed or adered to te

su$se<uent re(son o+ sad /on(enton, namely te on(enton o+ ene(a o+ July

29 3s/4, 1929 +or te 8meloraton o+ te ondton o+ te Aounded and '/= o+

8rmes n te 6eld )re+erred to n ts arter as te ene(a Red rosson(enton*C

+EREAS, t(e "eneva Red Cross Convention envisaes t(e estais(/ent in ea*(

*ountr0 o1 a vountar0 orani2ation to assist in *arin 1or t(e 3ounded and si*4 o1 t(e

ar/ed 1or*es and to 1urnis( su55ies 1or t(at 5ur5ose62*EREAS, the Republic of the Philippines becae an

in"epen"ent nation on 3ul! 4, +541 an" proclaie" its

a"herence to the (ene#a Re" Cross Con#ention on .ebruar!

+4, +546, an" b! that action in"icate" its "esire to participate

%ith the nations of the %orl" in itigating the su&ering cause"

b! %ar an" to establish in the Philippines a #oluntar!

organi7ation for that purpose as conteplate" b! the (ene#a

Re" Cross Con#ention8











1HEREAS, #h"'" "?i#"d in #h" Phi&i!!in" in%" 0F0 a Cha'#"' $ #h"

A2"'i%an Na#i$na& R"d C'$ hi%h 2# 6" #"'2ina#"d in *i" $ #h"

ind"!"nd"n%" $ #h" Phi&i!!in"3 and

A;R8', te (olunteer organatons esta$lsed n te oter /ountres /

a(e rat+ed or adered to te ene(a Red ross on(enton assst n promotngte ealt and el+are o+ ter people n pea/e and n ar, and troug ter

mutual assstan/e and /ooperaton dre/tly and troug ter nternatonal

organatons promote $etter understandng and sympaty among te peoples o+ te orld. )mpass suppled*

Th" PNRC i a 2"26"' Na#i$na& S$%i"#7 $ #h" In#"'na#i$na& R"d

C'$ and R"d C'"%"n# M$*"2"n# (M$*"2"n#), hi%h i

%$2!$"d $ #h" In#"'na#i$na& C$22i##"" $ #h" R"d C'$ (ICRC),

#h" In#"'na#i$na& @"d"'a#i$n $ R"d C'$ and R"d C'"%"n#S$%i"#i" (In#"'na#i$na& @"d"'a#i$n), and #h" Na#i$na& R"d C'$

and R"d C'"%"n# S$%i"#i" (Na#i$na& S$%i"#i"). Th" M$*"2"n# i

ni#"d and +id"d 67 i# "*"n @nda2"n#a& P'in%i!&"/

0. HUMANITY Th" In#"'na#i$na& R"d C'$ and R"d C'"%"n# M$*"2"n#,

6$'n $ a d"i'" #$ 6'in+ ai#an%" i#h$# di%'i2ina#i$n #$ #h"

$nd"d $n #h" 6a##&"<"&d, "nd"a*$', in i# in#"'na#i$na& and

na#i$na& %a!a%i#7, #$ !'"*"n# and a&&"*ia#" h2an "'in+

h"'"*"' i# 2a7 6" $nd. I# !'!$" i #$ !'$#"%# &i" and h"a&#h

and #$ "n'" '"!"%# $' #h" h2an 6"in+. I# !'$2$#" 2#a&

nd"'#andin+, 'i"ndhi!, %$$!"'a#i$n and &a#in+ !"a%" a2$n+#

a&& !"$!&".

4. IMPARTIALITY I# 2a" n$ di%'i2ina#i$n a #$ na#i$na&i#7, 'a%", '"&i+i$ 6"&i",

%&a $' !$&i#i%a& $!ini$n. I# "nd"a*$' #$ '"&i"*" #h" "'in+ $ indi*ida&, 6"in+

+id"d $&"&7 67 #h"i' n""d, and #$ +i*" !'i$'i#7 #$ #h" 2$# '+"n# %a" $

di#'".

5. NE9TRAIT; In or"er to continue to en<o! the con$"ence of

all, the )o#eent a! not ta=e si"es in hostilities or

engage at an! tie in contro#ersies of a political, racial,

religious or i"eological nature>

8. INDEPENDENCE The )o#eent is in"epen"ent> The National

Societies, %hile au?iliaries in the huanitarian ser#ices of

their go#ernents an" sub<ect to the la%s of their



respecti#e countries, ust al%a!s aintain their autono!

so that the! a! be able at all ties to act in accor"ance

%ith the principles of the )o#eent>

. VOLUNTARY SERVICE I# i a *$&n#a'7 '"&i" 2$*"2"n# n$# !'$2!#"d

in an7 2ann"' 67 d"i'" $' +ain.

>. UNITY Th"'" %an 6" $n&7 $n" R"d C'$ $' $n" R"d C'"%"n# S$%i"#7 in an7 $n"

%$n#'7. I# 2# 6" $!"n #$ a&&. I# 2# %a''7 $n i# h2ani#a'ian $' #h'$+h$# i#

#"''i#$'7.

. UNIVERSALITY Th" In#"'na#i$na& R"d C'$ and R"d C'"%"n# M$*"2"n#, in hi%h

a&& S$%i"#i" ha*" "=a& #a# and ha'" "=a& '"!$ni6i&i#i" and d#i" in h"&!in+

"a%h $#h"', i $'&did". (E2!hai !!&i"d)

Th" @nda2"n#a& P'in%i!&" !'$*id" a ni*"'a& #anda'd $

'""'"n%" $' a&& 2"26"' $ #h" M$*"2"n#. Th" PNRC, a a

2"26"' Na#i$na& S$%i"#7 $ #h" M$*"2"n#, ha #h" d#7 #$

!h$&d #h" @nda2"n#a& P'in%i!&" and id"a& $ #h" M$*"2"n#. In

$'d"' #$ 6" '"%$+ni"d a a Na#i$na& S$%i"#7, #h" PNRC ha #$

6" autonoous and 2# $!"'a#" in %$n$'2i#7 i#h #h"

@nda2"n#a& P'in%i!&" $ #h" M$*"2"n#.900:

Th" '"a$n $' #hi a#$n$27 i nda2"n#a&. T$ 6" a%%"!#"d 67

a''in+ 6"&&i+"'"n# a n"#'a& $'"' d'in+ in#"'na#i$na& $'

in#"'na& a'2"d %$ni%#, #h" PNRC *$&n#""' 2# n$# 6" ""n a

6"&$n+in+ #$ an7 id" $ #h" a'2"d %$ni%#. In #h" Phi&i!!in"

h"'" #h"'" i a %$22ni# in'+"n%7 and a M&i2 "!a'a#i#

'"6"&&i$n, #h" PNRC %ann$# 6" ""n a +$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $'

%$n#'$&&"d, and n"i#h"' %an #h" PNRC *$&n#""' 6" id"n#i<"d a

+$*"'n2"n# !"'$nn"& $' a in#'2"n# $ +$*"'n2"n# !$&i%7.

O#h"'i", #h" in'+"n# $' "!a'a#i# i&& #'"a# PNRC *$&n#""'a "n"2i" h"n #h" *$&n#""' #"nd #$ #h" $nd"d in #h"

6a##&"<"&d $' #h" di!&a%"d %i*i&ian in %$ni%# a'"a.





Th, #h" PNRC 2# n$# $n&7 6", 6# 2# a&$ 6" ""n #$ 6",

a#$n$2$, n"#'a& and ind"!"nd"n# in $'d"' #$ %$nd%# i#

a%#i*i#i" in a%%$'dan%" i#h #h" @nda2"n#a& P'in%i!&". Th"

PNRC 2# n$# a!!"a' #$ 6" an in#'2"n# $' a+"n%7 #ha#

i2!&"2"n# +$*"'n2"n# !$&i%73 $#h"'i", i# %ann$# 2"'i# #h"#'# $ a&& and %ann$# ""%#i*"&7 %a''7 $# i# 2ii$n a a

Na#i$na& R"d C'$ S$%i"#7. 904: I# i i2!"'a#i*" #ha# #h" PNRC 2#

6" a#$n$2$, n"#'a&, and ind"!"nd"n# in '"&a#i$n #$ #h" S#a#".

T$ "n'" and 2ain#ain i# a#$n$27, n"#'a&i#7, and

ind"!"nd"n%", #h" PNRC %ann$# 6" $n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d 67 #h"

+$*"'n2"n#. Ind""d, #h" Phi&i!!in" +$*"'n2"n# d$" n$# $n #h"PNRC. Th" PNRC d$" n$# ha*" +$*"'n2"n# a"# and d$" n$#

'"%"i*" an7 a!!'$!'ia#i$n '$2 #h" Phi&i!!in" C$n+'".905: Th"

PNRC i <nan%"d !'i2a'i&7 67 %$n#'i6#i$n '$2 !'i*a#"

indi*ida& and !'i*a#" "n#i#i" $6#ain"d #h'$+h $&i%i#a#i$n

%a2!ai+n $'+ani"d 67 i# B$a'd $ G$*"'n$', a !'$*id"d

nd"' S"%#i$n 00 $ #h" PNRC Cha'#"'/

SECTION 00. A a na#i$na& *$&n#a'7 $'+ania#i$n, thePhilippine National Re" Cross shall be $nance"

priaril! b! contributions obtaine" through

solicitation capaigns throughout the !ear %hich

shall be organi7e" b! the 'oar" of (o#ernors an"

con"ucte" b! the Chapters in their respecti#e

<uris"ictions> Th"" nd 'aiin+ %a2!ai+n ha&& 6"

%$nd%#"d ind"!"nd"n#&7 $ $#h"' nd d'i*" 67 $#h"'

$'+ania#i$n. (E2!hai !!&i"d)







Th" +$*"'n2"n# d$" n$# %$n#'$& #h" PNRC. Und"' #h" PNRC

Cha'#"', a a2"nd"d, onl! si? of the thirt! ebers of the

PNRC 'oar" of (o#ernors are appointe" b! the Presi"ent

of the Philippines> Th, #"n#7-$' 2"26"', $' $'-<#h

(8K), $ #h" PNRC B$a'd $ G$*"'n$' a'" n$# a!!$in#"d 67 #h"P'"id"n#. S"%#i$n > $ #h" PNRC Cha'#"', a a2"nd"d, !'$*id"/

'@ON 7. @e go(ernng poers and autorty sall $e (ested n a &oard o+

o(ernors /omposed o+ trty mem$ers, sx o+ om sall $e apponted $y tePresdent o+ te Plppnes, egteen sall $e ele/ted $y /apter delegates n

$ennal /on(entons and te remanng sx sall $e sele/ted $y te tenty-+our

mem$ers o+ te &oard already /osen. x x x.

Th, $ #h" #"n#7-$' 2"26"' $ #h" PNRC B$a'd, "i+h#""n

a'" "&"%#"d 67 #h" %ha!#"' d"&"+a#" $ #h" PNRC, and i? a'"

"&"%#"d 67 #h" #"n#7-$' 2"26"' a&'"ad7 %h$"n a "&"%#

+'$! h"'" #h" !'i*a#" "%#$' 2"26"' ha*" #h'""-$'#h

2a$'i#7. Clearl!, an o#er%heling a<orit! of four@$fths of

the PNRC 'oar" are electe" or chosen b! the pri#ate

sector ebers of the PNRC.

Th" PNRC B$a'd $ G$*"'n$', hi%h "?"'%i" a&& %$'!$'a#"

!$"' $ #h" PNRC, "&"%# #h" PNRC Chai'2an and a&& $#h"'

$;%"' $ #h" PNRC. Th" in%26"n# Chai'2an $ PNRC,

'"!$nd"n# S"na#$' G$'d$n, a "&"%#"d, a a&& PNRC Chai'2"n

a'" "&"%#"d, 67 a pri#ate sector@controlle" PNRC 'oar" $'-

<#h $ h$2 a'" !'i*a#" "%#$' 2"26"' $ #h" PNRC. Th" PNRC

Chai'2an i n$# a!!$in#"d 67 #h" P'"id"n# $' 67 an7 6$'dina#"

+$*"'n2"n# $;%ia&.

Und"' S"%#i$n 0>, A'#i%&" VII $ #h" C$n#i##i$n, 908: #h" P'"id"n#

a!!$in# a&& $;%ia& and "2!&$7"" in #h" E?"%#i*" 6'an%h

h$" a!!$in#2"n# a'" *"#"d in #h" P'"id"n# 67 #h"





C$n#i##i$n $' 67 &a. Th" P'"id"n# a&$ a!!$in# #h$" h$"

a!!$in#2"n# a'" n$# $#h"'i" !'$*id"d 67 &a. Und"' #hi

S"%#i$n 0>, #h" &a 2a7 a&$ a#h$'i" #h" h"ad $ d"!a'#2"n#,

a+"n%i", %$22ii$n, $' 6$a'd #$ a!!$in# $;%"' &$"' in 'an

#han %h h"ad $ d"!a'#2"n#, a+"n%i", %$22ii$n $'6$a'd.90: In Rufno v. Endriga,90>: #h" C$'# "?!&ain"d

a!!$in#2"n# nd"' S"%#i$n 0> in #hi i"/

Und"' S"%#i$n 0>, A'#i%&" VII $ #h" 0F C$n#i##i$n, #h" P'"id"n#

a!!$in# #h'"" +'$! $ $;%"'. Th" <'# +'$! '""' #$ #h" h"ad $

#h" E?"%#i*" d"!a'#2"n#, a26aad$', $#h"' !6&i% 2ini#"' and%$n&, $;%"' $ #h" a'2"d $'%" '$2 #h" 'an $ %$&$n"& $' na*a&

%a!#ain, and $#h"' $;%"' h$" a!!$in#2"n# a'" *"#"d in #h"

P'"id"n# 67 #h" C$n#i##i$n. Th" "%$nd +'$! '""' #$ #h$" h$2

#h" P'"id"n# 2a7 6" a#h$'i"d 67 &a #$ a!!$in#. Th" #hi'd +'$!

'""' #$ a&& $#h"' $;%"' $ #h" G$*"'n2"n# h$" a!!$in#2"n# a'"

n$# $#h"'i" !'$*id"d 67 &a.

Und"' #h" a2" S"%#i$n 0>, #h"'" i a $'#h +'$! $ &$"'-'an"d $;%"' h$"

a!!$in#2"n# C$n+'" 2a7 67 &a *"# in #h" h"ad $ d"!a'#2"n#, a+"n%i",%$22ii$n, $' 6$a'd. ? ? ?

? ? ?

In a d"!a'#2"n# in #h" E?"%#i*" 6'an%h, #h" h"ad i #h" S"%'"#a'7. Th" &a 2a7 n$#

a#h$'i" #h" Und"'"%'"#a'7, a%#in+ a %h Und"'"%'"#a'7, #$ a!!$in# &$"'-

'an"d $;%"' in #h" E?"%#i*" d"!a'#2"n#. In an a+"n%7, #h" !$"' i *"#"d in

#h" h"ad $ #h" a+"n%7 $' i# $&d 6" !'"!$#"'$ #$ *"# i# in #h" a+"n%7 i#"&. Ina %$22ii$n, #h" h"ad i #h" %hai'!"'$n $ #h" %$22ii$n. In a 6$a'd, #h" h"ad

i a&$ #h" %hai'!"'$n $ #h" 6$a'd. In #h" &a# #h'"" i#a#i$n, #h" &a 2a7 n$#

a&$ a#h$'i" $;%"' $#h"' #han #h" h"ad $ #h" a+"n%7, %$22ii$n, $' 6$a'd #$

a!!$in# &$"'-'an"d $;%"'.







? ? ?

Th" C$n#i##i$n a#h$'i" C$n+'" #$ *"# #h" !$"' #$ a!!$in# &$"'-'an"d

$;%"' !"%i<%a&&7 in #h" h"ad $ #h" !"%i<"d $;%", and in n$ $#h"' !"'$n. Th"

$'d h"ad '""' #$ #h" %hai'!"'$n $ #h" %$22ii$n $' 6$a'd and n$# #$ #h"i'

2"26"', $' "*"'a& '"a$n.

Th" P'"id"n# d$" n$# a!!$in# #h" Chai'2an $ #h" PNRC. N"i#h"'

d$" #h" h"ad $ an7 d"!a'#2"n#, a+"n%7, %$22ii$n $' 6$a'd

a!!$in# #h" PNRC Chai'2an. Th, #h" PNRC Chai'2an i n$# an

$;%ia& $' "2!&$7"" $ #h" E?"%#i*" 6'an%h in%" hia!!$in#2"n# d$" n$# a&& nd"' S"%#i$n 0>, A'#i%&" VII $ #h"

C$n#i##i$n. C"'#ain&7, #h" PNRC Chai'2an i n$# an $;%ia& $'

"2!&$7"" $ #h" Jdi%ia'7 $' L"+i&a#'". Thi &"ad #$ #h"

$6*i$ %$n%&i$n #ha# #h" PNRC Chai'2an i n$# an $;%ia& $'

"2!&$7"" $ #h" Phi&i!!in" G$*"'n2"n#. Not being a

go#ernent ocial or eplo!ee, the PNRC Chairan, as

such, "oes not hol" a go#ernent oce or eplo!ent>

Und"' S"%#i$n 0, A'#i%&" VII $ #h" C$n#i##i$n, 90: #h" P'"id"n#

"?"'%i" %$n#'$& $*"' all +$*"'n2"n# $;%" in #h" E?"%#i*"

6'an%h. If an oce is legall! not un"er the control of the

Presi"ent, then such oce is not part of the E?ecuti#e

branch. In Rufno v. Endriga,90: #h" C$'# "?!&ain"d #h" P'"id"n#

!$"' $ %$n#'$& $*"' a&& +$*"'n2"n# $;%" a $&&$/

E*"'7 +$*"'n2"n# $;%", "n#i#7, $' a+"n%7 2# a&& nd"' #h"

E?"%#i*", L"+i&a#i*", $' Jdi%ia& 6'an%h", $' 2# 6"&$n+ #$ $n" $

#h" ind"!"nd"n# %$n#i##i$na& 6$di", $' 2# 6" a =ai-di%ia& 6$d7

$' &$%a& +$*"'n2"n# ni#. O#h"'i", %h +$*"'n2"n# $;%", "n#i#7, $'

a+"n%7 ha n$ &"+a& and %$n#i##i$na& 6ai $' i# "?i#"n%".







Th" CCP d$" n$# a&& nd"' #h" L"+i&a#i*" $' Jdi%ia& 6'an%h" $ +$*"'n2"n#. Th"

CCP i a&$ n$# $n" $ #h" ind"!"nd"n# %$n#i##i$na& 6$di". N"i#h"' i #h" CCP a

=ai-di%ia& 6$d7 n$' a &$%a& +$*"'n2"n# ni#. Th, #h" CCP 2# a&& nd"' #h"

E?"%#i*" 6'an%h. Und"' #h" R"*i"d Ad2ini#'a#i*" C$d" $ 0F, an7 a+"n%7 n$#!&a%"d 67 &a $' $'d"' %'"a#in+ #h"2 nd"' an7 !"%i<% d"!a'#2"n# a&& nd"' #h"

O;%" $ #h" P'"id"n#.

Sin%" #h" P'"id"n# "?"'%i" %$n#'$& $*"' a&& #h" "?"%#i*" d"!a'#2"n#, 6'"a,

and $;%", #h" P'"id"n# n"%"a'i&7 "?"'%i" %$n#'$& $*"' #h" CCP hi%h i an

$;%" in #h" E?"%#i*" 6'an%h. In 2anda#in+ #ha# #h" P'"id"n# ha&& ha*" %$n#'$& $

a&& "?"%#i*" . . . $;%", S"%#i$n 0, A'#i%&" VII $ #h" 0F C$n#i##i$n d$" n$#

"?"2!# an7 "?"%#i*" $;%" $n" !"'$'2in+ "?"%#i*" n%#i$n $#id" $ #h"

ind"!"nd"n# %$n#i##i$na& 6$di" '$2 #h" P'"id"n# !$"' $ %$n#'$&. Th"'" i n$

di!#" #ha# #h" CCP !"'$'2 "?"%#i*", and n$# &"+i&a#i*", di%ia&, $' =ai-

di%ia& n%#i$n.

The Presi"ents po%er of control applies to the acts or "ecisions of all

ocers in the E?ecuti#e branch> This is true %hether such ocers are

appointe" b! the Presi"ent or b! hea"s of "epartents, agencies,

coissions, or boar"s> The po%er of control eans the po%er to re#ise

or re#erse the acts or "ecisions of a subor"inate ocer in#ol#ing the

e?ercise of "iscretion>

In h$'#, #h" P'"id"n# i# a# #h" a!"? $ #h" E?"%#i*" 6'an%h, and "?"'%i"

%$n#'$& $ a&& #h" "?"%#i*" d"!a'#2"n#, 6'"a, and $;%". Th"'" %an 6" n$

in#an%" nd"' #h" C$n#i##i$n h"'" an $;%"' $ #h" E?"%#i*" 6'an%h i $#id"

#h" %$n#'$& $ #h" P'"id"n#. Th" E?"%#i*" 6'an%h i ni#a'7 in%" #h"'" i $n&7 $n"

P'"id"n# *"#"d i#h "?"%#i*" !$"' "?"'%iin+ %$n#'$& $*"' #h" "n#i'" E?"%#i*"

6'an%h. An7 $;%" in #h" E?"%#i*" 6'an%h #ha# i n$# nd"' #h" %$n#'$& $ #h"

P'"id"n# i a &$# %$22and h$" "?i#"n%" i i#h$# an7 &"+a& $' %$n#i##i$na&

6ai. (E2!hai !!&i"d)

An $*"'h"&2in+ $'-<#h 2a$'i#7 $ #h" PNRC B$a'd a'"

!'i*a#" "%#$' indi*ida& "&"%#"d #$ #h" PNRC B$a'd 67 #h"



!'i*a#" "%#$' 2"26"' $ #h" PNRC. Th" PNRC B$a'd "?"'%i"

a&& %$'!$'a#" !$"' $ #h" PNRC. Th" PNRC i %$n#'$&&"d 67

!'i*a#" "%#$' indi*ida&. D"%ii$n $' a%#i$n $ #h" PNRC B$a'd

a'" n$# '"*i"a6&" 67 #h" P'"id"n#. The Presi"ent cannot

re#erse or o"if! the "ecisions or actions of the PNRC'oar"> Neither can the Presi"ent re#erse or o"if! the

"ecisions or actions of the PNRC Chairan. I# i #h" PNRC

B$a'd #ha# %an '"*i", '"*"'" $' 2$di7 #h" d"%ii$n $' a%#i$n

$ #h" PNRC Chai'2an. Thi !'$*" a+ain #ha# #h" $;%" $ #h"

PNRC Chai'2an i a !'i*a#" $;%", n$# a +$*"'n2"n# $;%".

A&#h$+h #h" S#a#" i $#"n '"!'""n#"d in #h" +$*"'nin+ 6$di" $

a Na#i$na& S$%i"#7, #hi %an 6" #i<"d 67 #h" n""d $' !'$!"'

%$$'dina#i$n i#h #h" !6&i% a#h$'i#i", and #h" +$*"'n2"n#'"!'""n#a#i*" 2a7 #a" !a'# in d"%ii$n-2ain+ i#hin a

Na#i$na& S$%i"#7. H$"*"', #h" '""&7-"&"%#"d '"!'""n#a#i*" $ a

Na#i$na& S$%i"#7 a%#i*" 2"26"' 2# '"2ain in a &a'+" 2a$'i#7

in a Na#i$na& S$%i"#7 +$*"'nin+ 6$di".90F:

Th" PNRC i n$# +$*"'n2"n#-$n"d 6# !'i*a#"&7 $n"d. The

#ast a<orit! of the thousan"s of PNRC ebers arepri#ate in"i#i"uals, inclu"ing stu"ents. Und"' #h" PNRC

Cha'#"', #h$" h$ %$n#'i6#" #$ #h" anna& nd %a2!ai+n $ #h"

PNRC a'" "n#i#&"d #$ 2"26"'hi! in #h" PNRC $' $n" 7"a'. Th,

an7 $n" 6"#""n > and > 7"a' $ a+" %an 6" a PNRC 2"26"'

$' $n" 7"a' !$n %$n#'i6#in+ P5, P0, P5, P $' P0,

$' #h" 7"a'.94:E*"n $'"i+n"', h"#h"' '"id"n# $' n$#, %an 6"

2"26"' $ #h" PNRC. S"%#i$n $ #h" PNRC Cha'#"', a

a2"nd"d 67 P'"id"n#ia& D"%'"" N$. 04>8,940: '"ad/

SEC. . M"26"'hi! in #h" Phi&i!!in" Na#i$na& R"d C'$ ha&& 6" $!"n

#$ #h" "n#i'" !$!&a#i$n in #h" Phi&i!!in" '"+a'd&" $ %i#i"nhi!. An7

%$n#'i6#i$n #$ #h" Phi&i!!in" Na#i$na& R"d C'$ Anna& @nd









Ca2!ai+n ha&& "n#i#&" #h" %$n#'i6#$' #$ 2"26"'hi! $' $n" 7"a' and

aid %$n#'i6#i$n ha&& 6" d"d%#i6&" in && $' #a?a#i$n !'!$".

Th, #h" PNRC i a !'i*a#"&7 $n"d, !'i*a#"&7 nd"d, and!'i*a#"&7 'n %ha'i#a6&" $'+ania#i$n. Th" PNRC i n$# a

+$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n.

P"#i#i$n"' an%h$' #h"i' !"#i#i$n $n #h" 0FFF %a"

$ Camporedondo v. NLRC,944: hi%h '&"d #ha# #h" PNRC i a

+$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n. In '&in+ #ha# #h"

PNRC i a +$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n, #h"

i2!&" #"# "d a h"#h"' #h" %$'!$'a#i$n a %'"a#"d 67 i#

$n !"%ia& %ha'#"' $' #h" "?"'%i" $ a !6&i% n%#i$n $' 67

in%$'!$'a#i$n nd"' #h" +"n"'a& %$'!$'a#i$n &a. Sin%" #h" PNRC

a %'"a#"d nd"' a !"%ia& %ha'#"', #h" C$'# #h"n '&"d #ha# i# i

a +$*"'n2"n# %$'!$'a#i$n. H$"*"', #h" Camporedondo '&in+

ai&"d #$ %$nid"' #h" d"<ni#i$n $ a +$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $'

%$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n a !'$*id"d nd"' S"%#i$n 4(05) $ #h"

In#'$d%#$'7 P'$*ii$n $ #h" Ad2ini#'a#i*" C$d" $ 0F/

SEC. 4. General Terms Defned. ? ? ?

+B Governmento!ned or controlled

cor"oration refers to an! agenc! organi7e" as a

stoc= or non@stoc= corporation, #este" %ithfunctions relating to public nee"s %hether

go#ernental or proprietar! in nature, an"

o%ne" b! the (o#ernent "irectl! or through its

instruentalities either %holl!, or %here

applicable as in the case of stoc= corporations, to





the e?tent of at least $ft!@one +B percent of its

capital stoc= / Provided, Tha# +$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $'

%$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n 2a7 6" '#h"' %a#"+$'i"d 67

#h" D"!a'#2"n# $ #h" Bd+"#, #h" Ci*i& S"'*i%"

C$22ii$n, and #h" C$22ii$n $n Adi# $' !'!$"$ #h" "?"'%i" and di%ha'+" $ #h"i' '"!"%#i*"

!$"', n%#i$n and '"!$ni6i&i#i" i#h '"!"%# #$

%h %$'!$'a#i$n.(B$&da%in+ and nd"'%$'in+

!!&i"d)

A +$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n 2#

6" o%ne" 67 #h" +$*"'n2"n#, and in #h" %a" $ a #$%

%$'!$'a#i$n, a# &"a# a 2a$'i#7 $ i# %a!i#a& #$% 2# 6" $n"d

67 #h" +$*"'n2"n#. In #h" %a" $ a n$n-#$% %$'!$'a#i$n, 67

ana&$+7 a# &"a# a 2a$'i#7 $ #h" 2"26"' 2# 6" +$*"'n2"n#

$;%ia& h$&din+ %h 2"26"'hi! 67 a!!$in#2"n# $' d"i+na#i$n

67 #h" +$*"'n2"n#. Und"' #hi %'i#"'i$n, and a di%"d "a'&i"',

#h" +$*"'n2"n# d$" n$# $n $' %$n#'$& PNRC.

#he PNRC Charter is $iolative of the Constitutional

Proscri"tion against the Creation of Private Cor"orations

b% S"ecial &a!

@e 195 onsttuton, as amended, as n +or/e en te PNR as /reated $y

spe/al /arter on 22 %ar/ 19>D. 'e/ton D, 8rt/le E" o+ te 195 onsttuton,as amended, reads:

'. D. @e ongress sall not, ex/ept $y general la, pro(de +or te

+ormaton, organaton, or regulaton o+ pr(ate /orporatons, unless su/

/orporatons are oned or /ontrolled $y te o(ernment or any su$d(son or nstrumentalty tereo+.



@e su$se<uent 19D and 19BD onsttutons /ontan smlar pro(sons pro$tng

ongress +rom /reatng pr(ate /orporatons ex/ept $y general la. 'e/ton 1 o+

te PNR arter, as amended, /reates te PNR as a $ody /orporate and

polt/, tus:

'@ON 1. T(ere is (ere0 *reated in t(e Re5ui* o1 t(e P(ii55ines a

od0 *or5orate and 5oiti* to e t(e vountar0 orani2ation o11i*ia0

desinated to assist t(e Re5ui* o1 t(e P(ii55ines in dis*(arin t(e

oiations set 1ort( in t(e "eneva Conventions and to 5er1or/ su*( ot(er

duties as are in(erent u5on a Nationa Red Cross So*iet0. @e natonal

ead<uarters o+ ts orporaton sall $e lo/ated n %etropoltan %anla.

)mpass suppled*

n Feliciano v. Commission on Adit ,324 te ourt explaned te /onsttutonal pro(son pro$tng ongress +rom /reatng pr(ate /orporatons n ts se:

Ae $egn $y explanng te general +rameor= under te +undamental

la. @e onsttuton re/ognes to /lasses o+ /orporatons. @e +rst

re+ers to pr(ate /orporatons /reated under a general la. @e se/ond

re+ers to go(ernment-oned or /ontrolled /orporatons /reated $y

spe/al /arters. 'e/ton 17, 8rt/le E o+ te onsttuton pro(des:

'e/. 17. @e ongress sall not, ex/ept $y general la,

pro(de +or te +ormaton, organaton, or regulaton o+ pr(ate /orporatons. o(ernment-oned or /ontrolled

/orporatons may $e /reated or esta$lsed $y spe/al

/arters n te nterest o+ te /ommon good and su$?e/t

to te test o+ e/onom/ (a$lty.

@e onsttuton empat/ally pro$ts te /reaton o+ pr(ate /orporatons

ex/ept $y general la appl/a$le to all /tens. @e purpose o+ ts /onsttutonal

pro(son s to $an pr(ate /orporatons /reated $y spe/al /arters, /stor/ally ga(e /ertan nd(duals, +amles or groups spe/al pr(leges dened

to oter /tens.

n sort, Conress *annot ena*t a a3 *reatin a 5rivate

*or5oration 3it( a s5e*ia *(arter. Su*( eisation 3oud e

un*onstitutiona. Private *or5orations /a0 e7ist on0 under a

enera a3. I1 t(e *or5oration is 5rivate, it /ust ne*essari0 e7ist

under a enera a3. 'tated d++erently, only /orporatons /reated





under a general la /an <ual+y as pr(ate /orporatons. Under

exstng las, te general la s te orporaton ode, ex/ept tat te

ooperat(e ode go(erns te n/orporaton o+ /ooperat(es.

@e onsttuton autores ongress to /reate go(ernment-oned or /ontrolled /orporatons troug spe/al /arters. 'n/e

pr(ate /orporatons /annot a(e spe/al /arters, t +ollos tat

ongress /an /reate /orporatons t spe/al /arters only + su/

/orporatons are go(ernment-oned or /ontrolled.32>4 )mpass

suppled*

In Feliciano, #h" C$'# h"&d #ha# #h" L$%a& 1a#"' Di#'i%# a'"+$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n in%" #h"7 "?i# 67

*i'#" $ P'"id"n#ia& D"%'"" N$. 0F, hi%h %$n#i##" #h"i'

!"%ia& %ha'#"'. Th" ""d %a!i#a& a"# $ #h" L$%a& 1a#"'

Di#'i%#, %h a a#"'$' and ""'a+" a%i&i#i", "'" !6&i%

!'$!"'#7 hi%h "'" 2ana+"d, $!"'a#"d 67 $' nd"' #h" %$n#'$&

$ #h" %i#7, 2ni%i!a&i#7 $' !'$*in%" 6"$'" #h" a"# "'"

#'an"''"d #$ #h" L$%a& 1a#"' Di#'i%#. Th" L$%a& 1a#"' Di#'i%#

a&$ '"%"i*" 6idi" and &$an '$2 #h" L$%a& 1a#"' U#i&i#i"Ad2ini#'a#i$n (L1UA). In a%#, nd"' #h" 4F G"n"'a&

A!!'$!'ia#i$n A%#,94: #h" L1UA ha a 6d+"# a2$n#in+

#$ P8,, $' i# 6id7 '"=i'"2"n#.94>: There is no

pri#ate capital in#este" in the ocal 2ater Districts. Th"

%a!i#a& a"# and $!"'a#in+ nd $ #h" L$%a& 1a#"' Di#'i%# a&&

%$2" '$2 #h" +$*"'n2"n#, "i#h"' #h'$+h #'an"' $ a"#,

&$an, 6idi" $' #h" in%$2" '$2 %h a"# $' nd.

Th" +$*"'n2"n# a&$ %$n#'$& #h" L$%a& 1a#"' Di#'i%# 6"%a"

#h" 2ni%i!a& $' %i#7 2a7$', $' #h" !'$*in%ia& +$*"'n$', a!!$in#

a&& #h" 6$a'd di'"%#$' $ #h" L$%a& 1a#"' Di#'i%#. @'#h"'2$'",

#h" 6$a'd di'"%#$' and $#h"' !"'$nn"& $ #h" L$%a& 1a#"'









Di#'i%# a'" +$*"'n2"n# "2!&$7"" 6"%# #$ %i*i& "'*i%" &a

and an#i-+'a# &a. C&"a'&7, #h" L$%a& 1a#"' Di#'i%# a'"

%$nid"'"d +$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n n$# $n&7

6"%a" $ #h"i' %'"a#i$n 67 !"%ia& %ha'#"' 6# a&$ 6"%a" #h"

+$*"'n2"n# in a%# $n and %$n#'$& #h" L$%a& 1a#"' Di#'i%#.

J# &i" #h" L$%a& 1a#"' Di#'i%#, #h" PNRC a %'"a#"d #h'$+h a

!"%ia& %ha'#"'. *o%e#er, unli=e the ocal 2ater Districts,

the eleents of go#ernent o%nership an" control are

clearl! lac=ing in the PNRC. Th, a&#h$+h #h" PNRC i

%'"a#"d 67 a !"%ia& %ha'#"', i# %ann$# 6" %$nid"'"d

a +$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n in #h" a6"n%" $

#h" ""n#ia& "&"2"n# $ $n"'hi! and %$n#'$& 67 #h"

+$*"'n2"n#. In %'"a#in+ #h" PNRC a a %$'!$'a#" "n#i#7, C$n+'"

a in a%# %'"a#in+ a !'i*a#" %$'!$'a#i$n. H$"*"', #h"

%$n#i##i$na& !'$hi6i#i$n a+ain# #h" %'"a#i$n $ !'i*a#"

%$'!$'a#i$n 67 !"%ia& %ha'#"' !'$*id" n$ "?%"!#i$n "*"n $'

n$n-!'$<# $' %ha'i#a6&" %$'!$'a#i$n. C$n"="n#&7, #h" PNRC

Cha'#"', in$a' a i# %'"a#" #h" PNRC a a !'i*a#" %$'!$'a#i$n

and +'an# i# %$'!$'a#" !$"',94: i *$id $' 6"in+

n%$n#i##i$na&. Th, S"%#i$n 0,94: 4,94F: 5,95: 8(a),950: ,954: >,955: ,958: ,95: F,95>: 0,95: 00,95: 04,95F: and 0598: $ #h" PNRC Cha'#"', a

a2"nd"d, a'" *$id.

Th" $#h"' !'$*ii$n980: $ #h" PNRC Cha'#"' '"2ain *a&id a #h"7

%an 6" %$nid"'"d a a '"%$+ni#i$n 67 #h" S#a#" #ha# #h"

nin%$'!$'a#"d PNRC i #h" &$%a& Na#i$na& S$%i"#7 $ #h"

































In#"'na#i$na& R"d C'$ and R"d C'"%"n# M$*"2"n#, and #h

"n#i#&"d #$ #h" 6"n"<#, "?"2!#i$n and !'i*i&"+" "# $'#h in #h"

PNRC Cha'#"'. Th" $#h"' !'$*ii$n $ #h" PNRC Cha'#"'

i2!&"2"n# #h" Phi&i!!in" G$*"'n2"n# #'"a#7 $6&i+a#i$n nd"'

A'#i%&" 8() $ #h" S#a##" $ #h" In#"'na#i$na& R"d C'$ and R"dC'"%"n# M$*"2"n#, hi%h !'$*id" #ha# #$ 6" '"%$+ni"d a a

Na#i$na& S$%i"#7, #h" S$%i"#7 2# 6" d&7 '"%$+ni"d 67 #h" &"+a&

+$*"'n2"n# $ i# %$n#'7 $n #h" 6ai $ #h" G"n"*a

C$n*"n#i$n and $ #h" na#i$na& &"+i&a#i$n a a *$&n#a'7 aid

$%i"#7, a?i&ia'7 #$ #h" !6&i% a#h$'i#i" in #h" h2ani#a'ian

<"&d.

In 2, " h$&d #ha# #h" $;%" $ #h" PNRC Chai'2an i n$# a

+$*"'n2"n# $;%" $' an $;%" in a +$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $'

%$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n $' !'!$" $ #h" !'$hi6i#i$n in S"%#i$n

05, A'#i%&" VI $ #h" 0F C$n#i##i$n. H$"*"', in%" #h" PNRC

Cha'#"' i *$id in$a' a i# %'"a#" #h" PNRC a a !'i*a#"

%$'!$'a#i$n, #h" PNRC h$&d in%$'!$'a#" nd"' #h" C$'!$'a#i$n

C$d" and '"+i#"' i#h #h" S"%'i#i" and E?%han+" C$22ii$n i

i# an# #$ 6" a !'i*a#" %$'!$'a#i$n.

2*ERE.ORE, " d"%&a'" #ha# #h" $;%" $ #h" Chai'2an $ #h"

Phi&i!!in" Na#i$na& R"d C'$ i n$# a +$*"'n2"n# $;%" $' an

$;%" in a +$*"'n2"n#-$n"d $' %$n#'$&&"d %$'!$'a#i$n $'

!'!$" $ #h" !'$hi6i#i$n in S"%#i$n 05, A'#i%&" VI $ #h" 0F

C$n#i##i$n. 1" a&$ d"%&a'" #ha# S"%#i$n 0, 4, 5, 8(a), , >, , ,

F, 0, 00, 04, and 05 $ #h" Cha'#"' $ #h" Phi&i!!in" Na#i$na& R"d

C'$, $' R"!6&i% A%# N$. F, a a2"nd"d 67 P'"id"n#ia& D"%'""N$. 04>8 and 0>85, a'" VOID 6"%a" #h"7 %'"a#" #h" PNRC a a

!'i*a#" %$'!$'a#i$n $' +'an# i# %$'!$'a#" !$"'.

SO ORDERED.



#&8N ( OR!ON

LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.8

@s resol(es te Motion 1or Cari1i*ation and9or 1or Re*onsideration314 +led on

8ugust 10, 2009 $y respondent Ri*(ard !. "ordon )respondent* o+

te De*ision promulgated $y ts ourt on July 15, 2009 )te !e/son*,

te Motion 1or Partia Re*onsideration324 +led on 8ugust 2D, 2009 $y mo(ant-

nter(enor P(ii55ine Nationa Red Cross :PNRC;, and te latters Mani1estation

and Motion to Ad/it Atta*(ed Position Pa5er34 +led on !e/em$er 2, 2009.

n te !e/son,3>4 te ourt eld tat respondent dd not +or+et s seat n

te 'enate en e a//epted te /armansp o+ te PNR &oard o+ o(ernors,

aste o++/e o+ te PNR arman s not a go(ernment o++/e or an o++/e n a

go(ernment-oned or /ontrolled /orporaton +or purposes o+ te pro$ton n

'e/ton 1, 8rt/le " o+ te 19BD onsttuton.354 @e !e/son, oe(er, +urter

de/lared (od te PNR arter nso+ar as t /reates te PNR as a pr(ate/orporaton and /onse<uently ruled tat te PNR sould n/orporate under te

orporaton ode and regster t te 'e/urtes and x/ange ommsson + t

ants to $e a pr(ate /orporaton.374 @e dspost(e porton o+ te !e/son reads as

+ollos:

+ERE)ORE, e de/lare tat te o++/e o+ te arman o+ te

Plppne Natonal Red ross s not a go(ernment o++/e or an o++/e n

a go(ernment-oned or /ontrolled /orporaton +or purposes o+ te pro$ton n 'e/ton 1, 8rt/le " o+ te 19BD onsttuton. Ae also

de/lare tat 'e/tons 1, 2, , >)a*, 5, 7, D, B, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 1 o+ te

arter o+ te Plppne Natonal Red ross, or Repu$l/ 8/t No. 95, as

amended $y Presdental !e/ree Nos. 127> and 17>, are "O! $e/ause

tey /reate te PNR as a pr(ate /orporaton or grant t /orporate

poers.3D4

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/january2011/175352.htm#_ftn1
















n s Motion 1or Cari1i*ation and9or 1or Re*onsideration, respondent rases

te +ollong grounds: )1* as te ssue o+ /onsttutonalty o+ Repu$l/ 8/t )R.8.*

No. 95 as not rased $y te partes, te ourt ent $eyond te /ase n de/dng

su/ ssueC and )2* as te ourt de/ded tat Pettoners dd not a(e standng to

+le te nstant Petton, te pronoun/ement o+ te ourt on te (aldty o+ R.8. No.

95 sould $e /onsdered obiter .3B4

Respondent argues tat te (aldty o+ R.8. No. 95 as a non-ssueC

tere+ore, t as unne/essary +or te ourt to de/de on tat <ueston. Respondent

/tes Larel v. Garcia,394 eren te ourt sad tat t ll not pass upon a

/onsttutonal <ueston altoug properly presented $y te re/ord + te /ase /an $e

dsposed o+ on some oter ground and goes on to /lam tat sn/e ts ourt, n te!e/son, dsposed o+ te petton on some oter ground, i.e.! la/= o+ standng o+

pettoners, tere as no need +or t to del(e nto te (aldty o+ R.8. No. 95, and

te rest o+ te ?udgment sould $e deemed o"iter .

n ts Motion 1or Partia Re*onsideration, PNR prays tat te ourt

sustan te /onsttutonalty o+ ts arter on te +ollong grounds:

8. @; 8''8#! !'ON !#8RNUNON'@@U@ON8# RPU&# 8@ NO. 95 8'

8%N!! !PR"! N@R"NOR PNR O6 @'

ON'@@U@ON8# R;@ @O !U PRO''.

1. N@R"NOR PNR A8' N"R 8 P8R@F @O @;

N'@8N@ ON@RO"R'F.

2. @; ON'@@U@ON8#@F O6 RPU&# 8@ NO. 95, 8'

8%N!! A8' N"R 8N ''U N @;' 8'.

&. @; URRN@ ;8R@R O6 PNR ' PR'!N@8#

!R NO. 127> 8N! NO@ RPU&# 8@ NO. 95.

PR'!N@8# !R NO. 127> A8' NO@ 8 R8@ON O6

ONR''.







. PNR' '@RU@UR ' S#$ G%N%R$S C @ ' 8 #8'' O6 @'

OAN. A;# @ ' PR6OR%N ;U%8N@8R8N

6UN@ON' 8' 8N 8UE#8RF @O O"RN%N@, @ ' 8

NU@R8# N@@F 'P8R8@ 8N! N!PN!N@ O6

O"RN%N@ ON@RO#, F@ @ !O' NO@ U8#6F 8'

'@R@#F PR"8@ N ;8R8@R.

n s Co//ent and Mani1estation3104 +led on No(em$er 9, 2009,

respondent man+ests: )1* tat e agrees t te poston ta=en $y te PNR n ts

%oton +or Partal Re/onsderaton dated 8ugust 2D, 2009C and )2* as o+ te rtng

o+ sad omment and %an+estaton, tere as pendng $e+ore te ongress o+ te

Plppnes a proposed $ll enttled 8n 8/t Re/ognng te PNR as an

ndependent, 8utonomous, Non-o(ernmental Organaton 8uxlary to te

8utortes o+ te Repu$l/ o+ te Plppnes n te ;umantaran 6eld, to $e

Gnon as @e Plppne Red ross.3114

8+ter a toroug study o+ te arguments and ponts rased $y te respondent as

ell as tose o+ mo(ant-nter(enor n ter respe/t(e motons, e a(e

re/onsdered our pronoun/ements n our !e/son dated July 15, 2009 t regard

to te nature o+ te PNR and te /onsttutonalty o+ some pro(sons o+ te

PNR arter, R.8. No. 95, as amended.

8s /orre/tly ponted out n respondents %oton, te ssue o+ /onsttutonalty

o+ R.8.No. 95 as not rased $y te partes, and as not among te ssues de+ned

n te $ody o+ te !e/sonC tus, t as not te (ery lis mota o+ te /ase. Ae a(e

reterated te rule as to en te ourt ll /onsder te ssue o+ /onsttutonalty

n Alvare& v. P$C'P Resorces! $nc.,3124 tus:

T(is Court 3i not tou*( t(e issue o1 un*onstitutionait0 uness it is

t(e ver0 lis mota. It is a 3e-estais(ed rue t(at a *ourt s(oud not

5ass u5on a *onstitutiona <uestion and de*ide a a3 to e

un*onstitutiona or invaid, uness su*( <uestion is raised 0 t(e

5arties and tat en t s rased, + te re/ord also presents some oter

ground upon / te /ourt may 3rest4 ts ?udgment, tat /ourse ll $e









adopted and te /onsttutonal <ueston ll $e le+t +or /onsderaton

untl su/ <ueston ll $e una(oda$le.314

Under te rule <uoted a$o(e, tere+ore, ts ourt s(oud not a(e de/lared (od/ertan se/tons o+ R.8. No. 95, as amended $y Presdental !e/ree )P.!.* Nos.

127> and 17>, te PNR arter. nstead, te ourt sould a(e exer/sed

?ud/al restrant on ts matter, espe/ally sn/e tere as some oter ground upon

/ te ourt /ould a(e $ased ts ?udgment. 6urtermore, te PNR, te entty

most ad(ersely a++e/ted $y ts de/laraton o+ un/onsttutonalty, / as not

e(en orgnally a party to ts /ase, as $eng /ompelled, as a /onse<uen/e o+ te

!e/son, to suddenly reorgane and n/orporate under te orporaton

ode, a1ter /ore t(an si7t0 :=>; 0ears o1 e7isten*e in t(is *ountr0.

ts exsten/e as a /artered /orporaton remaned un/allenged on ground o+

un/onsttutonalty nottstandng tat R.8. No. 95 as ena/ted on %ar/ 22,

19>D durng te e++e/t(ty o+ te 195 onsttuton, / pro(ded +or a

pros/rpton aganst te /reaton o+ pr(ate /orporatons $y spe/al la, to t:

'. D. @e ongress sall not, ex/ept $y general la, pro(de +or

te +ormaton, organaton, or regulaton o+ pr(ate /orporatons, unlesssu/ /orporatons are oned and /ontrolled $y te o(ernment or any

su$d(son or nstrumentalty tereo+. )8rt. E", 195 onsttuton.*

'mlar pro(sons are +ound n 8rt/le E", 'e/ton > o+ te 19D onsttuton and

8rt/le E, 'e/ton 17 o+ te 19BD onsttuton. @e latter reads:

'@ON 17. @e ongress sall not, ex/ept $y general la,

pro(de +or te +ormaton, organaton, or regulaton o+ pr(ate

/orporatons. o(ernment-oned or /ontrolled /orporatons may $e

/reated or esta$lsed $y spe/al /arters n te nterest o+ te /ommon

good and su$?e/t to te test o+ e/onom/ (a$lty.





'n/e ts ena/tment, te PNR arter as amended se(eral tmes, part/ularly on

June 11, 195, 8ugust 17, 19D1, !e/em$er 15, 19DD, and O/to$er 1, 19D9, $y

(rtue o+ R.8. No. B55, R.8. No. 7D, P.!. No. 127>, and P.!. No. 17>,

respe/t(ely.@e passage o+ se(eral las relatng to te PNRs /orporate exsten/e

nottstandng te e++e/t(ty o+ te /onsttutonal pros/rpton on te /reaton o+

pr(ate /orporatons $y la, s a re/ognton tat te PNR s not str/tly n te

nature o+ a pr(ate /orporaton /ontemplated $y te a+oresad /onsttutonal $an.

8 /loser loo= at te nature o+ te PNR ould so tat tere s none l=e t

not ?ust n terms o+ stru/ture, $ut also n terms o+ story, pu$l/ ser(/e and o++/al

status a//orded to t $y te 'tate and te nternatonal /ommunty. @ere s mert n

PNRs /ontenton tat ts stru/ture s sui generis.

@e PNR su//eeded te /apter o+ te 8mer/an Red ross / as n

exsten/e n te Plppnes sn/e 191D. t as /reated $y an 8/t o+ ongress a+ter

te Repu$l/ o+ te Plppnes $e/ame an ndependent naton on July 7, 19>7 and

pro/lamed on 6e$ruary 1>, 19>D ts aderen/e to te on(enton o+ ene(a o+

July 29, 1929 +or te 8meloraton o+ te ondton o+ te Aounded and '/= o+

8rmes n te 6eld )te ene(a Red ross on(enton*. &y tat a/ton te

Plppnes nd/ated ts desre to part/pate t te natons o+ te orld n

mtgatng te su++erng /aused $y ar and to esta$ls n te Plppnes a

(oluntary organaton +or tat purpose and l=e oter (olunteer organatons

esta$lsed n oter /ountres / a(e rat+ed te ene(a on(entons, to

promote te ealt and el+are o+ te people n pea/e and n ar.31>4

@e pro(sons o+ R.8. No. 95, as amended $y R.8. Nos. B55 and 7D, and

+urter amended $y P.!. Nos. 127> and 17>, so te stor/al $a/=ground andlegal $ass o+ te /reaton o+ te PNR $y legslat(e +at, as a (oluntary

organaton mpressed t pu$l/ nterest. Pertnently R.8. No. 95, as amended

$y P.!. 127>, pro(des:





A;R8', durng te meetng n ene(a, 'terland, on 22

8ugust 1B9>, te natons o+ te orld unanmously agreed to dmns

tn ter poer te e(ls nerent n arC

A;R8', more tan one undred +orty natons o+ te orld

a(e rat+ed or adered to te ene(a on(entons o+ 8ugust 12, 19>9+or te 8meloraton o+ te ondton o+ te Aounded and '/= o+

8rmed 6or/es n te 6eld and at 'ea, @e Prsoners o+ Aar, and @e

(lan Populaton n @me o+ Aar re+erred to n ts arter as te

ene(a on(entonsC

+EREAS, t(e Re5ui* o1 t(e P(ii55ines e*a/e an

inde5endent nation on !u0 ?, #@?=, and 5ro*ai/ed on )eruar0 #?,

#@?$ its ad(eren*e to t(e "eneva Conventions o1 #@'@, and 0 t(e

a*tion, indi*ated its desire to 5arti*i5ate 3it( t(e nations o1 t(e

3ord in /itiatin t(e su11erin *aused 0 3ar and to estais( in

t(e P(ii55ines a vountar0 orani2ation 1or t(at 5ur5ose as

*onte/5ated 0 t(e "eneva Conventions6

A;R8', tere exsted n te Plppnes sn/e 191D a /apter

o+ te 8mer/an Natonal Red ross / as termnated n (e o+ te

ndependen/e o+ te PlppnesC and

A;R8', te (olunteer organatons esta$lsed n oter

/ountres / a(e rat+ed or adered to te ene(aon(entons assist in 5ro/otin t(e (eat( and 3e1are o1 t(eir

5eo5e in 5ea*e and in 3ar, and troug ter mutual assstan/e and

/ooperaton dre/tly and troug ter nternatonal organatons

promote $etter understandng and sympaty among te people o+ te

orldC

NOA, @;R6OR, , 6R!N8N! . %8RO', Presdent o+

te Plppnes, $y (rtue o+ te poers (ested n me $y te onsttuton

as ommander-n-e+ o+ all te 8rmed 6or/es o+ te Plppnes and

pursuant to Pro/lamaton No. 10B1 dated 'eptem$er 21, 19D2, andeneral Order No. 1 dated 'eptem$er 22, 19D2, do ere$y de/ree and

order tat Repu$l/ 8/t No. 95, arter o+ te Plppne Natonal Red

ross )PNR* as amended $y Repu$l/ 8/ts No. B55 and 7D, $e

+urter amended as +ollos:



Se*tion #. T(ere is (ere0 *reated in t(e Re5ui* o1 t(e

P(ii55ines a od0 *or5orate and 5oiti* to e t(e vountar0

orani2ation o11i*ia0 desinated to assist t(e Re5ui* o1 t(e

P(ii55ines in dis*(arin t(e oiations set 1ort( in t(e "eneva

Conventions and to 5er1or/ su*( ot(er duties as are in(erent u5on

a nationa Red Cross So*iet0. T(e nationa (ead<uarters o1 t(is

Cor5oration s(a e o*ated in Metro5oitan Mania.)mpass

suppled.*

@e sgn+/ant pu$l/ ser(/e rendered $y te PNR /an $e gleaned +rom

'e/ton o+ ts arter, / pro(des:

Se*tion &. @at te purposes o+ ts orporaton sall $e as

+ollos:

)a* @o pro(de (olunteer ad to te s/= and ounded o+ armed

+or/es n tme o+ ar, n a//ordan/e t te sprt o+ and under te

/ondtons pres/r$ed $y te ene(a on(entons to / te Repu$l/

o+ te Plppnes pro/lamed ts aderen/eC

)$* 6or te purposes mentoned n te pre/edng su$-se/ton, to

per+orm all dutes de(ol(ng upon te orporaton as a result o+ te

aderen/e o+ te Repu$l/ o+ te Plppnes to te sad on(entonC

)/* @o a/t n matters o+ (oluntary rele+ and n a//ordan/e t te

autortes o+ te armed +or/es as a medum o+ /ommun/aton $eteen

people o+ te Repu$l/ o+ te Plppnes and ter 8rmed 6or/es, n

tme o+ pea/e and n tme o+ ar, and to a/t n su/ matters $eteen

smlar natonal so/etes o+ oter go(ernments and te o(ernments and

people and te 8rmed 6or/es o+ te Repu$l/ o+ te PlppnesC

)d* @o esta$ls and mantan a system o+ natonal and

nternatonal rele+ n tme o+ pea/e and n tme o+ ar and apply tesame n meetng and emergen/y needs /aused $y typoons, +lood, +res,

eart<ua=es, and oter natural dsasters and to de(se and /arry on

measures +or mnmng te su++erng /aused $y su/ dsastersC



)e* @o de(se and promote su/ oter ser(/es n tme o+ pea/e

and n tme o+ ar as may $e +ound desra$le n mpro(ng te ealt,

sa+ety and el+are o+ te 6lpno peopleC

)+* @o de(se su/ means as to ma=e e(ery /ten andHor resdent

o+ te Plppnes a mem$er o+ te Red ross.

@e PNR s one o+ te Natonal Red ross and Red res/ent 'o/etes,

/, togeter t te nternatonal ommttee o+ te Red ross )R* and te

6R and R', ma=e up te nternatonal Red ross and Red res/ent %o(ement

)te %o(ement*. @ey /onsttute a orldde umantaran mo(ement, ose

msson s:

3@4o pre(ent and alle(ate uman su++erng ere(er t may $e +ound, to

prote/t l+e and ealt and ensure respe/t +or te uman $eng, n

part/ular n tmes o+ armed /on+l/t and oter emergen/es, to or= +or

te pre(enton o+ dsease and +or te promoton o+ ealt and so/al

el+are, to en/ourage (oluntary ser(/e and a /onstant readness to g(e

elp $y te mem$ers o+ te %o(ement, and a un(ersal sense o+

soldarty toards all tose n need o+ ts prote/ton and assstan/e.3154

@e PNR or=s /losely t te R and as $een n(ol(ed numantaran a/t(tes n te Plppnes sn/e 19B2. 8mong oters, tese

a/t(tes n te /ountry n/lude:

1. (ng prote/ton and assstan/e to /(lans dspla/ed or oterse

a++e/ted $y armed /lases $eteen te go(ernment and armed opposton

groups, prmarly n %ndanaoC

2. Aor=ng to mnme te e++e/ts o+ armed ostltes and (olen/e on te

populatonC

. "stng detaneesC and

>. Promotng aareness o+ nternatonal umantaran la n te pu$l/ and

pr(ate se/tors.3174







Natonal 'o/etes su/ as te PNR a/t as au7iiaries to te pu$l/

autortes o+ ter on /ountres n te umantaran +eld and pro(de a range o+

ser(/es n/ludng dsaster rele+ and ealt and so/al programmes.

@e nternatonal 6ederaton o+ Red ross )6R* and Red res/ent

'o/etes )R'* Poston Paper,31D4 su$mtted $y te PNR, s nstru/t(e t

regard to te elements o+ te spe/+/ nature o+ te Natonal 'o/etes su/ as te

PNR, to t:

Natonal 'o/etes, su/ as te Plppne Natonal Red ross and

ts sster Red ross and Red res/ent 'o/etes, a(e /ertan spe/+/tes

der(ng +rom te 19>9 ene(a on(enton and te 'tatutes o+ te

nternatonal Red ross and Red res/ent %o(ement )te%o(ement*. @ey are also guded $y te se(en 6undamental Prn/ples

o+ te Red ross and Red res/ent %o(ement: u/anit0, I/5artiait0,

Neutrait0, Inde5enden*e, Vountar0 Servi*e, nit0 and niversait0.

A Nationa So*iet0 5arta4es o1 a sui generis *(ara*ter. t s a

prote/ted /omponent o+ te Red ross mo(ement under 8rt/les 2> and

27 o+ te 6rst ene(a on(enton, espe/ally n tmes o+ armed

/on+l/t. @ese pro(sons re<ure tat te sta++ o+ a Natonal 'o/ety

sall $e respe/ted and prote/ted n all /r/umstan/es. 'u/ prote/ton s

not ordnarly a++orded $y an nternatonal treaty to ordnary pr(ateenttes or e(en non-go(ernmental organsatons )NOs*. @s si

generis /ara/ter s also empased $y te 6ourt ene(a on(enton

/ olds tat an O//upyng Poer /annot re<ure any /ange n te

personnel or stru/ture o+ a Natonal 'o/ety. Nationa so*ieties are

t(ere1ore orani2ations t(at are dire*t0 reuated 0 internationa

(u/anitarian a3, in *ontrast to ot(er ordinar0 5rivate entities,

in*udin N"Os.

x x x x

n addton, Natonal 'o/etes are not only o++/ally re/ogned

$y ter pu$l/ autortes as (oluntary ad so/etes, auxlary to te

pu$l/ autortes n te umantaran +eld, $ut also $ene+t +rom

re/ognton at te nternatonal le(el. @s s /onsdered to $e an element

dstngusng Natonal 'o/etes +rom oter organsatons )manly

NOs* and oter +orms o+ umantaran response.





x x x. No oter organsaton $elongs to a orld-de %o(ement

n / all 'o/etes a(e e<ual status and sare e<ual respons$ltes

and dutes n elpng ea/ oter. @s s /onsdered to $e te essen/e o+

te 6undamental Prn/ple o+ Un(ersalty.

6urtermore, te Natonal 'o/etes are /onsdered to

$e au7iiaries to te pu$l/ autortes n te umantaran +eld. x x x.

@e auxlary status o+ 3a4 Red ross 'o/ety /eans t(at it is at

one and t(e sa/e ti/e a 5rivate institution and a 5ui* servi*e

orani2ation e*ause t(e ver0 nature o1 its 3or4 i/5ies *oo5eration

3it( t(e aut(orities, a in4 3it( t(e State. n /arryng out ter ma?or

+un/tons, Red ross 'o/etes g(e ter umantaran support to o++/al

$odes, n general a(ng larger resour/es tan te 'o/etes, or=ng

toards /ompara$le ends n a g(en se/tor.

x x x No ot(er orani2ation (as a dut0 to e its overn/ents

(u/anitarian 5artner 3(ie re/ainin inde5endent.31B4 )mpases

ours.*

t s n re/ognton o+ ts si generis /ara/ter o+ te PNR tat R.8. No. 95 as

remaned (ald and e++e/t(e +rom te tme o+ ts ena/tment n %ar/ 22, 19>D

under te 195 onsttuton and durng te e++e/t(ty o+ te 19D onsttuton and

te 19BD onsttuton.

@e PNR arter and ts amendatory las a(e not $een <uestoned or

/allenged on /onsttutonal grounds, not e(en n ts /ase $e+ore te ourt no.

n te !e/son, te ourt, /tng Feliciano v. Commission on Adit ,3194

explanedtat te purpose o+ te /onsttutonal pro(son pro$tng ongress +rom /reatng

pr(ate /orporatons as to pre(ent te grantng o+ spe/al pr(leges to /ertan

nd(duals, +amles, or groups, / ere dened to oter groups. &ased on te

a$o(e ds/usson, t /an $e seen tat te PNR arter does not /ome tn te

sprt o+ ts /onsttutonal pro(son, as t does not grant spe/al pr(leges to a







part/ular nd(dual, +amly, or group, $ut /reates an entty tat str(es to ser(e te

/ommon good.

6urtermore, a str/t and me/an/al nterpretaton o+ 8rt/le E, 'e/ton 17 o+ te

19BD onsttuton ll nder te 'tate n adoptng measures tat ll ser(e te

pu$l/ good or natonal nterest. t sould $e noted tat a spe/al la, R.8. No.

9520, te Plppne ooperat(e ode o+ 200B, and not te general /orporaton

/ode, (ests /orporate poer and /apa/tes upon /ooperat(es / are pr(ate

/orporatons, n order to mplement te 'tates a(oed pol/y.

n te !e/son o+ July 15, 2009, te ourt re/ogned te pu$l/ ser(/e

rendered $y te PNR as te go(ernments partner n te o$ser(an/e o+ tsnternatonal /ommtments, to t:

@e PNR s a non-pro+t, donor-+unded, (oluntary, umantaran

organaton, ose msson s to $rng tmely, e++e/t(e, and

/ompassonate umantaran assstan/e +or te most (ulnera$le tout

/onsderaton o+ natonalty, ra/e, relgon, gender, so/al status, or

polt/al a++laton. @e PNR pro(des sx ma?or ser(/es: &lood

'er(/es, !saster %anagement, 'a+ety 'er(/es, ommunty ;ealt and

Nursng, 'o/al 'er(/es and "oluntary 'er(/e.

@e Repu$l/ o+ te Plppnes, aderng to te ene(a

on(entons, esta$lsed te PNR as a (oluntary organaton +or te

purpose /ontemplated n te ene(a on(enton o+ 2D July 1929. x x x.3204 )tatons omtted.*

So /ust t(is Court re*oni2e too t(e *ountr0s ad(eren*e to t(e "eneva

Convention and res5e*t t(e uni<ue status o1 t(e PNRC in *onsonan*e 3it( its

treat0 oiations. @e ene(a on(enton as te +or/e and e++e/t o+ la.3214Under te onsttuton, te Plppnes adopts te generally a//epted prn/ples

o+ nternatonal la as part o+ te la o+ te land. 3224 @s /onsttutonal pro(son

must $e re/on/led and armoned t 8rt/le E, 'e/ton 17 o+ te

onsttuton, nstead o+ usng te latter to negate te +ormer.









&y re<urng te PNR to organe under te orporaton ode ?ust l=e any

oter pr(ate /orporaton, te !e/son o+ July 15, 2009 lost sgt o+ te PNRs

spe/al status under nternatonal umantaran la and as an auxlary o+ te 'tate,

desgnated to assst t n ds/argng ts o$lgatons under te ene(a

on(entons.8ltoug te PNR s /alled to $e ndependent under ts

6undamental Prn/ples, t nterprets su/ ndependen/e as n/lus(e o+ ts duty to

$e te go(ernments umantaran partner. @o $e re/ogned n te nternatonal

ommttee, te PNR must a(e an autonomous status, and /arry out ts

umantaran msson n a neutral and mpartal manner.

;oe(er, n a//ordan/e t te 6undamental Prn/ple o+ "oluntary'er(/e o+ Natonal 'o/etes o+ te %o(ement, te PNR must $e dstngused

+rom pr(ate and pro+t-ma=ng enttes. t s te man /ara/terst/ o+ Natonal

'o/etes tat tey are not nspred $y te desre +or +nan/al gan $ut $y nd(dual

/ommtment and de(oton to a umantaran purpose +reely /osen or a//epted as

part o+ te ser(/e tat Natonal 'o/etes troug ts (olunteers andHor mem$ers

render to te ommunty.324

@e PNR, as a Natonal 'o/ety o+ te nternatonal Red ross and Red

res/ent %o(ement, /an neter $e /lass+ed as an nstrumentalty o+ te 'tate, so

as not to lose ts /ara/ter o+ neutralty as ell as ts ndependen/e, nor str/tly as a

pr(ate /orporaton sn/e t s regulated $y nternatonal umantaran la and s

treated as an au7iiar0 o+ te 'tate.32>4

&ased on te a$o(e, te si generis status o+ te PNR s no su++/ently

esta$lsed. 8ltoug t s neter a su$d(son, agen/y, or nstrumentalty o+ tego(ernment, nor a go(ernment-oned or -/ontrolled /orporaton or a su$sdary

tereo+, as su//n/tly explaned n te !e/son o+ July 15, 2009, so mu/ so tat

respondent, under te !e/son, as /orre/tly alloed to old s poston as

arman tereo+ /on/urrently le e ser(ed as a 'enator, su/ a /on/luson

doesnot ipso facto mply tat te PNR s a pr(ate /orporaton tn te







/ontemplaton o+ te pro(son o+ te onsttuton, tat must $e organed under

te orporaton ode. 8s /orre/tly mentoned $y Just/e Ro$erto 8. 8$ad, te si

generis /ara/ter o+ PNR re<ures us to approa/ /ontro(erses n(ol(ng te

PNR on a /ase-to-/ase $ass.

n sum, te PNR en?oys a spe/al status as an mportant ally and auxlary

o+ te go(ernment n te umantaran +eld n a//ordan/e t ts /ommtments

under nternatonal la. @s ourt /annot all o+ a sudden re+use to re/ogne ts

exsten/e, espe/ally sn/e te ssue o+ te /onsttutonalty o+ te PNR arter

as ne(er rased $y te partes. t $ears empasng tat te PNR as responded

to almost all natonal dsasters sn/e 19>D, and s dely =non to pro(de a

su$stantal porton o+ te /ountrys $lood re<urements. ts umantaran or= sunparalleled.@e ourt sould not sa=e ts exsten/e to te /ore n an untmely

and drast/ manner tat ould not only a(e negat(e /onse<uen/es to tose o

depend on t n tmes o+ dsaster and armed ostltes $ut also a(e ad(erse e++e/ts

on te mage o+ te Plppnes n te nternatonal /ommunty. T(e se*tions o1

t(e PNRC C(arter t(at 3ere de*ared void /ust t(ere1ore sta0.

+ERE)ORE, 5re/ises *onsidered, respondent R/ard J.

ordonsMotion 1or Cari1i*ation and9or 1or Re*onsideration and mo(ant-

nter(enor PNRs Motion 1or Partia Re*onsideration o+ te De*ision n ".R.

No. #$%&%'dated July 15, 2009 are "RANTED. @e /onsttutonalty o+ R.8. No.

95, as amended, te /arter o+ te Plppne Natonal Red ross, as not rased $y

te partes as an ssue and sould not a(e $een passed upon $y ts ourt. @e

stru/ture o+ te PNR s si generis $eng neter str/tly pr(ate nor pu$l/ n

nature. R.8. No. 95 remans (ald and /onsttutonal n ts entrety. @e dspost(e

porton o+ te !e/son sould tere+ore $e MODI)IED $y deletng te se/ondsenten/e, to no read as +ollos:

+ERE)ORE, e de/lare tat te o++/e o+ te arman o+ te

Plppne Natonal Red ross s not a go(ernment o++/e or an o++/e n

a go(ernment-oned or /ontrolled /orporaton +or purposes o+ te

pro$ton n 'e/ton 1, 8rt/le " o+ te 19BD onsttuton.



SO ORDERED.

Liban Case

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